外加电位对X80钢在玉门土壤模拟溶液中应力腐蚀的影响

采用慢应变速率拉伸实验研究X80钢在土壤模拟溶液中的应力腐蚀敏感性。以玉门地区的碱性土壤为基础,分析不同电位对应力腐蚀的影响。用扫描电镜对断口及二次裂纹形貌进行观察。结果表明:阳极电位下X80钢应力腐蚀敏感性不高。高阳极电位下,阳极溶解在一定程度上抑制了应力腐蚀。阳极电位较弱以及开路电位下,阳极溶解较弱,裂尖和其他表面存在溶解性差异,这些因素有利于裂纹扩展。但是较慢的溶解速率以及相对高的应变速率使得裂纹没有足够时间发生有效扩展,应力腐蚀敏感性仍然较低。当外加阴极电位时,裂尖发生阳极溶解而其他位置受到阴极反应抑制,应力腐蚀敏感性增加。随着阴极电位降低,不断增加的氢影响裂纹萌生和扩展,应力腐蚀敏感性随外加电位的降低而增大。     

外加电位条件下X100/X80管线钢的应力腐蚀行为研究

以X100、X80管线钢为研究对象，通过在外加电位条件下的慢应变拉伸速率试验(SSRT),获取管线钢材料在空气中和不同外加电位下的慢拉伸应力腐蚀的应力-应变曲线，分析其应力腐蚀敏感性可知：外加电位对X100和X80管线钢在3.5%NaCl中性溶液中的SCC敏感性和腐蚀开裂机理有显著影响。相同应力腐蚀条件下，X100管线钢的SCC敏感性相对于X80管线钢更低。结合断口微观形貌和极化曲线快、慢扫测试分析X100/X80耐腐蚀性能的特征和差异，可以得出X100和X80管线钢材料在不同外加电位条件下的应力腐蚀机理类型：当外加电位高于-395 mV时，金属处于活化溶解状态；当外加电位置于-395～-462 mV(X80钢)或-395～-504 mV(X100钢)时，机理为膜破裂-阳极溶解(AD)和氢致开裂(HIC)型；如果外加电位进一步降低，机理表现为氢致开裂型。     

国产管线钢的环境开裂性能研究

采用电化学测试和慢应变速率实验(SSRT)研究了国产X70管线钢在近中性pH和高pH溶液中的应力腐蚀破裂(SCC)行为.结果表明,X70钢在高pH溶液和近中性pH溶液中的阳极极化曲线表现出明显的差异:在高pH溶液中有明显的活化-钝化转变而在近中性pH溶液中则无;在近中性pH溶液中,X70管线钢的开裂模式是穿晶型的,具有准解理特征,并且随着外加阴极电位的降低,SCC敏感性增加,氢致破裂占主导;随温度的下降以及溶液中CO2含量的增加,溶液pH值降低,SCC敏感性增加.在高pH溶液中,在阴极极化时,X70钢表现出与在近中性pH溶液中类似的破裂行为和特征,即SCC敏感性随电位降低而增大,裂纹数目少而大,裂纹易扩展;但在阳极极化时,裂纹数目多而小,易萌生但难扩展.在2种溶液中阳极极化时,均存在SCC敏感电位区.     

国产管线钢的环境开裂性能研究

采用电化学测试和慢应变速率实验(SSRT)研究了国产X70管线钢在近中性pH和高pH溶液中的应力腐蚀破裂(SCC)行为.结果表明,X70钢在高pH溶液和近中性pH溶液中的阳极极化曲线表现出明显的差异:在高pH溶液中有明显的活化-钝化转变而在近中性pH溶液中则无;在近中性pH溶液中,X70管线钢的开裂模式是穿晶型的,具有准解理特征,并且随着外加阴极电位的降低,SCC敏感性增加,氢致破裂占主导;随温度的下降以及溶液中CO2含量的增加,溶液pH值降低,SCC敏感性增加.在高pH溶液中,在阴极极化时,X70钢表现出与在近中性pH溶液中类似的破裂行为和特征,即SCC敏感性随电位降低而增大,裂纹数目少而大,裂纹易扩展;但在阳极极化时,裂纹数目多而小,易萌生但难扩展.在2种溶液中阳极极化时,均存在SCC敏感电位区.     

