小浪底水库排沙对下游鱼类的影响研究

采用现场调查和室内实验相结合的方法研究了黄河小浪底水库排沙期间下游河流出现鱼类死亡现象的原因。2010年度小浪底水库排沙期间,下游出现了高含沙水流过程,伴随出现了鱼类死亡现象,调查发现受影响鱼类有5目5科11种。水库排沙期间的含沙量、溶解氧变化过程的现场调查及室内实验结果表明,小浪底水库排沙时细颗粒泥沙含量较高,堵塞和损坏鱼鳃是导致鱼类死亡的原因之一。当含沙量大于80 kg/m3时,水体溶解氧下降至鱼类生存所需下限2mg/L以下,鱼类在短时间内缺氧而死亡;当含沙量低于60kg/m3时,根据现场调查结果及相关人员经验判断水库下游河道内不会出现鱼类死亡漂移现象。水库排沙期间,下游河道水体的含沙量与溶解氧浓度具有较好的相关性,即河道水体的溶解氧浓度随着含沙量的增加而减少,可通过控制出库含沙量及其持续时间减轻对鱼类的影响。     

小浪底水库排沙对下游鱼类的影响研究

采用现场调查和室内实验相结合的方法研究了黄河小浪底水库排沙期间下游河流出现鱼类死亡现象的原因。2010年度小浪底水库排沙期间,下游出现了高含沙水流过程,伴随出现了鱼类死亡现象,调查发现受影响鱼类有5目5科11种。水库排沙期间的含沙量、溶解氧变化过程的现场调查及室内实验结果表明,小浪底水库排沙时细颗粒泥沙含量较高,堵塞和损坏鱼鳃是导致鱼类死亡的原因之一。当含沙量大于80kg/m3时,水体溶解氧下降至鱼类生存所需下限2mg/L以下,鱼类在短时间内缺氧而死亡;当含沙量低于60kg/m3时,根据现场调查结果及相关人员经验判断水库下游河道内不会出现鱼类死亡漂移现象。水库排沙期间,下游河道水体的含沙量与溶解氧浓度具有较好的相关性,即河道水体的溶解氧浓度随着含沙量的增加而减少,可通过控制出库含沙量及其持续时间减轻水库排沙对鱼类的影响。     

非黏性沙级配对浊度法测量含沙量的影响

利用浊度仪测量水流含沙量时,泥沙颗粒级配和矿物成分是影响浊度仪标定结果的主要泥沙因素。采用黄河原型非黏性沙配制不同粒径、不同含沙量浑水水体,开展固定粒径、粗细沙、混合沙等多组次试验研究,对黄河天然沙粒径及级配对浊度仪输出浊度的影响进行定量分析和机制探讨。结果表明:固定含沙量条件下,非黏性泥沙粒径对水体浊度的影响特征符合Mie散射定律;含沙量变化对浊度仪输出浊度的影响数量级为10～10²,泥沙颗粒粒径变化对浊度仪输出浊度的影响数量级为10^-1～1;相同含沙量条件下,悬沙比表面积与浊度仪输出浊度符合线性分布。建立了考虑非黏性沙级配影响的含沙量与浊度关系模型,能够较准确地反映非黏性沙粒径及泥沙浓度对水体浊度的影响,可为浊度与含沙量关系的准确率定及测量结果的校准提供可靠依据。     

多泥沙河流防洪水库泄洪排沙规模研究——以陕西省王瑶水库为例

通过对陕西省王瑶水库的实测资料和水沙特性分析,类比同类工程,参照经验公式计算,对以防洪为主的多泥沙河流水库泄流排沙规模进行研究。西北黄土高原地区多泥沙河流由于泥沙颗粒细且含沙量高,洪水期水流流态属宾汉体,堰流流量系数小于牛顿体。通过分析,王瑶水库作为防洪水库,受泄流规模偏小的限制,滞洪过程无效拦蓄过多,造成库内泥沙淤积严重,需要增大泄洪排沙规模,满足洪峰过后在下游安全前提下,尽快下泄所滞蓄洪水,使泥沙在库内落淤量少,同时形成协调的水沙关系,使冲刷下泄的泥沙在下游河道不淤积。     

