不同直径的钛颗粒负荷对成骨细胞分化和矿化能力的影响

植入假体磨损碎屑颗粒所引起的无菌性松动是假体周围骨形成与骨吸收过程失衡的结果 ,成骨细胞所参与的骨形成代谢受阻在这一病理生理过程中起着重要作用 ,而且不同大小的磨屑颗粒对骨形成影响的机制应该有所不同。为了探讨磨屑颗粒对成骨细胞骨形成能力的影响机制 ,本研究分析了 3种不同直径的钛颗粒负荷对成骨细胞分化成熟和矿化能力的影响。结果显示 ,未经钛颗粒负荷的成骨细胞表现出良好的分化和矿化能力 ;Φ6 .9μm钛颗粒负荷对成骨细胞分化和矿化能力的抑制作用并不显著 ,而 Φ2 .7μm和 Φ0 .9μm钛颗粒负荷 ,尤其是Φ 0 .9μm的抑制作用非常明显 ,且具有一定的时间依赖性。透射电镜观察显示 ,颗粒负荷后成骨细胞的骨形成功能异常与其超微结构改变有关。结合我们以前的工作 ,提示磨屑颗粒直径对骨形成的影响在无菌性松动中发挥至关重要的作用 ,亚微米级颗粒与骨形成受抑有明显的相关性 ,而大直径颗粒可促进骨吸收 ,有关不同颗粒直径对骨形成影响本质的更深入研究必将促进无菌性松动机制的早日阐明。     

钛颗粒负荷对成骨细胞白细胞介素6生成的影响

磨损碎屑颗粒所诱发的无菌性松动是人工关节置换术后最常见的并发症.研究表明,假体-骨界面的骨组织细胞吞噬磨屑颗粒后,以自分泌或旁分泌的方式释放细胞间介质因子,而引起假体旁骨改建紊乱,导致假体松动.为了探明不同直径的磨屑颗粒对细胞释放细胞间介质因子的影响,本研究采用3种不同直径(mean sizeφ0.9 μm、φ2.7μm、φ6.9 μm)的钛颗粒,在浓度分别为0.25wt%,0.1wt%,0.05wt%下与兔成骨细胞共孵育4、8、12、24、36、48 h后,检测各组细胞白介素6(IL-6)分泌的变化情况.结果表明,3种钛颗粒均能刺激成骨细胞分泌IL-6因子,但其上调作用因不同直径,不同负荷浓度,不同负荷时间而有所不同.随着浓度增加和时间的推移,φ2.7μm和φ6.9 μm钛颗粒对IL-6生成的上调作用持续升高,而φ 0.9 μm钛颗粒的上调作用却呈先升高后快速下降的双相变化过程.结果提示磨屑颗粒能明显刺激细胞释放细胞间介质因子IL-6,而颗粒直径大小不同,上调IL-6的程度有所不同,使得细胞间介质因子影响假体旁骨改建紊乱的机制有所不同,这种由细胞因子介导的信号传递机制若进一步深入研究必将有助于人工关节材质的优化选择及临床预防用药指导.     

钛颗粒负荷对成骨细胞释放细胞因子的影响

假体周围的溶骨性因子是造成无菌性松动的主要原因之一。前期的研究表明,磨损颗粒抑制成骨细胞分化和矿化能力,为探索不同直径的磨损颗粒对成骨细胞释放细胞因子的影响,我们采用双夹心抗体ELISA、RT-PCR法分析3种直径钛颗粒对兔成骨细胞表达IL-6I、L-10和破骨细胞分化因子(ODF)的影响。结果显示:0.9μm钛颗粒刺激成骨细胞产生大量促骨吸收因子(IL-6、ODF)的同时快速而短暂地释放抑骨吸收因子(IL-10);2.7μm和6.9μm钛颗粒,尤其是后者主要是刺激成骨细胞缓慢而强烈地产生促骨吸收因子。提示:磨屑颗粒作用成骨细胞的生物学反应是双相的,且反应程度因颗粒大小和作用时间的不同而又有所不同。可见如何抑制假体周围溶骨性因子的产生以及人工材料的优化选择是提高人工假体寿命的关键。     