应力作用下X80钢焊接接头在近中性pH值溶液中的电化学行为研究

管线钢近中性p H值环境应力腐蚀开裂(SCC)是管线失效的一种重要形式,但其发生机理仍不清楚,现场实际发现其易发生在焊缝附近。采用动电位极化和电化学阻抗技术研究了外加拉应力对X80钢焊接接头在近中性p H值溶液中电化学行为的影响。结果表明:应力使X80钢母材和焊缝的腐蚀电位负移,腐蚀电流密度增大,应力促进了母材和焊缝的阳极溶解和阴极反应;在弹性变形区间,外加应力没有破坏腐蚀产物膜的完整性,腐蚀产物膜电阻几乎不变,应力使腐蚀产物膜孔隙结构变大,促进侵蚀性离子向电极表面扩散,母材和焊缝的电荷转移电阻明显减小;由于组织结构的原因,焊缝的应力影响系数比母材的大,X80钢焊缝比母材有更强的应力敏感性。     

X80管线钢在近中性环境中阴极保护下的应力腐蚀敏感性

目前,对管线钢在外加电位下的应力腐蚀开裂的研究尚不全面.应用慢应变速率拉伸、扫描电镜(SEM)观察和动电位极化测试方法,研究了在近中性模拟土壤溶液(NS4)中,不同阴极保护电位下X80管线钢的应力腐蚀开裂(SCC)行为.结果表明:X80管线钢的SCC行为与阴极保护电位密切相关;在-850,-1000,-1 200 mV(相对饱和硫酸铜电极)3个保护电位下,阴极过程析氢反应起主要作用,随着阴极保护电位的负移,X80管线钢的脆性逐渐增大;在-1 200 mV条件下SCC敏感性系数最高,形变硬化指数最低,SCC现象最为严重.     

极化电位对超级13Cr钢应力腐蚀开裂行为的影响

采用慢应变速率拉伸(SSRT)应力腐蚀开裂(SCC)的实验方法,通过应力应变(σ-ε)曲线、扫描电镜(SEM)、能谱分析(EDS)和X射线衍射分析(XRD)等手段分析了不同极化电位下超级13Cr钢在NaCl溶液中的力学性能、腐蚀形貌、腐蚀产物和应力腐蚀开裂敏感性指数(Iscc),研究了极化电位对其抗SCC性能的影响。结果显示:随极化电位的升高,超级13Cr钢在5%NaCl溶液中的Iscc增大,其抗SCC性能降低;当极化电位低于-150mV时,超级13Cr钢的应力腐蚀程度较轻,抗SCC性能较好;当极化电位高于-90mV时,其应力腐蚀程度严重,抗SCC性能较差。     

X100管线钢在含SRB的盐碱土壤溶液中的SCC行为

为证实SRB对X100管线钢在土壤中应力腐蚀行为的影响,采用慢应变速率拉神(SSRT)实验和SEM研究了X100管线钢在含有SRB的海滨模拟盐碱土壤溶液的应力腐蚀开裂行为.结果表明:X100钢母材和焊缝在无菌的海滨模拟盐碱土壤溶液的断裂模式为穿晶+沿晶SCC混合断裂,而在有菌的海滨模拟盐碱土壤溶液的断裂模式为穿晶SCC断裂;且X100钢母材和焊缝在无菌的海滨模拟盐碱土壤溶液中的SCC敏感性高于有菌时的,说明SRB的存在抑制了X100钢的脆变,导致X100钢的SCC敏感性降低.     