基于分组泥沙冲淤规律的小浪底水库减淤调度研究

研究黄河下游河道的中、较粗泥沙冲淤效率与细泥沙含量和全沙含沙量的定量关系,据此得到不同细泥沙含量条件下,中、较粗泥沙在黄河下游河道不发生淤积的临界含沙量。同时,结合黄河干流水库的分组排沙比与全沙排沙比的关系,给出小浪底水库不同入库含沙量条件下,中、较粗泥沙在下游河道不发生淤积的水库排沙比。     

基于IPSO-BP神经网络的高含沙水体对鱼类影响预测方法

水库进行水力排沙时，高含沙水流过程可能会对鱼类等水生动物产生负面影响，其量化评估方法研究较为薄弱。为了预测和评估水库排沙过程对下游鱼类的影响，本文利用黄河花斑裸鲤和鲤鱼在高含沙水体中生存特性研究的实验数据，综合考虑含沙量和粒径、溶解氧、暴露时间、水温等因子对鱼类生存的影响，建立了基于IPSO-BP神经网络的高含沙水体对鱼类致死影响预测方法，对目标鱼类死亡率的预测误差小于6%。本文使用了与BP神经网络紧密耦合并引入动态参数和变异扰动的IPSO算法，较BP和PSO-BP神经网络预测能力更佳，相比国内外已有的Stress Index(SI)、Severity of Ill Effect (SEV)和多元拟合方法预测精度得到显著提升。分析表明，本文提出的预测方法能够考虑高含沙水体中鱼类生存受多环境因子联合制约，且多因子之间存在复杂关联的情况，可为评估高含沙水流过程对水生态的影响提供新的方法。     

西溪河地洛水电站泥沙模型试验研究

通过泥沙模型试验研究，分析不同入库水沙条件下进入取水口内水流的含沙量和颗粒级配，水库对泥沙的沉降率。通过合理控制水库泥沙淤积和水库泄空冲沙，可保证设计所需长期有效的日调节库容。设计中取消了地下沉沙池，以水库代替沉沙池进行沉沙和冲沙是可行的方案。通过试验，对原枢纽的防沙、排沙措施进行了修改。     

水库泥沙淤积对水质影响的综述

我国水库众多,泥沙淤积严重,影响水库功能和安全。对相关水库资料查阅,总结出水库泥沙淤积对于水质方面的影响,可以分为3个过程:泥沙运动污染物的迁移过程、底部淤泥污染物的沉积和释放过程、泥沙淤积处理排沙过程。指出在前两个过程中应该加强相关理化性质的研究,从而进一步建立有效模型揭示污染物、水体、沉浮等之间的机理,从而便于监测;同时也强调在泥沙排放过程中对于下游鱼类等水生生物的影响,反应排沙过程对于水质的二次破坏。     

絮凝对三峡水库泥沙沉降的影响

现场与室内实测的泥沙级配差异证实了三峡水库中存在泥沙絮凝现象,絮凝会加速水库泥沙淤积速率。为了确定絮凝对泥沙沉降速率的影响,现场采集了三峡水库原样泥沙,基于三峡水库水体环境,采用室内静水沉降试验对三峡水库中泥沙絮凝沉降规律进行了研究。研究结果表明,当试验采用的初始含沙量大于0.3 kg/m3时,部分单颗粒泥沙会聚集形成絮团,且泥沙絮凝程度以及沉速增加的幅度与水体中含沙量呈正比。参与絮团形成的单颗粒泥沙粒径均位于0.022 mm以下,小于临界粒径的泥沙占全沙的83%;采用絮凝因数和物质沉降通量因数分别表征絮凝对泥沙沉降的影响程度,这两种因数都随含沙量增加而增加,含沙量在1.5 kg/m3以下时其最大值分别为5.03和1.66,表明絮凝对三峡库区汛期的泥沙淤积有可能造成较大影响。     

水库排沙期间下泄水流水质与含沙量的相关关系

针对多泥沙水库实行人为排沙时含沙量的短时急剧变化可能对生态环境带来负面影响这一问题,以日本宇奈月水库和中国小浪底水库为研究对象,通过分析这2座水库排沙过程中含沙量与反映营养盐、耗氧污染物的水质指标之间的相关关系,得出了含沙量与各水质指标相关性良好的结论,并揭示了水库排沙期间含沙量对部分水质指标影响的拐点效应,可供我国今后制定兼顾排沙效率和生态环境保护的调水调沙方案提供参考。     

