Thermophysical Properties for Diethylene Glycol + Nitrobenzene and Triethylene Glycol + (Chloro-, Bromo-, Nitro-) Benzene Systems at Different Temperatures

The densities, viscosities, sound speeds, and relative permittivities for four binary mixtures of glycols+organic solvents that are miscible over the complete composition range, namely, diethylene glycol (DEG)+nitrobenzene and triethylene glycol (TEG)+chlorobenzene, +bromobenzene, and +nitrobenzene have been measured at atmospheric pressure and at temperatures from 298.15 to 313.15 K. The excess molar volumes are calculated and fitted with a Redlich–Kister type equation. The qualitative analysis of excess molar volumes revealed that the structure-making effects probably in the form of weak Cl· · ·H–O hydrogen bonding, Cl· · ·O electron acceptor–donor interactions, and interstitial accommodation of chlorobenzene in associate structures of triethylene glycol, etc. are predominant in these mixtures.     

Thermophysical Properties of Nonelectrolyte Mixtures. Densities, Viscosities, and Sound Speeds of Binary Mixtures of Methyl Methacrylate+Branched Alcohols (Propan-2-ol, 2-Methylpropan-1-ol, Butan-2-ol, and 2-Methylpropan-2-ol) at T=298.15 and 308.15 K

Measurements of the densities, viscosities, and sound speeds at T=298.15 and 308.15 K for the binary mixtures of methyl methacrylate+propan-2-ol, +2-methylpropan-1-ol, +butan-2-ol, and +2-methylpropan-2-ol are made over the complete composition range. From the measured data, excess isentropic compressibilities have been calculated. The mixture viscosities have been correlated by the Grunberg–Nissan, McAllister, and Auslander equations, while the sound speed in binary mixtures has been analyzed using free length and collision factor theories, and Junjie and Nomoto equations. The excess isentropic compressibilities, ^E _s are fitted to a third degree polynomial equation. The qualitative analysis of ^E _s have been made in terms of bulk molecular interactions. The conclusions drawn were supplemented by examining the variation of relative association and solvation numbers over the complete composition range.     

Densities, Viscosities, Sound Speeds, and Excess Properties of Binary Mixtures of Methyl Methacrylate with Alkoxyethanols and 1-Alcohols at 298.15 and 308.15 K

The densities, viscosities, and sound speeds were measured for six binary mixtures of methyl methacrylate (MMA)+2-methoxyethanol (ME), +2-ethoxyethanol (EE), +2-butoxyethanol (BE), +1-butanol (1-BuOH), +1-pentanol (1-PeOH), and +1-heptanol (1-HtOH) at 298.15 and 308.15 K. The mixture viscosities were correlated by Grunberg–Nissan, McAllister, and Auslander equations. The sound speeds were predicted by using free length and collision factor theoretical formulations, and Junjie and Nomoto equations. The excess viscosities and excess isentropic compressibilities were also calculated. A qualitative analysis of both of these functions revealed that structure disruptions are more predominant in MMA+1-alcohol than in MMA+alkoxyethanols mixtures. The estimated relative associations are found to become less in MMA+alcohol mixtures than in pure alcohols. The solvation numbers derived from the isentropic compressibility of the mixtures, considering MMA as a solvent, showed that structure making interactions are also present in MMA + alkoxyethanols in addition to the structure disruptions.     

Speeds of Sound and Isentropic Compressibilities in Binary Mixtures of 2-Propanol with Several 1-Alkanols at 298.15 K

Speeds of sound and densities of 2-propanol +1-propanol, 2-propanol + 1-butanol, 2-propanol + 1-octanol, and 2-propanol + 1-hexanol have been measured over the entire composition range at 298.15 K. Speeds of sound of the binary mixtures have also been estimated from free length theory (FLT), collision factor theory (CFT), and Nomoto’s relation (NR) and have been compared with experimental speeds of sound. The isentropic compressibilities, molar isentropic compressibilities, excess molar isentropic compressibilities, and excess speeds of sound have been calculated from experimental densities and speeds of sound. Excess molar isentropic compressibilities and excess speeds of sound of the binary mixtures were fitted to the Redlich–Kister equation     

Densities,Viscosities, Speeds of Sound,and Refractive Indices of Binary Mixtures of 2-Octanol with Chlorobenzenes

Densities, ρ, viscosities, η, speeds of sound, u, and refractive indices, n _D, of binary liquid mixtures of 2-octanol with 1,2-dichlorobenzene, 1,3-dichlorobenzene, and 1,2,4-trichlorobenzene have been measured over the entire range of composition at 298.15 K, 303.15 K, and 308.15 K and at atmospheric pressure. From the experimental data of the density, speed of sound, viscosity, and refractive index, the values of the excess molar volume, V ^E, deviations in isentropic compressibility, Δκ _S , and deviations in molar refraction, ΔR have been calculated. The calculated excess and deviation functions have been analyzed in terms of molecular interactions and structural effects.     

