通过恒包络调制提高相干光OFDM系统的光纤非线性容限

相干光正交频分复用(CO-OFDM)对光纤链路中 的色度色散(CD)和偏振模色散(PMD)具有较强的容忍性,但 是OFDM信号高峰均功率比(PAPR)的特点使其对光纤非线性效应 非常敏感,严重影响了系统传输性能。 本文提出了基于恒包络(CE)调制的方法使得系统中光信号PAPR降低为0dB,从而提高了CO-OFDM系统的非 线性传输性能。仿真结果表明,子载波采用16QAM调制的40Gbit/s单信道CE调制CO -OFDM系统,在经800km无色散补偿、欠色散补偿和周期全色散补偿 标准单模光纤(SSMF)链 路传输后,虽然较传统CO-OFDM存在约1.8dB的代价,但是系统最大 发射光功率分别提高 了6.2、9.3dB。并且,将本文方案应 用 到CO-OFDM和10Gbit/s NRZ-OOK混合传输WDM系统中,信道最大发 射光功率仍获得了5.2dB的提高。因此,本文提出的CE调制方法能有 效地提高CO-OFDM系统在不同传输环境中的光纤非线性容限。     

The Tradeoff Between Bit Error Rate and Optical Link Distance Using Laser Phase Noise Fixing Process in Coherent Optical OFDM Systems

Orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) is a suitable solution thanks to its many advantages known in wireless communications. On the other hand, optical communications is also used as a backbone to transmit and receive large data rates with economical and good performance. Recently, fiber optical communication and OFDM method have been combined to obtain both advantages in a communication link called Coherent Optical OFDM (CO-OFDM). In this study, Bit error rate (BER) versus distance variations are investigated for a constant signal to noise ratio in CO-OFDM systems. Results also show the performance of the CO-OFDM system at different data rates and distances for one RF carrier and one optical carrier. So far, the Telecommunication Standardization Sector standards have suggested 81 channels between 192.1 and 196.1 THz in C band. Extending the number of channels using 111 more channels between 185.9 and 191.4 THz in L band where optical amplifiers and laser sources are available, the total number of channels reaches up to 192. In this research, CO-OFDM technique is modeled and simulated designing a Monte Carlo simulation. Dense wavelength division multiplexing (DWDM) is the key factor to obtain 3 Tb/s (192*16 Gb/s) utilizing only one optical cable by covering whole C and L bands. To the best of our knowledge, this work shows the first BER versus Distance variations in a CO-OFDM communication link for 3 Tb/s.     

Coherent Optical 25.8-Gb/s OFDM Transmission Over 4160-km SSMF

We discuss coherent optical orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (CO-OFDM) as a suitable modulation technique for long-haul transmission systems. Several design and implementation aspects of a CO-OFDM system are reviewed, but we especially focus on phase noise compensation. As conventional CO-OFDM transmission systems are very sensitive to laser phase noise a novel method to compensate for phase noise is introduced. With the help of this phase noise compensation method we show continuously detectable OFDM transmission at 25.8 Gb/s data rate (20 Gb/s after coding) over 4160-km SSMF without dispersion compensation.     

Study of 16 Tbit/s WDM transmission system derived from the CO-OFDM with PDM 16-QAM

In this paper,a wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) transmission system derived from the coherent optical orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (CO-OFDM) with polarization division multiplexing (PDM) and 16-order quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM) is studied. A simulation of 80-channel WDM transmission system with data rate of 200 Gbit/s is built, and the transmission performance of the system is analyzed. The simulation results show that the system Q value of the WDM channels at 16 Tbit/s with a spectral efficiency of 7.14 bit/s/Hz is potentially over 10.0 dB for a long haul transmission up to 1800 km in a standard single-mode fiber.     

Coherent optical communication systems based on orthogonal frequency division multiplexing

Coherent optical orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (CO-OFDM) is considered as a key solution for long haul optical fiber communication systems thanks to its high spectral efficiency and robustness against chromatic dispersion. We have investigated a CO-OFDM based on quadrature phase shift keying (QPSK)-OFDM and 16 quadrature amplitude modulation (16QAM)-OFDM over 500 km uncompensated fiber links. The simulation results show that the proposed system is a promising solution to meet the aggregate data rate demands cost effectively in future high-speed optical communication systems.     