滚动式人工膝关节设计

针对人工关节中超高分子量聚乙烯(UHMWPE)磨粒导致的骨吸收、骨溶解及由此引起的假体远期松动问题,提出一种滚动式膝关节假体设计。这种膝关节假体利用金属—陶瓷滚动摩擦副代替UHMWPE-金属滑动摩擦副,通过降低膝关节伸屈运动时的摩擦阻力和假体—骨界面间的应力,从而减少磨屑产生,降低假体远期松动的可能性。     

bFGF促进大鼠骨髓间充质干细胞向神经胶质样细胞转分化

目的研究大鼠骨髓间充质干细胞(rat mesenchymal stem cells,rMSCs)在体外诱导为神经源性细胞的可行性,并探讨其作用机制。方法从Wistar大鼠骨髓中获得rMSCs,纯化培养传代后用不同浓度的bFGF诱导,经MTT法检测bFGF对rMSCs生长的影响;用倒置光显微镜、透射电镜、免疫组化和RT-PCR等方法鉴定诱导后细胞行为改变与snail mRNA表达。结果bFGF对rMSCs具有促增殖作用,在倒置光显微镜和透射电镜下可见到有神经胶质样细胞形成,免疫组化证明GFAP的表达较对照组显著增高(P<0.01)。RT-PCR结果表明,诱导组细胞snail mRNA明显表达。结论bFGF促进rMSCs转分化为GFAP阳性的神经胶质样细胞,转录因子Snail可能与转化过程有关。     

聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯颗粒对人滑膜细胞核因子κB受体激动剂配体/骨保护蛋白表达的影响

背景：多种因子可以影响骨保护蛋白/核因子κB受体激动剂配体/核因子κB受体激动剂(Osteoprotegerin / receptor activator of nuclear factor-kappaB/ligand of receptor-activator of nuclear factor-kappaB,OPG/RANKL/RANK)系统的表达影响骨代谢,那么松动假体周围的骨水泥颗粒是否也通过影响其代谢参与假体松动过程？ 目的：观察聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯颗粒对人滑膜细胞RANKL/OPG表达的影响。 方法：体外培养人滑膜细胞,在滑膜细胞培养体系中分别加入质量浓度为0(空白对照),0.2,1,10 g/L的聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯骨水泥颗粒,采用荧光定量PCR检测上述各浓度PMMA颗粒作用不同时间后滑膜细胞内RANKL、OPG的表达量及其比值。 结果与结论：与空白对照组相比,各实验组滑膜细胞内RANKL、OPG的表达量均有下降;随着与聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯颗粒共培养时间延长,各实验组滑膜细胞内RANKL、OPG表达均有下降趋势,而RANKL/OPG表达比值无明显变化。说明聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯颗粒在对滑膜细胞产生生物学反应时并不干扰假体周围骨代谢的动态平衡,并未直接参与人工关节假体的无菌性松动。     

股骨近端微量元素Zn与骨形态发生蛋白7及Stro-1~+细胞的相关性:预测髋关节假体寿命

背景:假体周围微量元素Zn的含量与骨形态发生蛋白7、Stro-1+细胞相关性可能影响髋关节假体的骨融合与生存率。目的:分析股骨近端微量元素Zn与骨形态发生蛋白7、Stro-1+细胞的相关性。方法:24例初次髋关节置换患者,取术中股骨矩开槽时废弃骨块,提取细胞后体外培养骨髓间充质干细胞。培养14 d采用流式细胞仪检测骨髓间充质干细胞中的Stro-1+细胞,酶联免疫吸附测定试剂盒检测培养细胞离心上清液中骨形态发生蛋白7的表达,放射免疫荧光法检测培养细胞离心上清液中Zn含量。结果与结论:Zn含量在不同年龄组及不同性别组差异无显著性意义;Zn与Stro-1+、骨形态发生蛋白7正相关联系。关于股骨近端微量元素Zn的进一步研究可以用来预测和干预髋关节假体的寿命。     