Densities,Viscosities, Speeds of Sound,and Refractive Indices of Binary Mixtures of 1-Decanol with Isomeric Chlorotoluenes

Densities, ρ, viscosities, η, speeds of sound, u, and refractive indices, n _D, of binary liquid mixtures of 1-decanol with o-chlorotoluene, m-chlorotoluene, and p-chlorotoluene have been measured over the entire range of composition at 298.15 K, 303.15 K, and 308.15 K and at atmospheric pressure. From the experimental data of density, speed of sound, viscosity and refractive index, the values of the excess molar volume, V ^E, deviations in isentropic compressibility, Δκ _S , and deviations in molar refraction, ΔR, have been calculated. The calculated excess and deviation functions have been analyzed in terms of molecular interactions and structural effects.     

Viscosities of Binary Mixtures of 2-Bromobutane and 2-Bromo-2-Methylpropane with Isomeric Butanols at 298.15 and 313.15 K

This paper reports viscosity data of the binary mixtures (2-bromobutane or 2-bromo-2-methylpropane) plus an isomer of butanol at temperatures of 298.15 and 313.15 K. Kinematic viscosities have been correlated with the equations of McAllister and Heric, and absolute viscosities with the Grunberg–Nissan equation. Viscosity deviations have been correlated by means of a Redlich–Kister type equation, and they give negative values over the complete composition range at both temperatures.     

Viscosities for Binary Mixtures of 1-Bromobutane and 1,4-Dibromobutane with Isomeric Butanols at 298.15 and 313.15 K

This paper reports viscosities and viscosity deviations for binary mixtures of 1-bromobutane and 1,4-dibromobutane with an isomer of butanol at temperatures of 298.15 and 313.15K. Absolute viscosities were correlated using the Grunberg–Nissan equation, and kinematic viscosities by the equations of McAllister and Heric. Viscosity deviations were correlated by means of a Redlich–Kister-type equation. Viscosity deviations show negative values at both temperatures over the complete composition range.     

Excess Molar Isentropic Compressibilities,Excess Molar Volumes,and Excess Sound Speeds of the 1-Propanol + Diethyl Ether + 1-Octanol Ternary Mixture and Constituent Binary Mixtures at 298.15 K

The sound speeds and densities of the 1-propanol + diethyl ether + 1-octanol ternary mixture and constituent binary mixtures, 1-propanol + diethyl ether, 1-propanol + 1-octanol, and diethyl ether + 1-octanol, have been measured at 298.15 K as a function of composition. Isentropic compressibilities, molar isentropic compressibilities, excess molar isentropic compressibilities, excess molar volumes, and excess sound speeds have been calculated from the experimental density and sound speed data. Excess molar volumes, excess molar isentropic compressibilities, and excess sound speeds of the binary mixtures were fitted to the Redlich–Kister equation. By using the free length theory (FLT), Schaaff’s collision factor theory (CFT), Nomoto’s relation (NR), Van Deal’s ideal mixing relation (IMR), and Junjie’s relation (JR), sound-speed values of the investigated mixtures were calculated. These values were compared with the experimental sound-speed results.     

Thermophysical Properties of Gaseous HBr and BCl3 from Speed-of-Sound Measurements

The speed of sound in gaseous hydrogen bromide (HBr) and boron trichloride (BCl₃) was measured using a highly precise acoustic resonance technique. The HBr speed-of-sound measurements span the temperature range 230 to 440 K and the pressure range from 0.05 to 1.5 MPa. The BCl₃ speed-of-sound measurements span the temperature range 290 to 460 K and the pressure range from 0.05 MPa to 0.40 MPa. The pressure range in each fluid was limited to 80% of the sample vapor pressure at each temperature. The speed-of-sound data have a relative standard uncertainty of 0.01%. The data were analyzed to obtain the ideal-gas heat capacities as a function of temperature with a relative standard uncertainty of 0.1%. The heat capacities agree with those calculated from spectroscopic data within their combined uncertainties. The speeds of sound were fitted with the virial equation of state to obtain the temperature-dependent density virial coefficients. Two virial coefficient models were employed, one based on the hard-core square-well intermolecular potential model and the second based on the hard-core Lennard–Jones intermolecular potential model. The resulting virial equations of state reproduced the speed-of-sound measurements to 0.01% and can be expected to calculate vapor densities with a relative standard uncertainty of 0.1%. Transport properties calculated from the hard-core Lennard–Jones potential model should have a relative standard uncertainty of 10% or less.     

