上肢长骨的性别判别分析研究

本文对100例(男女各50)国人上肢骨进行了36项测量。统计结果显示所有测量项目均值男性都大于女性并具有显著性的差异。本研究表明可以采用单一指标对破损严重的肢骨进行性别鉴定。36个测量项目中有23项单一指标性别判别率达75％以上,其中9项在80％以上。本文采用Fisher判别分析法建立了56项单一肢骨性别判别函数,判别率为80％—87％。为进一步提高判别效果,采用逐步判别分析法建立了四项逐步性别判别函数,判别率达90％以上。     

下肢长骨的性别判别分析研究

本文对在长春地区收集的下肢骨进行了37项线性测量,统计分析显示,所有项目性别差异显著,采用单项指标性别鉴定可以获得较好的效果,其中一些肢骨两端项目性别鉴定价值优于长度项目,本文采用Fisher判别分析方法和逐步判别分析方法建立了多项下肢骨性别判函数,可用于鉴定国人下肢骨性别,判别率可最高达96.3%。     

太行山猕猴下颌骨变量相关性研究

本研究测量了１８例（雄４,雌１４）成年太行山猕猴下颌骨的１２项变量。通过对下颌骨变量的性别判别分析和相关分析。结果显示：太行山猕猴下颌骨变量有其自身特征,与其它猕猴下颌骨资料比较表现出一定差异;用Ｏｔｔｅｓｔａｔ方法对有关变量建立性别判别函数式,其判别率达８６．８６％,下颌骨变量相关性研究表明,各变量之间有正相关,也有负相关,大多数变量之间相互程度较差,不同变量之间其相关程度存在一定差异。     

国人胫骨的测量及其性别判别分析

为积累国人资料,本文对长春、通辽两地出土的１２７副胚骨（男７１,女５６）进行了胚骨最大长、胚骨全长等２６项指标的测量,计算出胫骨中部断面指数和胚骨指数等４项指数及其分型,进行了侧别、性别及地区比较,并用胫骨最大长等７项因素进行了Ｆｉｓｈｅｒ法性别判别分析,得出５个判别式．结果显示：除个别测量项外均无显著性侧别差异,但均具有显著性性别差异,部分项目存在显著性地区差异;判别分析中判别正确率（７８．３％－８２．３％）介于美国白人与黑人之间。     

中国汉族成人髌骨性别判别初步研究

对256副中国汉族成人左右侧髌骨分别观测,显示各项指标测量值的平均值都是男性大于女性,并具有显著性差异;各指标以髌骨体积判别性别效果最好,单项判别率达94％以上;运用Fisher线性两类判别分析、逐步判别分析方法得出多项指标判别性别的公式,判别率最高达96.1％。本研究还设计了髌骨体积及髌骨内外关节面高指标的测量方法。本研究为髌骨性别判别提供了简单、实用、科学、判别率较高的新方法。     

中国汉城成人髌骨性别判别初步研究

对２５６副是国汉族成人左右侧髌骨分别观测。显示各项指标测量值的平均值都是男性大于女性,并具有显著性差异,各指标以髌骨体积判别性别效果最好,单项判别率达９４％以上,运用Ｆｉｓｈｅｒ线性两类判别分析,逐步判别分析方法得出多项指标判别性别的公式,判别率最高达９６．１％,本研究还设计了髌骨体积及髌骨内外关节面高指标的测量方法,本研究为髌骨性别判别提供了简单,实用,科学,判别率较高的新方法。     

国人胫骨的测量及其性别差别分析

为积累国人资料,本文对长春、通辽两地出土的１２７副胫骨（男７１,女５６）进行了胎骨大长、胎骨全长等２６项指标的测量,计算出胫骨中部断面指数和胎骨指数等４项指数及其分型,进行了侧别、性别及地区比较,并用胫骨最大长等７项因素进行了Ｆｉｓｈｅｒ法性别判别分析,得出５个判别式。结果显示：除个别测量项外均无显著性侧别差异,但均具有显著性性别差异,部分项目存在显著性地区差异;判别分析中判别正确率,介于美国白人     

