全新世以来洞庭湖的演变

本文根据全新世沉积物的岩性、岩相特征和文化遗址的时空分布,结合孢粉资料与历史文献记载,揭示了全新世以来洞庭湖演变的六个阶段:(1)晚更新世末至全新世初为河湖切割平原;(2)中全新世早、中期(8000—5000a B.P.)是湖泊扩展时期;(3)中全新世晚期(5000—3000 a B.P.)四水复合三角洲发育,湖沼洼地零星分布;(4)商周至秦汉(3000—1700 a B.P.)四水分流间洼地湖泊和沼泽广布,汛期河湖水体相连;(5)魏晋至19世纪中叶,洞庭湖逐渐发展至鼎盛阶段;(6)19世纪中叶至今,三角洲迅速推进,湖泊逐渐萎缩。研究认为这种发育演化过程与区域性气候变化、人类活动直接相关。     

河西走廊4200年以来青铜冶炼的元素地球化学记录

金属的使用与冶炼是人类社会发展过程中一项革命性事件。河西走廊地区全新世条湖湖相沉积元素地球化学记录显示,10500-9500cal aBP和8000-7200cal aBP时段Cu、Pb、Zn、Ni元素含量高值区,分别对应了早全新世增温期冰川融水量增加和全新世适宜期季风降水的增强。Cu、As、Pb、Zn、Ni含量在4200-3700cal aBP时段出现最高峰值,另外Cu、Pb、Zn、Ni4种元素在3000-2700和2100-1900cal aBP时段出现较高峰值。4200-3700cal aBP时段元素异常记录了我国西北地区最早的青铜冶炼,As元素是这一时期青铜合金的主要成份。另外,西周时期(3000-2700cal aBP)和汉代(2100-1900cal aBP)Cu、Pb、Zn、Ni元素峰值,可能是先民青铜冶炼的结果。元素地球化学记录不仅可以判定早期青铜冶炼的起迄时间,也提供了甄别不同时代青铜合金元素组成变化的信息。     

河西走廊花海古湖泊全新世白云石的发现及其环境意义

通过对河西走廊花海古湖泊沉积物的X衍射分析发现,全新世期间有明显的白云石沉积.岩性、沉积过程、石膏以及Fe3+含量的变化表明,花海湖全新世白云石沉积环境以还原环境为主,即还原环境利于白云石的形成,为白云石的成因研究提供了新的证据.白云石作为碳酸盐矿物,可以反映湖水盐度,但并非直接指示了湖水的咸化.随着湖水盐度的进一步增加,在硫酸盐型湖泊中,白云石含量随盐度的增加而相应减少,表明利用白云石分析湖水盐度时需要结合其他矿物进行分析.结合石膏含量的变化,花海湖全新世时期白云石含量的变化可以揭示该区域湖水盐度的变化.在10.478.87 cal ka B.P.早全新世时期,湖水的盐度较高,气候由干向湿转变;8.87 cal ka B.P.时期,有大量石膏沉积,显示了湖水盐度的进一步升高,气候干旱;随后湖水相对淡化,气候湿润;5.50 cal ka B.P.至今,沉积出现间断,气候逐渐干旱.     

泥炭沼泽不同植物群落中地表糙度变化及其影响机制

对藏南沉错CCl孔216个沉积物样品进行了15种金属元素含量的测试,研究金属元素含量的分布特征,以及与粒度参数的变化关系．结果显示：金属元素的分布特征可分为三组,K、Na、Mg、Al、Ti、Ba、Cu、Zn、Fe、Pb、Cr、V等12种元素具有较为相似的变化趋势;Ca和Sr变化趋势相同;而Mn与其他任何一种元素都不相似．元素分布与粒度参数的相关分析结果表明,Ca、Ti、Pb的变化与沉积物粒度没有明显的关系;K、Na、Al、Ba、Cu、Fe、Cr、V等8种元素与沉积物粘土含量（〈4um）呈正相关关系;Mg、Zn、Mn与粉砂含量（4—63μm）呈正相关关系;而Sr与砂含量（〉63gm）呈正相关关系本研究中大部分元素的粒度效应与其他湖泊、海洋等水体沉积物中元素的粒度效应具有一致的结果．与本岩芯已有的过去1400年来的环境重建资料对比可以发现,在不同的环境变化阶段,元素组合特征都与湖区环境状况具有较好的对应性．其中大部分元素的含量变化受物源条件即流域风化侵蚀程度的影响,而Ca含量不受沉积物粒度变化影响,且与沉积物中碳酸盐含量、Sr／Ba具有很好的相关性,说明其变化受物源条件影响小,而主要与湖水理化性质、蒸发强度以及湖泊沉积过程有关．     

