COMTval158met和OPRM1A118G基因多态性对患者术前疼痛敏感性的影响

目的 评价COMTval15 met和OPRM1A118G基因多态性对患者术前疼痛敏感性的影响.方法 择期妇科或普外科手术患者,无手术史,性别不限,年龄20 · 50岁,体重指数在正常范围,ASA分级Ⅰ或Ⅱ级.于术前采集外周静脉血样5 ml,采用苯酚-氯仿萃取法提取DNA,采用聚合酶链式反应-限制性片段长度多态性法进行COMTval158met和OPRM1A118G基因多态性检测.根据患者基因型联合分组,共分9组:val/val和A/A组(A1B1组)、val/met和A/A组(A2B1组)、met/met和A/A组(A3B1组)、val/val和A/G组(A1B2组)、val/met和A/G组(A2B2组)、met/met和A/G组(A3B2组)、val/val和G/G组(A1B3组)、val/met和G/G组(A2B3组)以及met/met和G/G组(A3B3组).入手术室后,采用电刺激仪测定患者痛阈和耐痛阈.结果 联合基因分型成功277例,A1B1组68例,A2B1组50例,A3B1组17例,A1B2组43例,A2B2组46例,A3B2组17例,A1B3组18例,A2B3组10例,A3B3组8例.各组患者一般情况各指标的比较差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).OPRM1A118G和COMTval158met等位基因在国内人群中的突变率分别为32.1％和34.3％.与A1B1组比较,A2B3组和A3 B3组痛阈降低,A1B3组、A2B3组和A3B3组耐痛阈降低(P＜0.05).结论 COMTval158met和OPRM1A118G基因多态性对患者术前疼痛敏感性的影响存在交互作用.携带COMT和OPRM1基因双突变型纯合子met158met和118G的患者术前疼痛敏感性更高.     

CYP3A4*1G基因多态性对女性健康志愿者芬太尼药效学的影响

目的 评价CYP3A4* 1G基因多态性对女性健康志愿者芬太尼药效学的影响.方法 女性健康志愿者28名,年龄18～25岁,身高155 ～ 175.cm,体重45～ 70 kg.采用聚合酶链反应-限制性片段长度多态性技术进行CYP3A4* 1G基因多态性位点的检测.按照基因型分为3组:野生型纯合子组、突变型杂合子组和突变型纯合子组.经1 min静脉注射芬太尼5μg/kg.于给药前和给药后45、150、240 min时,采用电刺激法测定痛阈.结果 与野生型纯合子组和突变型杂合子组比较,突变型纯合子组给药后45和150 min痛阈升高(P＜0.05)；野生型纯合子组和突变型杂合子组各时点痛阈比较差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).结论 CYP3A4* 1G基因突变可增强静脉注射芬太尼的镇痛效应.     

μ阿片受体A118G基因多态性对妇科手术患者疼痛敏感性的影响

目的 μ阿片受体A118G基因(OPRM1 A118G基因)多态性对妇科手术患者电刺激痛敏感性的影响.方法 择期拟行子宫肌瘤剔除术或子宫全切术患者152例,汉族,年龄20～50岁,体重指数19～21 kg/m~2,ASA Ⅰ或Ⅱ级,根据基因型分为野生型纯合子组(A/A组)、突变型杂合子组(A/G组)和突变型纯合子组(G/G组).采用电刺激测定患者痛阈和耐痛阈.使用聚合酶链反应-限制性片段长度多态性技术检测OPRM1 A118G基因多态性.结果 A/A组76例,A/G组56例,G/G组20例;G等位基因频率为31.6%.三组间痛阈差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05);G/G组耐痛阚低于A/A组和A/G组(P＜0.05);A/A组和A/G组耐痛阈差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).结论 OPRM1 A118G基因突变可导致妇科手术患者耐痛阈降低,对痛阈无影响.     