腕骨的性别判别分析

骨骼的性别判别分析已广泛地应用于法医学和人类学 ,刑事案件中有时会涉及到只有残存的手 ,要求进行性别判别。然而目前这方面资料较少 ,我们曾测量过国人腕骨 (孙群慧等 ,1997) ,也曾单独进行过示指基节的性别判别分析 ,其正确判别率可达 88.1% (刘丰春等 ,1995 )。为进一步探讨腕骨的性别判别式和判别率 ,特进行本研究     

太行山猕猴掌骨和蹠骨长度的性别判别

研究太行山猕猴掌骨和蹠骨长度的性别差异。对24例掌骨和26例蹠骨的长度变量进行测量, 用SPSS13.0统计软件进行单因素方差分析和多变量判别分析。结果表明: 掌骨和蹠骨的长度变量在性别之间有极显著性差异(P＜0.00)。各掌骨和各骨的长度顺序在侧别之间和性别之间有一定差异, 但是尚未达到统计学意义( P> 0.05) 。用全模型法和逐步判别法根据长度变量分别建立性别判别函数, 其性别正确判别率掌骨分别为91.7%和93.8%, 而蹠骨的性别判别率为84.6%。表明猕猴掌骨和蹠骨长度性别之间存在明显性差。使用掌骨和蹠骨长度变量进行性别鉴定有一定理论价值和应用价值。     

太行山猕猴掌骨和踽骨长度的性别判别

研究太行山猕猴掌骨和蹠骨长度的性别差异.对24例掌骨和26例蹠骨的长度变量进行测量,用SPSS13.0统计软件进行单因素方差分析和多变量判别分析.结果表明:掌骨和踱骨的长度变量在性别之间有极显著性差异(P<0.00).各掌骨和各踱骨的长度顺序在侧别之间和性别之间有一定差异,但是尚未达到统计学意义(P>0.05).用全模型法和逐步判别法根据长度变量分别建立性别判别函数,其性别正确判别率掌骨分别为91.7%和93.8%,而蹠骨的性别判别率为84.6%.表明猕猴掌骨和蹠骨长度性别之间存在明显性差.使用掌骨和踱骨长度变量进行性别鉴定有一定理论价值和应用价值.     

Cephalometric study of mandibular dimorphism in living population in South-West France

The role of the mandible in sex determination is still poorly defined because of the plasticity of this bone. We carried out a teleradiographic study of the mandibles of 63 living white subjects, measuring bigonial breadth, bicondylar breadth (anterior radiographs), mandibular symphysis height, mandibular length, articulare-gonion height, mandibular ramus height and mandibular body length (lateral radiographs). All these paramters showed significant sexual dimorphism (p<0.001 in all cases). Mandibular symphysis height had the highest percentage of dimorphism (19.44%). Based on this study, two discriminant functions were calculated, one of which used all the measurement and the other, two. These functions made it possible to determine the sex of 87.3% of the sample studied, using the mandible alone.     

香港地区现代人头骨的研究：性别和地区类型的判别分析

本文报告了香港地区现代中国人头骨测量性状的性别差异情况和香港与太原的男性头骨的差异情况。在此基础上,使用判别分析的方法建立了各自的判别函数,正判率分别达到93.1％和85.3％。它们分别适用于华南头骨的性别鉴定和华南与华北男性头骨的区分。     

Historical sex-specific distribution of Atlantic walrus (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Odobenus rosmarus rosmarus</Emphasis>) in Svalbard assessed by mandible measurements

We developed a discriminant function based on measurements of known-sex mandibles of walrus from the Canadian Arctic collected between 1983 and 1998 and used it to explore the sex ratio in the catches of walrus in Tusenøyane, south-eastern Svalbard, during the nineteenth century. Canadian mandibles older than 5 years of age of known sex were classified into correct sex with 100% accuracy by using two measurements. Applying the same discriminant function to 80 mandibles from Svalbard older than 5 years of age classified 48 (60%) as males and 32 (40%) as females. It also classified 584 aged and un-aged mandibles from Svalbard 67% (390) as males and 33% (194) as females. Eight of the aged jaws (10%) and 41 (7%) of the un-aged jaws had probabilities of classification into sex <80%. We stress the importance of being cautious in applying a discriminant function developed from Canadian mandibles to classify the sex of old weathered mandibles from Svalbard. However, we believe our results indicate that female walrus were once more common in south-eastern Svalbard than they are now.     