全新世高温期环境变化对太湖流域新石器文化的影响

从太湖流域新石器时代(包括马家浜、崧泽和良渚三个文化期)文化遗址的分布范围、遗址数量、生产方式和文化特征等多方面,分析了全新世高温期(8—3ka B.P.)环境变化对本地区新石器时期古文化发展的影响。结果表明,全新世高温期暖湿而且较为稳定的气候环境,有利于先民们的生活,促使了本地区新石器文化的飞跃发展,包括原始农业、家畜业的产生和发展,先民们活动范围扩大和遗址数量增加等等。但高温期中存在气候剧烈波动阶段和气候迅速变化的低温事件,以及伴随它们出现的各种严重自然灾害,严重阻碍和限制了古文化的发展,甚至是毁灭性的打击,使得文化性质发生根本的变化。     

甘肃寨上金矿床中Cu-Ni-Zn-Sn-Fe多金属互化物、S合金矿物的发现及其地质意义

在研究甘肃寨上金矿床物质组分的过程中,通过对矿物的反光显微镜下观察与电子探针分析,发现了Ni的自然金属、Cu-Ni-Zn-Sn-Fe多金属互化物及其S的多元合金矿物,如自然镍、Zn—Cu合金、Ni-Zn-Cu合金、Sn-Zn-Ni-Cu合金、Zn—Cu—Ni合金、Zn—Fe—Cu—Sn-Ni合金、Fe—Ni—S合金、Sn—Fe—Ni-S合金、Fe-Zn-Cu-Ni-S合金、Zn-Ni-Cu-Fe-S合金等矿物．与国内外已发现的Zn—Cu合金矿物相比,所发现的Zn—Cu合金矿物为α,α＋β相,尤其是α-ZnCu合金矿物,Cu含量更高．而由Cu,Ni,Zn,Sn和Fe组成的多金属互化物及其s的多元合金矿物,在国内外尚无报道．这些合金矿物均属自然界罕见的矿物种类,其生成条件独特,是在一种缺氧、低硫的强还原环境中形成的．     

普陀山全新世陆相地层的发现及其意义

作者在普陀山发现分布于现代海平面以上的全新世陆相地层,为研究全新世沉积环境、海岸线变迁、新构造活动等提供了重要资料。     

全新世艾比湖流域不同时段降水量的估算

本文应用水热平衡模型,对艾比湖全新世时期三个高湖面期的降水量进行计算。结果表明,2ka—3ka B.P.降水量比现今高出9％,达到287mm/a;4.5ka—6ka B.P.增加16％,达到306mm/a;6.5ka—8.0ka B.P.增加了22％,达到322mm/a。     

湛江湖光岩玛珥湖全新世粒度变化特征及古气候意义

对湖光岩玛珥湖沉积物全新世粒度参数、550℃烧失量和Ti元素含量的变化特征研究后认为:粒度频率特征曲线指示湖光岩玛珥湖沉积物的外源输入部分主要来自其小流域;沉积物粒径的变化主要受降雨量,而不是湖泊水位波动的控制;较粗的粒径指示降雨量增加,较细的粒径指示降雨量降低.湛江地区全新世早期季风强盛,6085 a B.P.以后,季风显著减弱.湖光岩沉积物记录的全新世中期季风迅速减弱的发生时间与全球很多地质载体记录的全新世中期季风迅速减弱时间都非常接近,体现了湛江地区全新世季风演化的全球性.湛江地区6085 a B.P.以后的季风迅速减弱、气候转干很可能与厄尔尼诺活动增强有关.2000 a B.P.以后,粒度参数、550℃烧失量和Ti元素含量的变幅明显增加与人类活动的影响有关,是人类活动和气候因素共同作用的结果.     