Densities, Viscosities, Speeds of Sound, and Refractive Indices of Binary Mixtures of 2-Ethyl-1-hexanol with Benzene and Halobenzenes

Densities, $\rho $ , viscosities, $\eta $ , speeds of sound, $u$ , and refractive indices, $n_\mathrm{D} $ , of binary liquid mixtures of 2-ethyl-1-hexanol with benzene, chlorobenzene, and bromobenzene have been measured over the entire range of composition at 298.15 K, 303.15 K, and 308.15 K and at atmospheric pressure. From the experimental data of the density, speed of sound, viscosity, and refractive index, the values of the excess molar volume, $V^\mathrm{E}$ , isentropic compressibility, ${\kappa _{S}}$ , and deviations in molar refraction, $\Delta R$ , have been calculated. The viscosity data have been correlated using McAllister’s three-body interaction model at different temperatures. The calculated excess and deviation functions have been analyzed in terms of molecular interactions and structural effects.     

Densities,Viscosities, and Refractive Indices of Mixtures of Hexane with Cyclohexane,Decane, Hexadecane,and Squalane at 298.15 K

Densities, ρ, viscosities, η, and refractive indices, n_D, have been measured as a function of composition for binary mixtures of cyclohexane, decane, hexadecane, and squalane with hexane at 298.15 K and atmospheric pressure. From these measurements the excess molar volumes, V_m^E, viscosity deviations, δη, and the change in refractive indices on mixing, Δn_D, were calculated. These results were fitted to Redlick–Kister polynomial equations to estimate the binary coefficients and standard errors. The effects of size and shape of the components on excess properties have been discussed.     

Densities,Viscosities, Sound Speeds,Refractive Indices,and Excess Properties of Binary Mixtures of Isoamyl Alcohol with Some Alkoxyethanols

Densities and viscosities were measured for binary mixtures of isoamyl alcohol with 2-methoxyethanol, 2-ethoxyethanol, and 2-butoxyethanol over the entire range of composition at 303.15 K, 313.15 K, and 323.15K and ultrasonic speeds and refractive indices at 303.15 K under atmospheric pressure. From the experimental values of density, viscosity, ultrasonic speed, and refractive index, the values of excess molar volume (V ^E), viscosity deviations (Δη), deviations in isentropic compressibility (ΔK _S ), and excess molar refraction (ΔR) have been calculated. The excess or deviation properties were found to be either negative or positive, depending on the molecular interactions and the nature of liquid mixtures.     

Thermophysical Properties of Gaseous CF4 and C2F6 from Speed-of-Sound Measurements

A cylindrical resonator was employed to measure the sound speeds in gaseous CF₄ and C₂F₆. The CF₄ measurements span the temperature range 300 to 475 K, while the C₂F₆ measurements range from 210 to 475 K. For both gases, the pressure range was 0.1 MPa to the lesser of 1.5 MPa or 80% of the sample’s vapor pressure. Typically, the speeds of sound have a relative uncertainty of less than 0.01 % and the ideal-gas heat capacities derived from them have a relative uncertainty of less than 0.1%. The heat capacities agree with those determined from spectroscopic data. The sound speeds were fitted with the virial equation of state to obtain the temperature-dependent density virial coefficients. Two models for the virial coefficients were employed, one based on square-well potentials and the second based on a Kihara spherical-core potential. The resulting virial equations reproduce the sound-speed measurements to within 0.005 % and yield densities with relative uncertainties of 0.1% or less. The viscosity calculated from the Kihara potential is 2 to 11% less than the measured viscosity.     

Volumetric,Viscometric, Ultrasonic,and Refractive Index Properties of Liquid Mixtures of Benzene with Industrially Important Monomers at Different Temperatures

The densities, ρ, viscosities, η, ultrasonic speeds, u, and refractive indices, n _D, of pure benzene, methyl acrylate (MA), ethyl acrylate (EA), butyl acrylate (BA), styrene (STY), and their binary liquid mixtures have been measured over the entire composition range at 298.15 K, 303.15 K, 308.15 K, and 313.15 K. The experimental data have been used to calculate excess molar volumes. Partial molar volumes of MA/EA/BA/STY in benzene at infinite dilution and at different temperatures have also been evaluated. The results were discussed in terms of molecular interactions prevailing in the mixtures.     