Optimum link distance determination for a constant signal to noise ratio in M-ary PSK modulated coherent optical OFDM systems

In this paper 40 Gb/s and 100 Gb/s Coherent optical Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (CO-OFDM) systems are studied to obtain the relation between the bit error rate (BER) and transmission link distance for a constant signal to noise ratio (SNR). Utilizing Dense Wavelength Division Multiplexing (DWDM) with 192 optical channels in C and L bands (1528.77 nm–1612.65 nm), data rates can theoretically reach up to 19 Tb/s (192?100 Gb/s) using only one optical fiber core. In this research, we selected the same data rates with the IEEE standards published by IEEE Computer Society in 2010 and 2011. Results show the performance of the CO-OFDM system at different data rates and distances for one RF carrier and one optical carrier instead of 4 optical carriers used in IEEE 802.3ba.     

Bit and Power Loading for Coherent Optical OFDM

We show the first experiment of bit and power loading for coherent optical orthogonal frequency-division-multiplexing (CO-OFDM) systems. The data rate of CO-OFDM systems can be dynamically adjusted according to the channel condition. The system performance can be further improved through optimal power loading into each modulation band.     

一种采用光学相位分集接收技术的相干光正交频分复用远端接入系统

提出了一种采用基于光学相位分集接收技术实现远程相干光正交频分复用(CO-OFDM)信号的远程光接入方案,并进行了理论研究和仿真验证。在本方案中,没有使用色散补偿光纤(DCF)或者色散补偿模块(DCM)补偿光纤信道色散导致的负面效应,原因是CO-OFDM信号能有效抵抗传输过程中色度色散(CD)和偏振模色散(PMD)引起的负面效应。仿真结果表明,10Gbit/s CO-OOFDM信号在标准单模光纤(SMF-28)传输320km后,采用相位估计技术得到的OFDM电信号,其时域波形的相位抖动幅度更小;与采用光载波自提取技术接收相位调制COOFDM的方案进行比较,测试误差向量幅度(EVM)的结果表明,本文方案可以获得更好的COOFDM信号接收性能,星座图中星座点收敛更加紧凑,接收的CO-OFDM信号质量更高。     

高速相干光正交频分复用系统实现方案研究

相干光正交频分复用系统（Coherent Optical Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing, CO-OFDM）作为未来高速光通信的重要解决方案,是近年来光传输领域的研究热点。高速CO-OFDM系统需要较高带宽的模数/数模转换器（DAC/ADC）,目前技术水平难以达到。文章改进了正交频带复用技术（Orthogonal Band Multiplexing , OBM）的光域实现方案;结合偏振复用技术和偏振分集接收,提出了基于OBM的100Gb/s高速CO-OFDM系统;并对系统传输性能进行数字仿真。结果表明：基于OBM技术的MIMO CO-OFDM系统可有效降低对DAC/ADC的处理速度要求,在不需任何在线色散补偿和偏振控制器件条件下,通过单模光纤传输800km,系统Q值保持在13dB以上。     

Data-aided linear fitting blind phase estimation method for coherent optical OFDM system

In this paper, a novel data-aided linear fitting-based (DALF-based) blind phase estimation method for coherent optical orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (CO-OFDM) is proposed. Similar to our previous work done in the pilot-based blind phase estimation method, the pilot subcarriers are used to transmit unknown amplitude modulation signals in order to improve spectral efficiency. But the so-called pilot subcarriers can be reduced to only two in the DALF-based method, while the conventional pilot-aided-based (PA-based) method requires almost four real pilot subcarriers. A performance comparison of the conventional PA-based and DALF-based phase estimation methods has been demonstrated through a 16-QAM CO-OFDM simulation. The results show that the performance of the proposed DALF-based method is better than the conventional one with higher SE and has the potential in the large capacity CO-OFDM systems.     