巢湖杭埠河流域湖相沉积物多指标揭示的全新世以来环境演变

在巢湖杭埠河流域中的古湖盆中心——三河圩区获取28.6 m长的湖相岩芯（SZK1507孔）,利用AMS¹⁴C测年技术建立可靠的地层年代序列,通过对SZK1507孔738 cm以上段湖相沉积物平均粒径、磁化率、总氮（TN）、总有机碳（TOC）及C/N的综合分析,高分辨率重建了巢湖杭埠河流域全新世以来的古环境演变过程.结果表明,本区域的环境变化过程可以分为4个阶段,阶段Ⅰ（约10050—9700 cal.a B.P.）与阶段Ⅲ（约9250—5300 cal.a B.P.）气候较为湿润,巢湖水位较高,平均粒径、磁化率值较低,TN、TOC、C/N也偏低;阶段Ⅱ（约9700—9250 cal.a B.P.）与阶段Ⅳ（约5300 cal.a B.P.以来）气候干燥,巢湖水量减少,水位降低,平均粒径、磁化率值、TN、TOC、C/N均较高.一些全球范围内显著发生的气候突变事件在SZK1507孔沉积记录中也有体现,如9.3、8.2和4.2 ka B.P.事件等.将巢湖杭埠河流域10000 cal.a B.P.以来的平均粒径、磁化率、TN、TOC、C/N沉积记录与全新世以来的北纬30°夏季太阳辐射量、太阳黑子数、火山喷发对大气中硫酸盐含量贡献率等进行对比,发现巢湖杭埠河流域全新世气候突变事件主要受控于北半球夏季太阳辐射量变化、太阳活动以及火山活动等因素,并与它们之间复杂的响应机制有关.     

中国东部若干封闭含油气盆地泥质岩地球化学的研究

中国东部沿北东、北北东向断裂发育了一系列早第三纪含油气断陷盆地。受干旱气候的影响,这些盆地常为封闭或半封闭的咸水湖泊环境。本文通过对其中若干盆地泥质岩的化学分析,确认泥质岩主要由粘土矿物组成,并含少量碳酸盐。将盆地的沉积环境,尤其是盐度与一些地球化学参数关系作了探讨后认为,低盐度时 Sr/Ba、Ca、Mg 总量、Ca/Mg、V/Ni 和 Mn/Fe 能反映湖泊在时空上的盐度变化。高盐度时,Sr/Ba、CaCO_3、B 与盐度正相关已不复成立,并对其原因作了讨论。     

华北平原东部地区晚更新世以来的孢粉序列与气候分期

本文应用图象识别方法,对华北平原东部地区(宝坻—濮阳)的五口井和一个剖面的孢粉资料进行了研究,将本区晚更新世晚期一全新世地层划分为五个孢粉组合带,七个孢粉组合亚带,共建九个孢粉植物群演化阶段。在此基础上根据植物生态特征,探讨了两万年以来的气候演变,确立了九个气候期,并发现全新世以来气候变化具有八次明显的降温及七次升温过程,存在着二千五百年及千年左右的波动周期     

The influence of parent material on topsoil geochemistry in eastern England

The topsoil of around 10 000 km² in eastern England has recently been sampled intensely at 4609 sites to characterize its geochemistry. The parent materials, which include both solid geology and Quaternary sediments, range in age from Permian to Holocene. The distributions of the concentrations of major and trace elements have been characterized geostatistically, and the role of parent material on their spatial structure (anisotropy) and their spatial relationships (coregionalization) have been investigated. Analysis of variance with the sites grouped by major parent material type showed that this classi?cation accounted for 14 to 48 per cent of the variance for the various elements. Global variograms of 13 elements (Al, As, Ca, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mg, Mo, Ni, P, Pb, Ti, and U) have been computed and modelled. Eleven of the variograms seem to comprise two structures, both of which we modelled with spherical functions, one of short range, 3·5 to 9 km, and the other with a range of 15 to 23 km. The models included a nugget variance, which varied from 27 per cent (for As, Fe, and Mg) to 63 per cent (for P) of the total. The long‐range structures are related to the separations of the major parent materials. The variograms of several elements showed appreciable anisotropy, most notably that of Mg. Anisotropy is evident at short ranges of less than 5 km. This accords with the geological structure of the beds which dip from west to east so that their outcrops are elongated from north to south. A linear model of coregionalization ?tted to the data emphasized several important geochemical associations, which we interpret. Elements commonly associated with clay minerals (Mg, Al) and the clay size fraction (Ti) are dominated by the long‐range structure of the coregionalization, whilst several trace elements (As, Cr, Ni and U) are spatially correlated with Fe over short distances, through adsorption of the former on the surfaces of Fe oxyhydroxides. The topsoil around large urban areas is enriched in lead, but it is not clear whether anthropogenic sources are responsible for this metal's anomalous spatial relationships with other elements. Crown copyright © 2003. Reproduced with the permission of Her Majesty's Stationery Of?ce. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Influences of Al,Mg, and K on Calculating Concentrations of Other Formation Elements and Their Corrections in Geochemical Logging