转化生长因子β受体Ⅱ对微立星不稳定结肠癌细胞凋亡和迁移的影响

目的 研究转化生长因子β受体Ⅱ（TGFBRⅡ）表达对微卫星不稳定（MSI）结肠癌细胞凋亡和迁移的影响。方法 选择野生型PIK3CAHCT116细胞（HCT116wt）作为MSI结肠癌细胞模型。将TGFDRⅡ转染HCTll6wt细胞获得HCTll6wt—RⅡ细胞,并以HCT116wt空质粒细胞作为对照。通过生长因子缺失应激（GFDS）诱导细胞凋亡。采用Western印迹检测磷酸化Smad2（TGFD信号通路关键因子）、磷酸化AKT（P13K／AKT信号通路关键因子）、Bim（TGFB信号通路下游因子）和E-cadherin（诱导上皮向间质转化的标志物）表达。采用DNA碎片ELISA分析检测HCTll6wt—RⅡ细胞凋亡情况。通过Transwell实验检测HCT116wt—RⅡ细胞迁移活力。结果加入TGFB后,HCTll6wt—RlI细胞的TGFB信号通路得以启动,GFDS诱导的HCT116wt-RⅡ细胞凋亡受到显著抑制（DNA碎片值：0．69＋0．02比0．41±0．04,P〈0．01）;细胞迁移活力明显增强（2．10±0．15比4．03±0．48,P〈0．01）。P13K抑制剂（LY294002）可以逆转TGF[3对HCTll6wt—RⅡ细胞的凋亡抑制和迁移活力增强作用。TGFβ作用于HCT116wt．RⅡ细胞后,Bim和E—cadherin表达明显减少。结论TGFβRⅡ在MSI结肠癌细胞中的再表达可以增加MSI结肠癌细胞的存活能力和迁移活力,该作用依赖P13K／AKT途径,从而为MSI结肠癌患者的良好预后提供了一个分子水平的解释。     

金属颗粒诱导人单核细胞凋亡并释放肿瘤坏死因子的实验研究

目的探讨人工关节磨损钴、铬颗粒对人工关节无菌性松动的影响。方法将金属钴、铬颗粒分别与人单核细胞共培养，分别于6、12、24、36、48小时取出细胞上清液，用ELISA法检测E清液中肿瘤坏死因子-α（TNF—α）含量，并测定细胞悬液中细胞凋亡的情况。结果 钴、铬颗粒均能刺激人单核细胞释放TNF—α且TNF—α含量随时间上升，一定时间后达到峰值，随后下降。随时间进展，人单核细胞捌亡率逐步升高。结论金属钴、铬颗粒能通过刺激人单核细胞合成和释放肿瘤坏死因子、诱导人单核细胞凋亡，从而加重假体周围骨溶解和假体松动。     

骨水泥颗粒促进成纤维母细胞介导的骨溶解

目的检验松动假体周围假膜组织中成纤维母细胞是否能够分泌细胞核因子B受体活化因子配体(RANKL)并支持破骨细胞分化,并研究骨水泥颗粒对上述过程的影响。方法酶消化法从人工假体周围假膜标本中分离成纤维母细胞并作体外培养、传代后,一部分成纤维母细胞与外周血单核细胞共培养,并分别加入骨水泥颗粒及与免疫球蛋白Fc段融合的重组可溶性RANK胞外结构域(RANK:Fc)或抗TNF-抗体(anti-TNF-);培养结束后检测破骨细胞的形成,并比较各组细胞的骨吸收活性。另一部分成纤维母细胞单独培养并向实验组加入骨水泥颗粒,半定量RT-PCR法检测RANKL和骨保护素(OPG)mRNA的表达。结果细胞共培养结束时观察到具有生物学活性的破骨细胞形成;RNAK:Fc完全阻断后者的形成,而anti-TNF-则无明显抑制作用;骨水泥颗粒组破骨细胞活性较对照组增加(0.001)。成纤维母细胞表达RANKL和OPGmRNA,骨水泥颗粒组的表达量较对照组分别增加1.6倍和1.4倍(值分别为0.005和0.008),并且RANKL/OPG的比率增大(=0.01)。结论人工假体周围假膜中成纤维母细胞表达RANKL并支持破骨细胞分化及其骨吸收活性;骨水泥颗粒显著提高这种基质细胞表达RANKL/OPG的比率,从而促进成纤维母细胞支持的溶骨。     