μ阿片受体基因A118G多态性对患者电刺激痛觉敏感性的影响

目的探讨μ阿片受体基因A118G(OPRM1A118G)多态性对手术患者电刺激痛觉敏感性的影响。方法择期拟行腹部手术患者162例,ASAⅠ或Ⅱ级,男72例,女90例。采用电刺激测定患者痛阈和耐痛阈。采用聚合酶链反应-限制性片段长度多态性技术(PCR-RFLP)进行OPRM1A118G多态性位点的检测。结果共三种基因型:野生型纯合子(A/A)79例(男31例,女48例),突变型杂合子(A/G)64例(男34例,女30例),突变型纯合子(G/G)19例(男7例,女12例)。G等位基因频率为31.5%(男性33.3%,女性30.0%)。不同基因型患者年龄、BMI、痛阈和耐痛阈差异无统计学意义。不同基因型男性患者痛阈和耐痛阈均明显高于女性(P<0.05或P<0.01)。结论 OPRM1A118G等位基因突变对患者电刺激的痛阈和耐痛阈无明显影响。     

术前焦虑状态对妇科手术患者痛阈和耐痛阈的影响

目的 评价术前焦虑状态对妇科手术患者痛周和耐痛阈的影响.方法 拟行妇科手术患者102例.年龄20～55岁,ASA Ⅰ或Ⅱ级,采用状态特质焦虑同卷(STAI)中的状态焦虑问卷部分(SAI)评价患者术前的焦虑状态,根据SAI评分分为高度焦虑组(SAI评分≥45分.n=53)和低度焦虑组(SAI评分<45分,n=49).采用电刺激法测定息者术前痛阈和耐痛阈.结果 两组术前痛阈差异无统计学意义(P>.05);高焦虑组术前耐痛阈低于低焦虑组(P<0.05).结论 术前高度焦虑状态可导致妇科手术患者耐痛阈降低.     

IL-1β-511基因多态性与妇科手术患者电刺激痛觉敏感性的关系

目的探讨IL-1β-511基因多态性与妇科手术患者术前痛阈及耐痛阈的关系。方法择期腹式子宫全切或子宫肌瘤剔除术患者250例,年龄20~50岁,ASAⅠ或Ⅱ级。术前应用电刺激仪进行痛阈及耐痛阈测定,采用聚合酶链反应-限制性片断长度多态性技术(PCR-RFLP)进行IL-1β-511基因多态性位点检测,根据基因型将患者分为三组:C/C组(野生纯合子组),C/T组(杂合子组),T/T组(突变型纯合子组)。结果共208例患者检测出基因型,其中C/C组54例,C/T组107例,T/T组47例,三组痛阈和耐痛阈组间差异无统计学意义。结论 IL-1β-511基因多态性不影响妇科患者电刺激痛觉敏感性。     

云南省德宏州傣族和汉族志愿者细胞色素P450 1A2~* 1C基因的多态性

目的 探讨傣族和汉族志愿者细胞色素P450 1A2~*1C(CYP1A2~*1C)基因的多态性.方法 云南省德宏州117名傣族志愿者和112名汉族志愿者纳入本研究.应用聚合酶链反应-限制性片段长度多态性的方法进行CYP1A2-2964位点分型,检测CYP1A2-2964位点的基因多态性.结果 云南省德宏州117名傣族志愿者中,45名为野生型纯合子(G/G);63名为杂合子(G/A);9名为突变型纯合子(A/A);112名汉族志愿者中,63名为野生型纯合子(G/G);44名为杂合子(G/A);5名为突变型纯合子(A/A),傣族与汉族志愿者G-2964A基因型分布差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);G-2964A基因频率经检验分布符合H-W平衡定律;德宏州傣族和汉族志愿者A-2964位点等位基因频率分别为35%(95%可信区间30%～40%)和24%(95%可信区间20%～30%),傣族和汉族志愿者间差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);云南省德宏州傣族志愿者A-2964等位基因频率与其他地区人群比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.05).结论 在云南省德宏州CYP1A2~*1C基因多态性是引起傣族和汉族人药理学特性个体和种族差异的遗传因素之一.     