Phase Estimation for Coherent Optical OFDM

Phase estimation is one of the enabling functionalities in coherent optical orthogonal frequency-division-multiplexing (CO-OFDM) receivers. In this letter, we compare pilot-aided and data-aided phase estimation methods for a CO-OFDM transmission experiment at 8 Gb/s over 1000-km standard single-mode fiber without optical dispersion compensation. We also show that as few as five subcarriers are sufficient for pilot-aided phase estimation     

应用并行MZM降低光载OFDM系统的非线性失真

针对传统马赫-曾德尔调制器(MZM)在光载正交频分复用(OFDM)系统中的非线性失真问题,提出了一种新的并行MZM结构,该结构由主调制器和起补偿作用的子调制器组成。理论分析与仿真表明:通过设计调制器电极长度与输入光功率,使得相位误差衰减因子小于1,此时并行MZM的非线性失真小于传统MZM。在相同调制指数下,并行MZM对应的星座图更加收敛,但随着调制指数的增加而逐渐发散。     

16APSK-OOFDM系统分析研究

基于Optisystem和Matlab软件构建相干解调光正交频分复用(CO-OFDM)系统仿真平台。从O-OFDM的调制出发,在Optisystem中用幅度相位键控(APSK)调制代替现在主流使用的方形正交振幅调制(QAM)。分析APSK调制在光通信中的优越性,并将得到的仿真星座图、误码率、线宽与QAM调制下的结果相互对比,从而区分APSK调制比QAM调制优越性并总结规律。     

Phase Noise Effects on High Spectral Efficiency Coherent Optical OFDM Transmission

There are three major advantages for coherent optical orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (CO-OFDM) transmission using digital signal processing. First, coherent detection is realized by digital phase estimation without the need for optical phase-locked loop. Second, OFDM modulation and demodulation are realized by the well-established computation-efficient fast Fourier transform (FFT) and inverse FFT. Third, adaptive data rates can be supported as different quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM) constellations are software-defined, without any hardware change in transmitter and receiver. However, it is well-known that coherent detection, OFDM, and QAM are all susceptible to phase noise. In this paper, theoretical, numerical, and experimental investigations are carried out for phase noise effects on high spectral efficiency CO-OFDM transmission. A transmission model in the presence of phase noise is presented. By using simulation, the bit error rate floors from finite laser linewidth are presented for CO-OFDM systems with high-order QAM constellations. In the experiments, the phase noise effects from both laser linewidth and nonlinear fiber transmission are investigated. The fiber nonlinearity mitigation based on receiver digital signal processing is also discussed.     

超高速光通信的新技术及应用

文章介绍了40 Gbit/s、100 Gbit/s及以上速率超高速光通信中将会用到的新技术,包括相位调制、正交幅度调制、多电平调制等新型调制技术;偏振复用和正交频分复用这两种新型复用技术;相干接收技术原理、优点和应用必要性;光子集成技术的应用和技术发展。最后介绍了这些新技术在400 Gbit/和1 Tbit/s等超高速光通信上的应用。     

Coherent Optical OFDM Transmission Up to 1 Tb/s per Channel

Coherent optical frequency-division multiplexing (CO-OFDM) is one of the promising pathways toward future ultrahigh capacity transparent optical networks. In this paper, numerical simulation is carried out to investigate the feasibility of 1 Tb/s per channel CO-OFDM transmission. We find that, for 1 Tb/s CO-OFDM signal, the performance difference between single channel and wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) transmission is small. The maximum Q is 13.8 and 13.2 dB respectively for single channel and WDM transmission. We also investigate the CO-OFDM performance on the upgrade of 10-Gb/s to 100-Gb/s based DWDM systems with 50-GHz channel spacing to 100-Gb/s systems. It is shown that due to the high spectral efficiency and resilience to dispersion, for 100-Gb/s CO-OFDM signals, only 1.3 dB Q penalty is observed for 10 GHz laser frequency detuning. A comparison of CO-OFDM system performance under different data rate of 10.7 Gb/s, 42.8 Gb/s, 107 Gb/s and 1.07 Tb/s with and without the impact of dispersion compensation fiber is also presented. We find that the optimum fiber launch power increases almost linearly with the increase of data rate. 7 dB optimum launch power difference is observed between 107 Gb/s and 1.07 Tb/s CO-OFDM systems.      