Pharmaceutical inhibition of glycogen synthetase kinase 3 beta suppresses wear debris-induced osteolysis

Aseptic loosening is associated with the development of wear debris-induced peri-implant osteolytic bone disease caused by an increased osteoclastic bone resorption and decreased osteoblastic bone formation. However, no effective measures for the prevention and treatment of peri-implant osteolysis currently exist. The aim of this study was to determine whether lithium chloride (LiCl), a selective inhibitor of glycogen synthetase kinase 3 beta (GSK-3β), mitigates wear debris-induced osteolysis in a murine calvarial model of osteolysis. GSK-3β is activated by titanium (Ti) particles, and implantation of Ti particles on the calvarial surface in C57BL/6 mice resulted in osteolysis caused by an increase in the number of osteoclasts and a decrease in the number of osteoblasts. Mice implanted with Ti particles were gavage-fed LiCl (50 or 200 mg kg⁻¹d⁻¹), 6 days per week for 2 weeks. The LiCl treatment significantly inhibited GSK-3β activity and increased β-catenin and axin-2 expression in a dose-dependent manner, dramatically mitigating the Ti particle-induced suppression of osteoblast numbers and the expression of bone formation markers. Finally, we demonstrated that inhibition of GSK-3β suppresses osteoclast differentiation and reduces the severity of Ti particle-induced osteolysis. The results of this study indicate that Ti particle-induced osteolysis is partly dependent on GSK-3β and, therefore, the canonical Wnt signaling pathway. This suggests that selective inhibitors of GSK-3β such as LiCl may help prevent and treat wear debris-induced osteolysis.     

Involvement of extracellular Hsp72 in wear particle-mediated osteolysis

Wear particle-mediated osteolysis is one of the major problems affecting long-term survival of orthopaedic prostheses, frequently progressing to failure of fixation and revision surgery. Upon challenging with wear particles, macrophages and various other types of cells release soluble factors that stimulate the resorptive activity of osteoclasts and impair the function and activity of osteoblasts. Extracellular Hsp72 has been reported to activate macrophages and up-regulate pro-inflammatory cytokine production, although its role in osteolysis has not been established yet. The purpose of our study was to evaluate the involvement of this protein in the inflammatory response to wear particles that leads to periprosthetic osteolysis. To this end, we used interfacial tissues and blood samples from patients undergoing revision surgery due to aseptic loosening of cementless acetabular cups. Confocal microscopy indicated that Hsp72 co-localises with CD14(+) cells of interfacial tissues. Levels of Hsp72 in the culture media from periprosthetic membranes cultured ex vivo decreased along culture time and Hsp72 levels in sera from patients were lower and under the assay detection limit compared with those from age-matched control subjects. This suggests that interfacial tissues are not actively producing the protein but likely recruit it from peripheral circulation. Incubation of human macrophages with titanium (Ti) particles decreased the release of Hsp72 into culture media. Treatment with recombinant human Hsp72 enhanced considerably IL-6 levels in culture media which were not modified after macrophage co-stimulation with Ti particles, while pre-incubation with Hsp72 increased the Ti particle-induced TNF-α and IL-1β production. Altogether, these data indicate that extracellular Hsp72 amplifies the inflammatory response to wear debris by interacting with resident macrophages in periprosthetic tissues.     