维持黄河下游排洪输沙基本功能的关键技术研究

以河床演变学理论为基础，结合黄河下游河道输沙特点，对河槽的排洪输沙作用进行了量化表述，界定了黄河下游河槽排洪输沙基本功能．提出了黄河下游排洪输沙基本功能的判别指标体系；利用实体模型试验研究和实测资料分析．建立了水沙过程与河槽冲淤及断面形态调整之间的响应关系，提出了近期基本满足黄河下游河槽排洪输沙基本功能的概化水沙过程及相应的水量。并形成了水沙调控指标体系；初步提出了维持黄河下游河槽排洪输沙基本功能的中游水库群水沙联合调度方案。研究成果可为黄河小浪底水库水沙调控提供科学依据．对黄河下游的防洪减灾及水资源可持续利用具有重要意义。     

Acute impacts of reservoir sediment flushing on fishes in the Yellow River

Dam sediment flushing can reduce reservoir sedimentation and deliver sediments to the downstream rivers. However, deceased fishes are often found in the Yellow River during the period of reservoir sediment flushing. To study the acute impacts of flushing and quantify threshold conditions for fish protection, field surveys and laboratory experiments were carried out during periods of sediment flushing. Field surveys in 2010 showed that dissolved oxygen (DO) decreased rapidly with the increase in suspended sediment concentration (SSC) and that deceased fishes involved 10 species. With the model of the severity of ill effects, the sediment flushing in 2010 was estimated to cause fish mortality of 0–20%. To study the lethal effect on fishes under controlled SSC conditions, laboratory experiments were performed with carp (Cyprinus carpio) exposed in water containing different SSCs. It is concluded that the high sediment concentration (average value of 90788 mg/l), fine particles (grain size < 0.075 mm), a long flushing duration (>2 days), and DO reduction (<2 mg/l) contribute to the deaths of fishes during the flushing period in 2010. To decrease lethal effects, the upper limits of SSC and duration are recommended as the peak SSC value of 55 000 mg/l and average value of 32 000 mg/l for the entire flushing period for flushing operations. The measures of SSC control and refuge construction are suggested for eco-friendly management.     

Sediment Flushing of Reservoirs under Environmental Considerations

Freshwater reservoirs are under threat because of huge amounts of sediments deposited annually. Sediment flushing seems to be effective to preserve reservoir storage, but it may have negative environmental impacts on downstream ecosystems such as fish mortality. Therefore, providing a suitable flushing strategy that could be compatible with the river ecosystem downstream is of great importance. Two numerical models were developed in this paper to predict the suspended sediment concentration (SSC) on the reservoir-river system and effects of different flushing scenarios on aquatic life. Developed models were applied to the Dez Resevoir system in the southwest of Iran which has suffered from the sediment problems in two last decades. The suitable values for flushing time, concentration limits, and flushing discharge have been recommended in this research by use of the existing information and previous flushing records, as well as field measurement and modeling. Based on social, environmental and technical limitations, March is the appropriate time for flushing. After hydraulic simulation of different flushing scenarios and sediment routing along the river, flushing with 1275 and 800 cubic meter per second with 30 and 20 g per lit concentration in dry and wet season respectively are feasible and have minimum environmental impacts.     

Temporal and spatial patterns based on sediment and sediment–water interface characteristics along a cascade of reservoirs (Paranapanema River, south-east Brazil)

Physical and chemical characteristics of the sediments in a cascade of eight reservoirs located in the Paranapanema River (south‐east Brazil) were analysed during two consecutive years during summer (January), autumn (April), winter (July) and spring (October) of 2000 and 2001, respectively. The granulometric texture, organic matter content and nutrient concentration (total nitrogen and phosphorus) were determined in the superficial sediment of 19 sampling stations, as well as the temperature, dissolved oxygen, pH, conductivity and redox potential in the bottom layer of the water column. Seasonal and spatial changes were observed for both years, especially for organic matter and nutrient concentrations. Three different areas could be identified along the river, which corresponded to the upper, middle and lower Paranapanema basin. The first area was characterized by an increase of nutrients and organic matter in the sediments and a decrease of temperature and dissolved oxygen in the downstream direction. The second one represented a region where fluctuations in nutrient and organic matter concentrations and a reduction in dissolved oxygen were observed. In the third area, there was an increase in nutrient and organic matter in the sediments and also an increase in temperature and dissolved oxygen towards the river mouth. The results of the principal components analysis, using water and sediments variables, showed the ordination of sampling stations by periods: wet (January–April) and dry (July–October) during 2000. This pattern was also verified during 2001, but with slight changes, probably due to the increase in the rains which would have produced certain homogenization effects along the river.     