阿片受体A118G基因多态性与经皮穴位电刺激镇痛效应的相关性北大核心CSCD

目的探讨μ阿片受体A118G基因(OPRM1 A118G)多态性与经皮穴位电刺激(TEAS)镇痛效应的相关性。方法选择择期行腹腔镜辅助经阴子宫切除术(LAVH)患者50例,年龄18~64岁,BMI 19~28 kg/m^(2),ASAⅡ或Ⅲ级。所有患者接受全身麻醉,并于麻醉诱导前30 min于双侧足三里和三阴交穴位行TEAS,2/100 Hz疏密波、电流强度6~12 mA,直至手术结束。使用基因测序技术检测OPRM1 A118G基因多态性,根据基因型分为野生型纯合子组(AA组,n=20)、突变型杂合子组(AG组,n=25)和突变型纯合子组(GG组,n=5)。记录TEAS前即刻和刺激后30 min痛阈(PT)和耐痛阈(PTT),PT和PTT变化率,丙泊酚、顺式阿曲库铵、舒芬太尼、瑞芬太尼和总阿片类药物用量,术后2、4、6、12、24、48 h活动时VAS疼痛评分和补救镇痛情况。结果AA组20例,AG组25例,GG组5例。G等位基因频率为35%。AG组和GG组刺激前即刻PT明显低于AA组(P<0.05),刺激后30 min PT明显高于AA组(P<0.05),PT和PTT变化率明显高于AA组(P<0.05)。AG组和GG组总阿片类药物用量明显低于AA组(P<0.05),术后6、12 h AG组和GG组活动时VAS疼痛评分明显低于AA组(P<0.05)。三组刺激前即刻PTT,AG组和GG组刺激前即刻和刺激后30 min PT、PTT,AG组和GG组总阿片类药物用量,术后不同时点AG组和GG组活动时VAS疼痛评分差异无统计学意义。结论OPRM1 A118G基因突变可降低基础痛阈,但其对TEAS更敏感。TEAS的镇痛效应差异与OPRM1 A118G基因多态性有关。     

护理干预对急诊科低钾血症患者焦虑的影响

目的 探讨减轻低钾血症患者焦虑水平的护理干预方法.方法 将79例急诊低钾血症患者随机分为观察组(40例)和对照组(39例),对照组行常规治疗及护理,观察组在此基础上行针对性的心理干预、认知干预、行为干预.分别于患者刚进急诊科、护理3 h后采用状态-特质焦虑问卷(STAI)及分量表SAI进行问卷调查.结果 两组患者刚进急诊科时SAI及TAI评分比较,差异无显著性意义(均P＞0.05);但SAI评分显著高于TAI(均P＜0.01).护理3 h后观察组SAI评分显著低于对照组(P＜0.01).结论 急诊低钾血症患者就诊初期呈高焦虑水平,针对性的心理干预、认知干预、行为干预可有效缓解其焦虑情绪.     

CYP3A4*1G基因多态性对病人芬太尼镇痛效应的影响

目的 探讨CYP3A4*IG基因多态性对病人芬太尼镇痛效应的影响.方法 择期全麻下子宫肌瘤剔除术或子宫全切手术病人139例,河南籍,汉族,年龄20～50岁,ASA Ⅰ或Ⅱ级.采用聚合酶链反应-限制性片段长度多态性技术,进行CYP3A4*1G多态性位点的检测,根据基因型将病人分成野生型纯合子组、突变型杂合子组和突变型纯合子组.病人清醒后行视觉模拟评分(VAS),当VAS超过3分时,则间断静脉注射芬太尼20 μg,直至VAS≤3分时开始病人自控静脉镇痛,维持VAS不超过4分,记录病人自控静脉镇痛24 h内芬太尼的用量.结果 与突变型纯合子组比较,突变型杂合子组和野生型纯合子组病人自控静脉镇痛24 h内芬太尼用量增多(P<0.05),突变型杂合子组和野生型纯合子组该指标差异无统计学意义(P>0.05).结论 CYP3A4*1G基因多态性是引起芬太尼药效学个体差异的遗传因素之一.     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A Teaspoon Pump for Pumping Blood with High Hydraulic Efficiency and Low Hemolysis Potential

Abstract: Virtually all blood pumps contain some kind of rubbing, sliding, closely moving machinery surfaces that are exposed to the blood being pumped. These valves, internal bearings, magnetic bearing position sensors, and shaft seals cause most of the problems with blood pumps. The original teaspoon pump design prevented the rubbing, sliding machinery surfaces from contacting the blood. However, the hydraulic efficiency was low because the blood was able to "slip around" the rotating impeller so that the blood itself never rotated fast enough to develop adequate pressure. An improved teaspoon blood pump has been designed and tested and has shown acceptable hydraulic performance and low hemolysis potential. The new pump uses a nonrotating "swinging" hose as the pump impeller. The fluid enters the pump through the center of the swinging hose; therefore, there can be no fluid slip between the revolving blood and the revolving impeller. The new pump uses an impeller that is comparable to a flexible garden hose. If the free end of the hose were swung around in a circle like half of a jump rope, the fluid inside the hose would rotate and develop pressure even though the hose impeller itself did not "rotate"; therefore, no rotating shaft seal or internal bearings are required.     