Thermophysical Properties of Gaseous Tungsten Hexafluoride from Speed-of-Sound Measurements

The speed of sound was measured in gaseous WF₆ using a highly precise acoustic resonance technique. The data span the temperature range from 290 to 420 K and the pressure range from 50 kPa to the lesser of 300 kPa or 80% of the sample's vapor pressure. At 360 K and higher temperatures, the data were corrected for a slow chemical reaction of the WF₆ within the apparatus. The speed-of-sound data have a relative standard uncertainty of 0.005%. The data were analyzed to obtain the ideal-gas heat capacity as a function of the temperature with a relative standard uncertainty of 0.1%. These heat capacities are in reasonable agreement with those determined from spectroscopic data. The speed-of-sound data were fitted by virial equations of state to obtain the temperature dependent density virial coefficients. Two virial coefficient models were employed, one based on square-well intermolecular potentials and the second based on a hard-core Lennard–Jones intermolecular potential. The resulting virial equations reproduced the sound-speed data to within ±0.005% and may be used to calculate vapor densities with relative standard uncertainties of 0.1% or less. The hard-core Lennard–Jones potential was used to estimate the viscosity and the thermal conductivity of dilute WF₆. The predicted viscosities agree with published data to within 5% and can be extrapolated reliably to higher temperatures.     

Vapor–Liquid Equilibrium of HFC-32/134a And HFC-125/134a Systems

A vapor-liquid equilibrium apparatus has been developed and used to obtain data for the binary HFC-32/134a and HFC-125/134a systems. Twenty-two equilibrium data are obtained for the HFC-32/134a system over the temperature range from 258.15 to 283.15 K at 5 K intervals and the composition range from 0.2 to 0.8 liquid mole fraction. Twenty-five equilibrium data are obtained for the HFC-125/134a system over the temperature range from 263.15 to 303.15 K at 10 K intervals and the composition range from 0.18 to 0.81 liquid mole friction. These data have been tested and found to be thermodynamically consistent. Based upon the present data, the binary interaction parameters of the Carnahan-Starling-De Santis (CSD) and Redlich–Kwong–Soave (RKS) equations of state are calculated for five isotherms for the HFC-125/134a mixture and six isotherms for the HFC-32/134a mixture. The calculated results from the CSD equation are compared with data in the open literature.     

Identification of environmentally acceptable low-sound speed liquids

Liquids with unusually low sound speeds are required as filling fluids for sonar targets and acoustic lenses. In this paper, we report on the search for environ mentally acceptable fluids for these purposes. A precision variable pathlength interferometer, incorporating some novel features, has been constructed and used to make sound speed measurements on a number of liquids with low speeds of sound. The measurements were made. with a precision of ±0.05 % and an uncertainty of ±0.2%. at atmospheric pressure and at various temperatures in the range 273.15 to 303.15 K. The most promising low-sound speed liquid identified wasn-perlluorohexane, which has a sound speed below 600 m · s^–1 in the temperature range of interest here. This liquid forms homo geneous mixtures over at least part of the temperature range with several alkanes includingn-pentane,n-hexane, and 2,2-dimethylbutane. Experimental results for binary mixtures of perfluorohexane isomers with each of the aforementioned alkanes are reported.Paper presented at the Twelfth Symposium on Thermophysical Properties, June 19–24, 1994, Boulder, Colorado, U.S.A.     

Speed of sound,isochoric heat capacity,and coefficient of isothermal compression of heavy water at atmospheric pressure

Experimental values of the speed of sound in heavy water at atmospheric pressure are presented for temperatures to 100°C. Values of isochoric heat capacity and the coefficient of isothermal compression are calculated for heavy water at atmospheric pressure over the temperature range indicated.Translated from Inzhenerno-Fizicheskii Zhurnal, Vol. 34, No. 1, pp. 110–113, January, 1978.     

Ultrasonic Velocity Studies of Drug Parvon-spas in Mixed Alcohol–Water Solvent Systems at 25°C

Ultrasonic velocities and densities of the drug Parvon-spas in binary mixtures of water with methanol (MeOH), ethanol (EtOH), and propan-1-ol (1-PrOH) have been measured over the complete solvent composition range at 10 mol% intervals at 25°C. Various acoustic parameters such as the acoustic impedance (Z), adiabatic compressibility (β), intermolecular free length (L_f), relative association (R.A.), molar volume (V_m), and molar sound velocity (R_m) have been calculated. In addition, excess functions, i.e., excess adiabatic compressibility (β^E), excess intermolecular free length (L_f^E), excess molar volume (V^E), excess ultrasonic velocity (U^E), and excess acoustic impedance (Z^E) for these three solvent mixtures in the absence and presence of the drug have been calculated. A different behavior of these parameters in these alcohol systems has been discussed in terms of the length of the alcohol molecule, the molecular volume, as well as inter/intramolecular interactions of these molecules.