中药淫羊藿苷干预人工关节磨损微粒诱导的骨溶解

背景：人工关节周围产生骨溶解是关节松动失败的重要原因,各国学者都在寻求一种能有效抑制骨溶解反应的药物,以减少假体松动的发生。 目的：观察不同剂量淫羊藿苷干预人工关节磨损微粒诱导骨溶解的效果。 方法：将钛合金及骨水泥磨损微粒制成的混悬液分别置入清洁小鼠颅盖骨进行骨溶解建模后,空白组滴入生理盐水到颅盖骨中,药物干预组给予不同浓度的淫羊藿苷(剂量分别为30,60,120 mg/kg)灌胃,每日1次。建模2周后处死小鼠,在显微镜下观察小鼠颅盖骨的结构。经苏木精-伊红染色和免疫组化分析计算破骨细胞数量和小鼠颅盖骨溶解面积的变化。 结果与结论：与空白组比较,钛合金微粒和骨水泥微粒建模后的小鼠颅盖骨切片上的骨溶解陷窝数量及破骨细胞数明显增加,图像分析骨溶解陷窝面积也增大(P < 0.05)。淫羊藿苷干预后骨溶解面积减小及破骨细胞数量减少  (P < 0.05),以120 mg/kg灌胃组最为显著,其次是60 mg/kg,30 mg/kg。结果可见钛磨损微粒和骨水泥磨损微粒能促进破骨细胞的增殖,诱导骨溶解;淫羊藿苷能抑制磨损微粒诱导的破骨细胞形成,从而抑制骨溶解。中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：人工关节;骨植入物;脊柱;骨折;内固定;数字化骨科;组织工程全文链接：     

The effect of TNFα secreted from macrophages activated by titanium particles on osteogenic activity regulated by WNT/BMP signaling in osteoprogenitor cells

Wear particles are the major cause of osteolysis associated with failure of implant following total joint replacement. During this pathologic process, activated macrophages mediate inflammatory responses to increase osteoclastogenesis, leading to enhanced bone resorption. In osteolysis caused by wear particles, osteoprogenitors present along with macrophages at the implant interface may play significant roles in bone regeneration and implant osteointegration. Although the direct effects of wear particles on osteoblasts have been addressed recently, the role of activated macrophages in regulation of osteogenic activity of osteoblasts has scarcely been studied. In the present study, we examined the molecular communication between macrophages and osteoprogenitor cells that may explain the effect of wear particles on impaired bone forming activity in inflammatory bone diseases. It has been demonstrated that conditioned medium of macrophages challenged with titanium particles (Ti CM) suppresses early and late differentiation markers of osteoprogenitors, including alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity, collagen synthesis, matrix mineralization and expression of osteocalcin and Runx2. Moreover, bone forming signals such as WNT and BMP signaling pathways were inhibited by Ti CM. Interestingly, TNFα was identified as a predominant factor in Ti CM to suppress osteogenic activity as well as WNT and BMP signaling activity. Furthermore, Ti CM or TNFα induces the expression of sclerostin (SOST) which is able to inhibit WNT and BMP signaling pathways. It was determined that over-expression of SOST suppressed ALP activity, whereas the inhibition of SOST by siRNA partially restored the effect of Ti CM on ALP activity. This study highlights the role of activated macrophages in regulation of impaired osteogenic activity seen in inflammatory conditions and provides a potential mechanism for autocrine regulation of WNT and BMP signaling mediated by TNFα via induction of SOST in osteprogenitor cells.     