Is the recovery profile of mivacurium independent of the rate of decay of its plasma concentration in patients with normal plasma cholinesterase activity?

Background: The duration of action of muscle relaxants is poorly correlated to the rate of decay of their plasma concentration. The plasma concentration of mivacurium may rapidly decrease below its active concentration because of the extensive hydrolysis of mivacurium. By inflating a tourniquet on one upper limb for 3 min after the administration of atracurium, mivacurium or vecuronium, we studied the influence of the initial decline of their plasma concentration on their effect. Methods: In 50 patients anaesthetised with thiopental, isoflurane and fentanyl, the effect of bolus doses of 0.15 or 0.25 mg . kg^?1 mivacurium (MIV 15, MIV 25), 0.3 or 0.5 mg . kg^?1 atracurium (ATR 30, ATR 50) and 0.06 or 0.1 mg . kg^?1 vecuronium (VEC 06, VEC 10) were measured on both arms (evoked response of the adductor pollicis to train-of-four stimulation every 12 s), a tourniquet being applied on one arm just before and during 3 min after the muscle relaxant bolus. Results: Tourniquet inflation of 3 min almost abolished the neuromuscular effect of mivacurium. In the vecuronium groups and in the ATR 50 group, tourniquet inflation did not modify the maximum degree of depression of the twitch response. Also, the duration of action of vecuronium was unaffected by the tourniquet. In the ATR 30 group, times to return of the twitch response to 25% (duration 25%) and 75% (duration 75%) of control response were significantly shorter in the cuffed arm, 23 min vs 27 min, and 41 min vs 45 min, respectively. In the ATR 50 group, only duration 25% was significantly shorter in the cuffed arm (41 min vs 45 min). Conclusion: The results suggest that the rate of decline of the plasma concentration of mivacurium is so rapid, that a very low and almost clinically ineffective concentration is present as soon as 3 min after its administration. The results also indicate that the recovery from a mivacurium-induced neuromuscular blockade is not influenced by the rate of decay of its plasma concentration in patients with genotypically normal plasma cholinesterase.     

Membranes in Artificial Organs

Abstract: Membrane processes play a pivotal and enabling role in modern replacement therapy for acute and chronic organ failure and in the management of immunologic diseases. In fact, virtually all contemporary extracorporeal blood purification methods employ membrane devices, and the next generation of artificial organs and tissue engineering therapies are almost certain to be similarly grounded in membrane technology. In this short essay, we comment on the similarities and differences among synthetic membranes and their natural counterparts and also provide a critical overview of the demographics and technology of hemodialysis, hemofiltration, apheresis, oxygenation, and emerging membrane technologies and applications.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Tissue perfusion in relation to cardiac output during continuous positive-pressure ventilation and administration of propranolol or verapamil

Background : Our objective was to determine whether administration of propranolol or verapamil modifies the hemodynamic adaptation to continuous positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV), in particular the regional distribution of cardiac output (CO).
Methods : General hemodynamics and regional blood flows assessed by microsphere technique (15 (μm) were recorded in 16 anesthetized pigs during spontaneous breathing (SB) and CPPV with 8 cm H₂O end-expiratory pressure (CPPV8) before and after intravenous administration of propranolol (0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.15 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8) or verapamil (0.1 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8).
Results : CPPV8 depressed CO by 25% without shifts in its relative distribution with the exception of a noteworthy increase in adrenal perfusion. Propranolol increased arterial blood pressure, and due to a fall in heart rate, CO dropped by 25%. The kidneys and, to a lesser extent, the splanchic region and central nervous system received increased fractions of the remaining CO at the expense of skeletal muscle flow. Similar patterns were seen during SB and CPPV8 such that the combination of propranolol and CPPV8 depressed CO by 50%. The circulatory effects of verapamil were less evident but myocardial perfusion tended to increase.
Conclusions : The combination of propranolol or verapamil with CPPV does not result in any specific hemodynamic interaction in anesthetized pigs, except that the combined effect of propranolol and CPPV may severely reduce CO.     