In geochemical logging, the standard capture gamma-ray spectra of Al, Mg, and K have no distinct characteristic energy peaks. This feature easily influences the spectral bands of characteristic peaks of other elements and thus affects the accuracy of calculating their concentrations. To study this influence, we constructed a model formation containing Al, Mg, and K, and employed the Monte Carlo N Particle Transport Code (MCNP) program to simulate their capture spectra. The results indicate that the calculated dry weights of Si are almost free from the influences of Mg, K, and Al. The ones of Ca and Fe are influenced, but only to a minor extent. The dry weight of S is concurrently influenced. Specifically, the K concentration causes S concentration to deviate significantly from its real concentration. By correcting for such influences, we can obtain relatively accurate values. Data processing for a real well validates the finding that Mg, Al, and K in the formation influence the precision of calculation of other elements and also testifies to the effectiveness of the correction method.     

镍添加对水鳖(Hydrocharis dubia)叶片镍和营养元素含量以及氧化胁迫和抗氧化系统的影响

采用营养液水培的方法,研究不同镍(Ni)添加浓度(0、0.05、0.10、0.15、0.20 mmol/L)对水鳖(Hydrocharis dubia)叶片中Ni元素积累、营养元素(Ca、Mg、K、Fe和Mn)含量、氧化胁迫和抗氧化系统的影响.结果显示:(1)叶片中Ni含量以浓度依赖的方式增加;(2)叶片中营养元素含量(Ca、Mg、K、Fe、Mn)也受影响,其中Ca、Mg含量随Ni浓度增加而显著上升;K含量随Ni浓度增加有所升高,但不显著;Mn含量虽在较大Ni浓度时有所下降,但处理组始终高于对照组;而Fe含量则随Ni浓度增加而下降;(3)Ni胁迫诱导了明显的氧化胁迫,主要表现为:O·-2产生速率以及过氧化氢和丙二醛含量显著升高,可溶性蛋白以及光合色素含量明显下降;(4)随着Ni浓度的升高,过氧化物酶活性逐渐升高,过氧化氢酶活性呈下降趋势,超氧化物歧化酶活性在Ni添加浓度为0.05 mmol/L时出现短暂升高随后下降;维生素E和黄酮含量随Ni浓度增加呈缓慢上升趋势;还原型谷胱甘肽未发生明显变化,非蛋白巯基和植物络合素含量均表现为先升后降的趋势;总抗氧化能力随Ni浓度升高先增强后减弱.由此可见,Ni添加引起水鳖叶片中Ni元素的累积和营养元素含量变化,同时产生明显的氧化胁迫,打破了抗氧化系统的平衡.     

Geochemical baselines of major, minor and trace elements in the tropical sediments of the Terengganu River basin, Malaysia

The geochemical baselines and distribution of 31 elements (Al, Fe, K, Na, Mg, Ca, Mn, Ba, Cr, Zr, Ni, Sr, Zn, Y, Li, Cu, Mo, Nb, Th, Co, Ga, W, Ta, Be, Ti, Ge, Se, Bi, Te, Sc and Re) and physico-chemical parameters of the tropical surface sediments of the Terengganu River basin, Malaysia, are reported. Sediments are sandy loam to sand in texture consisting of mostly quartz, low organic matter content (average-2.68%), low CEC (average-2.02 cmol(+)/kg) and mildly acidic pH1:5 (average-5.91). Concentrations of Mn, Fe, Ba, Cr, Ni, Cu, Mo and Se were measured to be above the environmental sediment quality criteria at various locations. Lake sediments registered significantly higher Al, Fe, Ti, Mg, Ca, Mn, Te and Sc concentrations as compared to the river sediments. Most of the elements investigated showed an association with silt size fraction (2-63 μm). Among the investigated metals, Mo and Fe concentrations showed an increasing (5-fold) and decreasing (3-fold) trend, respectively, along the river path from the upstream to the downstream depending on the stream pH-redox conditions. The enrichment factor values (EF 5) of Cr, Ni, Mo and Se indicated enrichment from anthropogenic activities. Alkali and alkali earth metals registered a significant depletion (EF values 0.7) as compared to the Earth's crust. Principal component analysis of the two main components (PC1, 87.4% and PC2, 8.7%) revealed a well-defined group of estuary sediments. Lake and river sediment sampling locations did not form defined groups revealing heterogeneity in the origin of geologic material and the in-stream geochemical processes. However, Cr, Ni, Mo and Se formed a separate group with elevated concentrations (e.g. Cr1,000 mg/kg) indicating contamination of sediments. This work presents the geochemical baselines of the tropical sediments as industrial development and urbanization along the north east coast of Peninsular Malaysia are advancing rapidly.     