Protective effects of COX-2 inhibitor on titanium-particle-induced inflammatory osteolysis via the down-regulation of RANK/RANKL

Particle-wear-induced inflammatory osteolysis remains a major problem for the long-term success of total joint arthroplasty. Previous studies have demonstrated that cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) is expressed abundantly in the tissue around a failed implant. However, the role of COX-2 in the development of particle-wear-induced osteoclastogenesis remains unclear. The aim of the study was to test the hypothesis that Dynastat, a COX-2 inhibitor, ameliorates particle-wear-induced inflammatory osteoclastogenesis through the down-regulation of the receptor activators of nuclear factor-κB (RANK) and nuclear factor-κB ligand (RANKL) expression in a murine osteolysis model. Titanium (Ti) particles were introduced into established air pouches in BALB/c mice, followed by the implantation of calvaria bone from syngeneic littermates. Dynastat was given to mice intraperitoneally 2 days before the introduction of Ti particles and maintained until the mice were sacrificed. Pouch tissues were collected 14 days after Ti inoculation for molecular and histological analysis. The results showed that Dynastat has more impact on Ti-particle-induced prostaglandin E(2) expression and less on the expression of interleukin-1β and tumor necrosis factor-α. Dynastat inhibited Ti-particle-induced osteoclastogenesis by reducing the gene activation of RANK and RANKL, and diminishing the RANKL expression in Ti-particle-charged pouches. Dynastat markedly reduced the number of tartrate-resistant acid-phosphatase-positive cells in pouch tissues stimulated by Ti particles. In conclusion, this study provides evidence that Dynastat can markedly inhibit Ti-particle-induced osteoclastogenesis by the down-regulation of RANK/RANKL in a murine air pouch model, and is a promising therapeutic candidate for the treatment of inflammatory osteolysis induced by wear particles.     

Effect of a CCR1 receptor antagonist on systemic trafficking of MSCs and polyethylene particle-associated bone loss

Particle-associated periprosthetic osteolysis remains a major issue in joint replacement. Ongoing bone loss resulting from wear particle-induced inflammation is accompanied by continued attempts at bone repair. Previously we showed that mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are recruited systemically to bone exposed to continuous infusion of ultra high molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE) particles. The chemokine-receptor axis that mediates this process is unknown. We tested two hypotheses: (1) the CCR1 receptor mediates the systemic recruitment of MSCs to UHMWPE particles and (2) recruited MSCs are able to differentiate into functional mature osteoblasts and decrease particle-associated bone loss. Nude mice were allocated randomly to four groups. UHMWPE particles were continuously infused into the femoral shaft using a micro-pump. Genetically modified murine wild type reporter MSCs were injected systemically via the left ventricle. Non-invasive imaging was used to assay MSC migration and bone mineral density. Bioluminescence and immunohistochemistry confirmed the chemotaxis of reporter cells and their differentiation into mature osteoblasts in the presence of infused particles. Injection of a CCR1 antagonist decreased reporter cell recruitment to the UHMWPE particle infusion site and increased osteolysis. CCR1 appears to be a critical receptor for chemotaxis of MSCs in the presence of UHMWPE particles. Interference with CCR1 exacerbates particle-induced bone loss.     

Inhibition of titanium particle-induced osteoclastogenesis through inactivation of NFATc1 by VIVIT peptide

Osteoclastogenesis induced by particulate wear debris is a major pathological factor contributing to periprosthetic osteolysis. Although the nuclear factor of activated T cells c1 (NFATc1) is known to be involved in osteoclast differentiation, its effect on osteoclastogenesis in response to wear particles remains unclear. In the present study, we investigated the role of NFATc1 in the regulation of osteoclast differentiation from bone marrow macrophages (BMMs) stimulated with titanium (Ti) particles. The results showed that Ti particles could stimulate BMMs to produce proinflammatory cytokines (tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, interleukin (IL)-1β, and IL-6) and differentiate into multinucleated osteoclasts in the presence of receptor activator of nuclear factor-κB ligand (RANKL). NFATc1 was expressed in BMMs and multinucleated cells cultured with Ti particles and RANKL. Inactivation of NFATc1 by 11R-VIVIT peptide potently impeded the Ti particle-induced osteoclastogenesis. 11R-VIVIT peptide does not have toxic effect on BMMs. Based on these data, we conclude that inactivation of NFATc1 by VIVIT peptide would provide a promising therapeutic target for the treatment of periprosthetic osteolysis.     