Volatile anaesthetics reduce adhesion of blood platelets under low-flow conditions in the coronary system of isolated guinea pig hearts

Background : Inhibitory effects of volatile anaesthetics on platelet aggregation have been demonstrated in several studies. However, the influence of volatile anaesthetics on intracoronary platelet adhesion has not been elucidated so far.
Methods : Isolated hearts of guinea pigs were perfused with buffer in the absence or presence of volatile anaesthetics (0.5 and 1 MAC) at constant coronary flow rates of 5 ml/min for 25 min, then 1 ml/min for 30 min and again 5 ml/min for 10 min. Before, during and after low-flow perfusion, a bolus of human platelets was applied into the coronary system. To simulate thrombogenic conditions, 0.3 U/ml human thrombin was infused during low-flow perfusion and reperfusion. The number of platelets sequestered to the endothelium was calculated from the difference between coronary in- and output of platelets. The myocardial production of lactate and consumption of pyruvate and coronary perfusion pressure were also determined.
Results : At a flow rate of 5 ml/min only about 3% of the applied platelets did not emerge from the coronary system, in any group. In contrast, 13.1±1.2% (mean±SEM) of infused platelets became adherent in low-flow perfusion in the control group without anaesthetic. The adherence was reduced with each 1 MAC isoflurane (to 6.2±1.2%), sevoflurane (to 4.4±0.9%) or halothane (to 3.2±1.5%) (each P <0.05 vs. control). Volatile anaesthetic, 0.5 MAC, did not inhibit platelet adhesion to a statistically significant extent in any case. Perfusion pressure and metabolic parameters were not statistically different between the control and the hearts exposed to anaesthetics.
Conclusion : Volatile anaesthetics in a concentration of 1 MAC can reduce the adhesion of platelets in the coronary system under reduced flow conditions. This action does not arise from vasodilation or inhibition of ischaemic stress.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Dilemma of Membrane Biocompatibility and Reuse

Abstract: Numerous articles have been published on the multiple use of dialyzers and on the effect of different reprocessing chemicals and techniques on the dialyzer biocompatibility and performance. The results often appear contradictory, especially those comparing standard biocompatibility parameters. Despite this confusion, a discerning review of the published works allows certain limited conclusions to be drawn. Reprocessing of used hemodialyzers changes the biocompatibility profile of a dialyzer as defined by the parameters complement activation. leukopenia, and cytokine release. The effect of reprocessing depends on the chemicals and reprocessing technique applied and also on the type of membrane polymer being subjected to the reprocessing procedure. Reports of pyrogenic reactions indicate that the flux of the membrane also influences how suitable it is for safe reuse. An increased risk of allergic and pyrogenic reactions appears to be associated with dialyzer reuse. Furthermore, there has been a lack of investigations into the immunologic effect of the layer of adsorbed and chemically altered proteins that remains on the inner surface of reprocessed dialyzers. We conclude that the clinical benefit of dialyzer reuse cannot be generally accepted from a biocompatibility point of view.     

The analgesic effect of racemic ketamine in patients with chronic ischemic pain due to lower extremity arteriosclerosis obliterans

Background : Ketamine in sub-dissociative doses has been shown to have analgesic and phantom-Limb pain, where conventional treatment has often failed. Chronic ischemic pain due to lower extremity arteriosclerosis obliterans often responds poorly to analgesics, and the pain-generating mechanisms are not well understood.
Methods : Eight patients with rest pain in the lower extremity due to arteriosclerosis obliterans were given sub-dissociative doses of 0.15, 0.30, or 0.45 mg/kg racemic ketamine and morphine 10 mg as a 5-min infusion on four separate days in a cross-over, double-blind, randomised protocol. Plasma levels of (S)- and (R)-ketamine and their nor-metabolites were analysed with an enantioselective high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method. Pain levels were evaluated with a visual analogue scale (VAS).
Results : Individual pain levels were highly variable during and after all the infusions but the pooled pain levels showed a dose-dependent analgesic effect of ketamine with a transient but complete pain relief in all patients at the highest dose (0.45 mg/ kg). Side-effects, mainly disturbed cognition and perception, were pronounced and dose-dependent. Morphine 10 mg had an analgesic peak at 20 min and 5/8 patients had complete pain relief. The remaining 3 patients also had high baseline pain scores, indicating a higher analgesic potency for the 0.30 and 0.45 mg/ kg ketamine doses than for morphine 10 mg.
Conclusion : We have demonstrated a potent dose-dependent analgesic effect of racemic ketamine in clinical ischemic pain. Due to a narrow therapeutic window, this analgesic effect is probably best utilised in combination with other analgesics.