Composition,pre-eruptive zonation,and geochronologic significance of the ∼450 ka Diamante Tuff,Andean Cordillera (34°S), Argentina

Vertical geochemical sampling through the Diamante Tuff establishes patterns of zonation in the pre-eruption magma. Volcanic glass demonstrates a roofward increase in Fe and Cl, and a roofward decrease in Ca. Trace elements have no measurable zonation. Welded volcanic glass shows post-eruption loss of Fe, Mg and Cl as well as K gain. Our reported glass chemistry provides robust criteria for correlation to other localities. The Diamante Tuff is an important stratigraphic marker and recognition of this unit provides age control on Quaternary deposits, allowing determination of process rates and elucidating timing of tectonic and geomorphic activity.     

Evaluation of metal contamination in coastal sediments of the Bay of Bengal, India: geochemical and statistical approaches

Surface sediment samples collected from the inner shelf region of the Bay of Bengal, were analysed for the major elements and total and acetic acid available trace elements (Al, Ca, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, K, Mg, Mn, Na, Ni, P, Pb, Si, Zn) to evaluate geochemical processes influencing their distribution. Major elemental analysis showed that the sediments had high concentrations of Si and relatively low concentrations of Al and Fe. Both major elemental and trace metal concentrations indicated that the sediments represent weathered products of granite and charnockite. Normalization of metals to Al indicated relatively high enrichment factors for Pb, Cd, Zn and Cr. The higher proportions of nondetrital Pb (66%), Cd (41%) and Co (28%) reveal metal contamination due to anthropogenic inputs. Factor analysis (FA) identified six possible types of sedimentological and geochemical associations. The dominant factor accounting for 26.9% of the total variance identifies an anthropogenic input and accumulation of nondetrital Cd, Co, Cr, Ni and Pb. Association of these metals with CaCO3 reveals that shell fragments in the surface sediments are likely act as a carrier phase for nondetrital metals. The results are discussed in the context of the sources and pathways of elements in the Bay of Bengal.     

Trace Element Levels in the Groundwater of Mediterranean Coastal Plains – The Case of Silifke,Turkey

The Silifke plain is located near the coast of the Mediterranean Sea in Turkey. The delta in the plain is a highly fertile land that supports the agriculture of more than twenty types of crop. Some trace element content of the groundwater samples taken from the existing wells in this area are analyzed using inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP‐OES). The mean levels (ppm) of boron (B), barium (Ba), iron (Fe), manganese (Mn), lead (Pb), zinc (Zn), total chromium (TCr), cadmium (Cd), copper (Cu), aluminum (Al), and nickel (Ni) were obtained for the sampling points in the area for four seasons. Groundwater samples taken in the study area don't exhibit significantly elevated levels of these elements during a period of twelve months between December 2007 and November 2008. Furthermore, all of the elements exhibit values lower than 0.005 ppm, with the exception of B, Ba, and Fe. The results demonstrate that although these three elements produce the highest values, most are found to be appropriate for activities such as irrigation and human consumption in terms of trace elements.     

SOLAR ACTIVITY VARIATIONS RECORDED IN VARVED SEDIMENTS FROM THE CRATER LAKE OF HOLZMAAR – A MAAR LAKE IN THE WESTEIFEL VOLCANIC FIELD, GERMANY

Annually laminated sediments from Lake Holzmaar (Germany) provide high resolution sedimentological and palaeoenvironmental data of the last 22,500 years. Weichselian periglacial varves and Holocene organic varves indicate different depositional environments. For the best preserved sections from both parts, spectral analyses were performed in order to detect cyclic fluctuations in varve thickness. Weichselian varves are dominated by an 88 year periodicity. Linear spectral analysis of Holocene varves provides no significant cyclicity. But, supposing nonlinear transformations of the solar signal through the Lake Holzmaar ecosystem during the Holocene, an adequate nonlinear spectral analysis method was able to detect periodicities of 11, 88, and 208 years. The existence of these cyclicities, comparable to the solar activity fluctuations, give further evidence for the existence of a sun-climate relationship, based on a not yet completely understood mechanism.