Experimental Demonstration and Numerical Simulation of 107-Gb/s High Spectral Efficiency Coherent Optical OFDM

Orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (OFDM) is a multicarrier modulation format in which the data are transmitted with a set of orthogonal subcarriers. Recently, this modulation format has been actively explored in the field of optical communications to take advantages of its high spectral efficiency and resilience to chromatic and polarization dispersion. However, to realize the optical OFDM at 100 Gb/s and beyond requires extremely high electronic bandwidth for the electronic signal processing elements. In this paper, we investigate orthogonal-band-multiplexed OFDM (OBM-OFDM) as a suitable modulation and multiplexing scheme for achieving bandwidth scalable and spectral efficient long-haul transmission systems. The OBM-OFDM signal can be implemented in either RF domain, or optical domain, or a combination of both domains. Using the scheme of OBM-OFDM, we show the successful transmission of 107 Gb/s data rate over 1000-km standard single-mode fiber (SSMF) without optical dispersion compensation and without Raman amplification. The demonstrated OBM-OFDM system is realized in optical domain which employs 2 $times$ 2 MIMO-OFDM signal processing and achieves high optical spectral efficiency of 3.3 bit/s/Hz using 4-QAM encoding. Additionally, we perform numerical simulation of 107-Gb/s CO-OFDM transmission for both single-channel and wavelength-division-multiplexed (WDM) systems. We find that the $Q$ -factor of OBM-OFDM measured using uniform filling of OFDM subbands is in fact more conservative, in particular, is 1.2 dB and 0.4 dB lower than using random filling for single-channel and WDM systems, respectively.      

Real-Time 2.5 GS/s Coherent Optical Receiver for 53.3-Gb/s Sub-Banded OFDM

A real-time receiver for the coherent optical orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (CO-OFDM) detection is realized in a field-programmable gate array (FPGA). Each building block of the CO-OFDM receiver, such as symbol synchronization, channel estimation, and phase estimation is described and discussed in respect of special technical requirements of real-time implementation. The real-time receiver is successfully demonstrated with a receiver sampling rate of 2.5-Gsamples/s to receive a subband of 53.3-Gb/s multiband CO-OFDM signal. The measured bit error rate (BER) is as low as $3.7times 10^{-8}$ which is a record in real-time or offline CO-OFDM demonstration.      

Maximum-Likelihood Phase and Channel Estimation for Coherent Optical OFDM

We present a channel model for a coherent optical orthogonal frequency-division-multiplexed (CO-OFDM) system including linear fiber dispersion effects and noises from optical amplifiers and intercarrier interference induced by laser phase noise. Based upon this model, we derive maximum-likelihood (ML) phase estimation and channel estimation for the CO-OFDM system. Both computer simulation and transmission experiment of the CO-OFDM system show that the ML decision-feedback following pilot-assisted phase estimation gives the optimal performance.     

Performance evaluation of (D)APSK modulated coherent optical OFDM system

Performance of amplitude and phase shift keying (APSK) modulated coherent optical orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (CO-OFDM) with and without differential encoding is investigated. Numerical simulations based on 40 Gbit/s single-channel and 5 ^* 40 Gbit/s wavelength division multiplexing transmission are performed, and the impacts of amplified spontaneous emission noise, laser linewidth, chromatic dispersion, and fiber nonlinearity on the system performance are analyzed. The results show that compared with conventional 16 quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM) modulated optical OFDM signal, although 16(D)APSK modulated optical OFDM signal has a lower tolerance towards amplified spontaneous emission (ASE) noise, it has a higher tolerance towards fiber nonlinearity such as self-phase modulation (SPM) and cross-phase modulation (XPM): the optimal launch power and the corresponding Q² factor of 16(D)APSK modulated OFDM signal are respectively 2 dB and 0.5 dB higher than 16QAM modulated optical OFDM signal after 640 km transmission, both in single-channel and WDM CO-OFDM systems. Although the accumulated CD decreases the peak-to-average power ratio (PAPR) during transmission, 16(D)APSK modulated OFDM signal will still remain an advantage compared with 16QAM modulated OFDM signal up to 1000 km single-channel transmission, meanwhile relaxing the needs for training symbols and pilot subcarriers and consequently increase the spectral efficiency.