富锌涂层、阴极极化对管线钢应力腐蚀开裂敏感性的影响

为加强对油气管线钢腐蚀失效机理的认识,采用动态慢应变速率拉伸试验(SSRT),研究了弱酸性环境中富锌涂层与阴极保护对16Mn和X80 2种不同强度级别管线钢应力腐蚀开裂(SCC)敏感性的影响,探讨了2种管线钢的SCC机理.结果表明:在5%NaCl 0.5%CH3 COOH 酸性溶液中,16Mn钢的SCC机理以阳极溶解为主,富锌涂层和阴极保护均能有效提高16Mn钢的SCC抗力,前者效果优于后者;X80钢的SCC机理以氢脆为主,富锌涂层和阴极极化均促进其SCC过程,但富锌涂层提高X80钢SCC敏感性的程度低于与涂层自腐蚀电位相近的阴极极化作用.     

电镀废水处理中的活性炭有哪几点要注意的?

正库尔勒土壤模拟溶液中应力腐蚀开裂敏感性的影响[J].中国腐蚀与防护学报,2009,29(5):353-359.[9]赵新伟,张广利,张良,等.外加电位对X80管线钢近中性p H土壤应力腐蚀开裂行为的影响[J].油气储运,2014,33(11):1 152-1 158.[10]刘智勇,王长朋,杜翠薇,等.外加电位对X80管线钢在鹰潭土壤模拟溶液中应力腐蚀行为的影响[J].金属学报,2011,47(11):1 434-1 439.[11]王丹,谢飞,吴明,等.阴极电位对X80管线钢在碱性土壤模拟溶液中应力腐蚀行为的影响[J].中南大学学报(自然科学版),2014,45(9):2 985-2 992.     

Insertion of triangulated surfaces into a meccano tetrahedral discretization by means of mesh refinement and optimization procedures

In this paper, we present a new method for inserting several triangulated surfaces into an existing tetrahedral mesh generated by the meccano method. The result is a conformal mesh where each inserted surface is approximated by a set of faces of the final tetrahedral mesh. First, the tetrahedral mesh is refined around the inserted surfaces to capture their geometric features. Second, each immersed surface is approximated by a set of faces from the tetrahedral mesh. Third, following a novel approach, the nodes of the approximated surfaces are mapped to the corresponding immersed surface. Fourth, we untangle and smooth the mesh by optimizing a regularized shape distortion measure for tetrahedral elements in which we move all the nodes of the mesh, restricting the movement of the edge and surface nodes along the corresponding entity they belong to. The refining process allows approximating the immersed surface for any initial meccano tetrahedral mesh. Moreover, the proposed projection method avoids computational expensive geometric projections. Finally, the applied simultaneous untangling and smoothing process delivers a high‐quality mesh and ensures that the immersed surfaces are interpolated. Several examples are presented to assess the properties of the proposed method.     

From Industry 4.0 to Research 4.0. Development of High Performance Fibers in the Light of Digitization

We associate a variety of innovations with the term ＂Industry 4.0＂. The pioneer of many 4.0 modifications forms the basisfor the trend towards the integrated di...     

The Research of Anti-Wear Properties of Organomolybdenum Compounds in the Engine Oils

A four-ball tester was used to evaluate the anti-wear performance of three kinds of organomolybdemun compounds in the engine oils, i. e., molybdenum dialkyldithiophosphate (MoDDP), molybdenum dialkyldithiocarbamate ( MoDTC), and sulphur and phosphorus freeorganomolybdeum (Molybdate). The results indicate that a low concentration of MoDDP doesn' t improve the anti-wear properties of the commercial engine oils, but a high concentration of MoDDP can obviously improve the anti-wear properties and the load-carrying capacity of the engine oils. MoDTC doesn' t improve the antiwear properties of the engine oils, but worsens the anti-wear properties of the oils. Signifi can timprove ment of frictional and wear characteristics is obtained with Molybdate added in the commercial engine oils and the formulated oils.     