Characteristics of Hylamer polyethylene particles isolated from peri-prosthetic tissues of failed cemented total hip arthroplasties

Polyethylene wear particles are one of the most important factors affecting the results of total hip arthroplasty. Hylamer, a highly crystalized ultra-high-molecular-weight polyethylene, has been used in total hip arthroplasty for wear reduction, but has exhibited high wear rate and excessive osteolysis. The aim of the present study was to examine Hylamer wear particles in peri-prosthetic tissues with osteolysis obtained from two cases of failed cemented total hip arthroplasty at 8 and 6 years after operation. Polyethylene particles were isolated, and examined using a scanning electron microscope and image analyzer. Total numbers of Hylamer polyethylene particles in the two cases were 5.6 x 10(9) and 8.0 x 10(9) g(-1). Particle sizes (in equivalent circle diameter) for the two cases were 1.07 +/- 0.06 microm and 1.16 +/- 0.05 microm, and particle shapes (roundness) were 3.05 +/- 0.22 and 3.76 +/- 0.28. The Hylamer polyethylene particles were larger in size and more elongated and their number was larger, compared with the corresponding reported values for particles generated from conventional polyethylene. This increase in particle number and elongation may lead to early osteolysis in total hip arthroplasty with Hylamer.     

Inhibitory effects of luteolin on titanium particle-induced osteolysis in a mouse model

Wear particles liberated from the surfaces of an implanted prosthesis are associated with peri-implant osteolysis and subsequent aseptic loosening. In the latter wear particle-induced inflammation and osteoclastogenesis have been identified as critical factors, and their inhibition as important steps in the treatment of affected patients, such as those undergoing total hip replacement. In this study the ability of luteolin to inhibit both titanium (Ti) particle-induced osteoclastogenesis in vitro and osteolysis in a murine calvaria Ti particle-induced model of osteolysis was examined. The results showed that luteolin, a highly potent and efficient inhibitor of tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α) and interleukin-6 expression, inhibited Ti particle-induced inflammatory cytokine release, osteoclastogenesis, and bone resorption in bone marrow macrophages. Microcomputed tomography and histological analyses showed that the Ti particles caused significant bone resorption and increased TRAP(+) multinuclear osteoclasts in the murine calvarial model of osteolysis, whereas this was not the case in the luteolin treatment group, in which osteolytic suppression was accompanied by a decrease in both TNF-α production and serum levels of the osteoclast marker the C-terminal telopeptide fragment of type I collagen. These results support the use of luteolin as a natural compound in the prevention and treatment of aseptic loosening after total replacement arthroplasty.     

Expression of inflammatory cytokines, RANKL and OPG induced by titanium, cobalt-chromium and polyethylene particles

Bone resorption is regulated by cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), interleukin-1 beta (IL-1beta) and by the balance of a receptor activator of nuclear factor-kappaB ligand (RANKL) and osteoprotegerin (OPG). The aim of this study was to investigate the mechanism of particle-induced osteolysis in murine calvariae by assessing the extent of osteolysis and the expression of inflammatory cytokines, RANKL and OPG after implantation of metal and polyethylene particles. The murine calvariae implanted with Ti6Al4V, CoCr or high-density polyethylene (HDP) particles showed significantly more extensive osteolysis and elevated levels of inflammatory cytokines. The ratio between RANKL and OPG was high in the mice implanted with Ti6Al4V and HDP particles, but not in the mice implanted with CoCr particles. These observations suggested that CoCr particle-induced osteoclastogenesis may be caused directly by inflammatory cytokines rather than by the RANKL-RANK pathway. There might be different mechanisms at work in particle-induced osteolysis between Ti6Al4V, HDP and CoCr.