太原地区现代人头骨的研究

本文报告了太原地区男、女组现代人头骨测量性状的基本统计量和非测量性状的出现情况,记述和讨论了它们的两侧差异和性别差异情况,建立了以多个项目测量值鉴定华北人头骨性别的判别函数。     

Sexual dimorphism in the Atapuerca-SH hominids: the evidence from the mandibles

The pattern of sexual dimorphism in 15 mandibles from the Atapuerca-SH Middle Pleistocene site, attributed to Homo heidelbergensis, is explored. Two modern human samples of known sex are used as a baseline for establishing sexing criteria. The mandible was divided for analysis into seven study regions and differential expression of sexual dimorphism in these regions is analysed. A total of 40 continuous and 32 discrete variables were scored on the mandibles. The means method given in Regh & Leigh (Am. J. phys. Anthrop.110, 95-104, 1999) was followed for evaluating the potential of correct sex attribution for each variable.On average, the mandibles from the Atapuerca-SH site present a degree of sexual dimorphism about eight points higher than in H. sapiens samples. However, mandibular anatomy of the European Middle Pleistocene hominid records sexual dimorphism differentially. Different areas of the Atapuerca-SH mandibles exhibit quite distinct degrees of sexual dimorphism. For instance, variables of the alveolar arcade present very low or practically no sexual dimorphism. Variables related to overall size of the mandible and symphysis region present a medium degree of sex differences. Finally, ramus height, and gonion and coronoid process present a high degree of sexual dimorphism (indexes of sexual dimorphism are all above 130%). Whether this marked sexual dimorphism in specific anatomical systems affects sexual differences in body size is not completely clear and further studies are needed.Sexual differences detected in the mandible of modern humans have at least two components: differences related to musculo-skeletal development and differences related to a different growth trajectory in males and females (relative development of some of the basal border features). The Atapuerca-SH mandibles display little variation in the basal border, however. The limited variation of this mandibular region may indicate that the pattern of sexual variation in H. heidelbergensis is different enough to that of H. sapiens to caution against simple extrapolation of criteria from one pattern to the other.     

Elliptical fourier analysis of symphyseal shape in great ape mandibles

The midsagittal profile of the mandibular symphysis has served as both a taxonomic marker and a phylogenetically salient character in debates over hominoid evolution. Nevertheless, the utility of symphyseal shape as an informative attribute for paleobiological reconstructions is suspect. Quantification of shape variation has proven to be particularly problematic; it has long been recognized that conventional linear measurements (and the indices derived from them), while replicable, summarize aspects of shape very poorly because of the vast amount of contour information that is lost in the process.In this study, a type of Fourier analysis is applied to cross-sectional contours of ape mandibles in order to provide a mathematical accounting of shape variation in a "global" sense; that is, by applying the "totality" of contour information in a comparative analysis. Shape variation in the mandibular symphysis is explored through the decomposition of coordinate data into elliptical Fourier coefficients. These coefficients are used to compute average taxonomic distances (ATD) among individuals of chimpanzees, gorillas, and orang-utans. The resulting shape-based distances are summarized via clustering (UPGMA) and ordination (principal coordinates analysis-PCO). Principal coordinate scores are subjected to analysis of variance in univariate and multivariate designs; these data are also applied to discriminant function analyses.Species and sex effects on morphology are statistically significant; however, no significant interaction of these factors is indicated. This would seem to imply that patterns of sexual dimorphism are not distinct among great apes; to the contrary, within-species sex comparisons reveal that significant size and shape dimorphism is present only in Gorilla. Despite significant size dimorphism in Pan and Pongo, significant shape differences between males and females are not apparent in these taxa.These results suggest that it is theoretically possible to sort taxa by a symphyseal shape criterion, but the discriminant function results suggest that there still exists a large potential for error in assigning particular shapes to a given species or sex. Thus, despite real shape differences among these species, the use of symphyseal shape as a character in species identification or in systematic arguments remains limited and problematic.     

Technical note: evaluating mandibular ramus flexure as a morphological indicator of sex

Described as a highly reliable method of sex identification, mandibular ramus flexure is a morphological trait expressed on the posterior border of the ramus at the occlusal plane (Loth and Henneberg [1996] Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. 99:473-485). In a blind test, 158 mandibles were examined for the presence of flexure as defined by Loth and Henneberg, resulting in 79.1% accuracy, which is well below the reported 91-99% accuracy. Twenty-five of these mandibles were assigned the ambiguous score of 0, an outcome of a +1 score for one side, and a -1 score for the other. Seventeen mandibles were examined twice to measure intraobserver error. Only 64.7% of the scores were duplicated in the second session, suggesting difficulty in consistent identification of flexure. Low overall accuracy, an invalid scoring system, and high intraobserver error indicate that mandibular ramus flexure is an unreliable technique for estimation of sex.     