Roman iron and steel: A review

ABSTRACT

The production of ferrous metal increased during the Roman Late Republican period, Principate and Empire. The direct bloomery process was used to extract the metal from its ores using slag-tapping and slag-pit furnaces. The fuel was charcoal and an air blast was introduced by bellows-operated tuyères. Iron formed as a bloom, often as a spongy mass of metal, which contained impurities from the smelting process, including unreacted ore, fuel, slag and fragments from the furnace walls, while the metal was often inhomogeneous with varied carbon contents. Blooms were either smithed directly into bars or ingots or they were broken up, which also allowed the removal of gross impurities and a selection of pieces with similar properties to be made. These could then be forge-welded together and formed into characteristically shaped ingots. Making steel in the furnace seems to have been achieved: it depended on the ore and the furnace and conditions within it. Surface carburization was also carried out. Iron and steel were used extensively in construction and for tools and weapons. Fire welding was often used to add pieces of steel to make the edges of tools and weapons, which could be heat-treated by quenching to harden them.     

Certification Institutions Expected to Update and Transfer Information on Present Standards

Standards are the basis for production enterprises to organize production, ex-factory inspection, trade (delivery) and technical exchanges, product certification, quality arbitration and supervision.……     

Flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases

A flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases is presented. A better knowledge of the properties of the liquefied natural gas is needed, and therefore a liquid loop has been designed for our flow calorimeter. The fluid loop in the calorimeter is designed in order to avoid the two-phase region, since two phases would give compositional disturbances in the measurements. The avoidance of the two-phase region is made possible by increasing the pressure of the test fluid after the measurement section, then heating the fluid at super-critical pressure past the critical point. Finally, the fluid is throttled to the low-pressure gas state at the inlet condition of the compressor that circulates the fluid. To perform the pressure increase, a new cryogenic pump has been designed. To evaluate the new equipment, measurements were taken on liquid ethane over the temperature range 146–256 K at pressure between 0.9 and 5.1 MPa.     

Certification Becomes Important for the I Quality; and Safety Supervision of the Chinese Liquor Sector

The end of 2007, over 200 unit products of more than 80 Chinese firms have passed the quality grade certification for liquor products. These products involve distilled spirits, beer, wine, yellow wine, fruit syrup wine and others, and cover over 80% of the national top-branded liquor products.……     

Deposition and Coating Properties on CVD Tungsten

Surface characterization and microstructure studies are performed on chemical vapor deposited (CVD) tungsten coating. There is about 2 μm thickness diffusion layer of tungsten in the molybdenum substrate. The thermal shock test shows tungsten coating has good adhesion with molybdenum substrate, but the elements of oxygen and carbon in the tungsten coating have the bad affection to the adhesion. The result of high-temperature diffusion experiment is the diffusion rate from molybdenum substrate to tungsten coating is faster.     

Synthesis of Alumina-Zirconia Nanocomposites by Solgel Process

Al₂O₃-ZrO₂ nanocomposites were developed starting with the solgel process. Composite alumina-zirconia nanopowders were synthesized from metallorganic precursors (Aluminium secondary butoxide and zirconium Iso propoxide) using the solgel process. The parameters affecting the synthesis—solvent, concentration of precursor, R/H ratio (i.e., dilution of water in solvent)—were varied as also the temperature and pH. BET and TEM were used to measure nanosize. Diffuse reflectance spectroscopy and also qualitative optical absorption led to identical particle size estimate. The variation of process parameters was used to study the effect and interdependence of process parameters. Artificial Neural Networks was used to rigorously analyze the process. Although this led to confirmation of interdependence of parameters, the presence of a single overwhelming solvent variable was also established. Then the optimal process was used to synthesize more nanopowder. To produce bulk nanocomposite the nanopowders were sintered by varying the temperature and time period. The sintered lithoids were probed with a vickers hardness tester to measure elastic modulus, hardness, and fracture toughness. The results showed high elastic modulus, modest hardness, and very high fracture toughness.