A palaeoenvironmental study of particle size‐specific connectivity—New insights and implications from the West Sussex Rother Catchment,United Kingdom

Connectivity has become an important conceptual and practical framework for understanding and managing sediment transfers across hillslopes, between hillslopes and rivers, and between rivers and other compartments along the river corridor (e.g., reservoirs, channel substrate, and floodplain). Conventionally, connectivity focuses on the quantity of sediment transferred but here, we also consider the size of the finer sediment (typically particles <500 μm diameter). We examine the role of small rapidly silting reservoirs in the river Rother on storing sediment and disrupting downstream sediment transfers. Spatial and temporal changes in the particle size characteristics of sediment deposited in one of the ponds is explored in detail. Downstream of this pond, we collected sediment from the river on nine occasions over 17 months using two sampling methods at two locations; first, immediately downstream of the pond and a second ~700 m further downstream but upstream of the confluence with the Rother. Results showed a significant depletion in sand‐sized particles immediately downstream of the pond but the sand had been recovered from an in‐channel source before the river reached the downstream sampling point.     

Spatio‐temporal variability of suspended sediments in rivers and ecological implications of reservoir flushing operations

High suspended sediment concentrations during reservoir flushing are known to be harmful to biota in downstream river stretches. Therefore, it is common practice to set legal concentration limits for upstream reservoir management operations such as flushings or controlled drawdowns. However, as shown by measurements, there is a considerable spatio‐temporal variability of suspended sediment concentrations both in the longitudinal profile of rivers and in river cross‐sections. To consider this variability in management operations, SED‐FISH—a three‐dimensional modelling approach—was developed to study this variability in a wider context by upscaling cross‐sectional measurements of suspended sediments to high‐resolution three‐dimensional information on the reach scale in an alpine river. The resulting patterns of suspended sediment concentrations were integrated over their respective time of occurrence for various scenarios in order to calculate severity of harmful impacts for target fish species. The modelling results identified refugial habitats with reduced negative impacts in near‐bank zones even for relatively high suspended sediment concentrations in the centre of the river. Moreover, a substantially larger variability of both suspended sediment concentrations and associated harmful impacts was found for a winding riverbed morphology as compared with a straight reach. Both these findings and the developed modelling tool could assist in establishing individual case‐based concentration limits for reservoir management operations in the future and should also be taken into account when planning river regulation or restoration measures.     

Downstream Ecological Impacts of Controlled Sediment Flushing in an Alpine Valley River: A Case Study

Sediment flushing may be effective to tackle the loss of reservoir storage as a result of siltation. When operationally possible, the impact of this practice on the downstream aquatic environment can be mitigated by limiting the sediment concentration of the discharged waters (controlled sediment flushing). However, this topic is poorly documented, and concerns arise when limits are discussed. We present the results of a 3‐year field investigation concerning the controlled sediment flushing of a small reservoir on the Adda River, the main tributary of Lake Como—Italy. Two limits for suspended solid concentration (SSC) were adopted: 1.5 g L^?1, as average value throughout the whole working day, and 3.0 g L^?1, as alert threshold to adjust the ongoing activity. These constraints were essentially fulfilled in the course of the documented operations. The first year sediment flushing was more significant than the following year: 25 000 tons of fines below 2 mm in diameter were flushed in six non‐consecutive days in summer 2010, while, one year earlier, 75 000 tons were flushed in 16 non‐consecutive days. In the third year of investigation (2011), no sediment evacuation took place. The benthic macroinvertebrate and the fish communities were surveyed a short distance below the reservoir, that is, in the potentially more affected river reach. Clear pieces of evidence of environmental quality degradation were not detected; the adopted strategies can therefore be considered to be appropriate when planning sediment flushing management in comparable contexts. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.