Technical note: A blind test of mandibular ramus flexure as a morphologic indicator of sexual dimorphism in the human skeleton

Loth and Henneberg (1996, Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. 99:473–487) identified a single morphological feature of the mandible, the presence or absence of a distinct flexure or angulation of the posterior margin of the mandibular ramus at the level of the occlusal plane, which appears to be an extraordinarily accurate predictor of sex. Using only this feature, Loth and Henneberg were able to predict sex with 94% accuracy in a large sample of mandibles. In this article, we report the results of a blind test of mandibular ramus flexure as a predictor of sex. In our blind test, only 62.5% of the mandibles were correctly sexed, and virtually identical results were obtained when the same sample of mandibles was examined by a second observer. Overall, our results demonstrate that: 1) the association between ramus flexure and sex is weak; 2) the predictive accuracy of Loth and Henneberg's method is better than chance for only one sex, males; and 3) the method is based on a trait that cannot be reliably or consistently identified. Am J Phys Anthropol 107:363–366, 1998 © 1998 Wiley-Liss, Inc.     

Loss of molar occlusion and mandibular morphology in adults in an ancient human population consuming a coarse diet

The purpose of the study is to investigate the link between number of molar teeth retained in occlusion and mandibular morphology in adults in an ancient, high dental wear human population. The study material comprises skeletons from Mediaeval Wharram Percy, England (N = 50 female, 69 male adults). It was hypothesized that adults retaining fewer occluding molars would show reduction in mandibular dimensions, particularly in the ascending ramus and gonial regions where the main muscles of mastication have their insertions. Molar occlusal status is assessed using the concept of functional units. Mandibular morphology is assessed using a suite of ten linear measurements plus the mandibular angle. Results show no evidence for any association between number of molars retained in occlusion and mandibular angle. There was an association between mandibular size and number of molars retained in occlusion, with smaller mandibular dimensions in those retaining fewer occluding molars. Some measurements were affected more than others so that there was also some shape alteration. Alteration of mandibular dimensions was more clearly demonstrable in females than in males. Only in females could significant reduction in the ascending ramus and gonial regions be demonstrated. Reasons for the apparent difference in response to loss of molar occlusion between male and female mandibles are unclear, but sex differences in bony metabolism mediated by hormonal factors may be implicated. Results suggest that care should be exercised when including mandibles from individuals showing loss of molar occlusion in morphological studies. Am J Phys Anthropol 152:383–392, 2013. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

Morphometrical observations on the mandible of five strains of rabbits and strain identification using mandible measurements

In order to clarify the relationships between five strains of rabbits and to identify the strains, principal component and discriminant analyses were carried out using 12 mandibular measurements of three inbred strains (JW-NIBS/Y (JW/Y), NW-NIBS/Y (NW/Y) and Dutch-NIBS/Y (D/Y)) and two outbred strains (JW-NIBS (JW) and NW-NIBS (NW] which were maintained at the Nippon Institute for Biological Science. The results obtained were as follows. (1) Principal component analysis revealed that in the males the mandible of JW was the largest but with considerable variation. D/Y was the smallest of all strains examined. The mandibles of NW and NW/Y were similar to the JW mandibles but had a shape which was shorter and higher. In the females the mandible of NW was the largest of all strains and, as in the males, D/Y was the smallest and JW varied markedly. (2) Discriminant analysis showed the probability of erroneous discrimination to be 14.8% (34/229) when the inbred and outbred strains were combined. In both sexes erroneous discrimination mostly occurred between NW and NW/Y, which have the same origin, and between JW and NW, which have a common ancestor. However, when the inbreds and outbreds were identified separately by discriminant analysis, the probability of erroneous discrimination was low in both cases (4.5% (5/112) and 7.7% (9/117) respectively). These results indicate that strain differences are found in the size and shape of rabbit mandibles and that mandible analysis is effective for strain identification of laboratory rabbits.