抗角蛋白Fab抗体在大肠杆菌中的表达与复性研究

目的 :用大肠杆菌分别表达抗角蛋白抗体的轻链和Fd片段 ,体外复性得到Fab抗体。方法 :从已构建的质粒p3MH/Fab中 ,亚克隆抗角蛋白抗体的轻链和Fd片段基因 ,并分别插入载体pET32a中 ,构建重组质粒。以重组质粒分别转化大肠杆菌BL2 1(DE3) ,在IPTG诱导下进行表达。SDS PAGE分析发现 ,在相对分子量 (Mr)为 2 5 0 0 0处有外源蛋白表达。轻链和Fd片段变性后等量混合于折叠液中 ,复性后形成Mr 约为4 5 0 0 0的蛋白。结果 :成功地表达抗角蛋白抗体的轻链和Fd片段 ,ELISA和Westernblot证实 ,复性产物具有与角蛋白结合的能力。结论 :获得了具有活性的抗角蛋白的Fab抗体 ,为其应用研究打下了基础 ,也表明包涵体表达基因工程抗体技术是可行的。     

人源抗HBs基因工程抗体在E. coli中的高效表达与折叠研究

目的 高效表达是基因工程抗体走向临床的关键问题之一.本试验旨在研究人源抗HBs基因工程抗体在E. coli中的高效表达与折叠.方法 本实验将抗HBsAg抗体的轻链(L)和重链Fd段基因,分别克隆于pET20b质粒中并分别转化到大肠肝菌BL21(DE3),IPTG诱导后,SDS-PAGE分析发现在Mr27 000(L)和Mr25 000(Fd)处有外源蛋白表达,表达蛋白含量分别为53%和48%.L链和Fd 包涵体蛋白经盐酸胍变性后,等量混合于折叠液中.结果 L和Fd可复性形成了Mr约50 000的蛋白,ELISA结果表明,复性蛋白具有与HBsAg结合的能力.结论 抗HBsAg抗体Fab段在大肠杆菌中的表达与复性的成功,表明包涵体表达基因工程抗体在技术是可行的.     

抗甲型肝炎病毒抗体Fab在大肠杆菌中的表达

目的 在大肠杆菌中高效表达人源抗HAV抗体Fab，为进一步研究该抗体的功能奠定基础。方法 依次将抗HAV抗体的Fd及轻链基因克隆到表达载体pASK84的不同信号序列下，构建成Fab表达质粒，在大肠杆菌JM83中进行表达，并对表达产物进行复性。用SDS－PAGE、western blot和ELISA法检测Fab的表达及其与甲肝病毒抗原的结合活性。结果 构建了抗HAV Fab的重组表达质粒p84Fab，在大肠杆菌JM83中获得表达，表达的Fab占全菌的25％，主要以包涵体形式存在，复性后具有抗原结合活性；培养基、菌体可溶性蛋白部分也能检测到有抗原结合活性的Fab。结论 抗HAV抗体Fab在大肠杆菌中得到了表达，并具有良好的抗原结合活性。     

人源抗HBsAg 抗体Fd段和L链高效表达菌株的筛选

目的：选用高效表达载体分析高效表达人源抗HBsAg抗体的Fd段和L链，经体纯化和变性复性使Fd段和L链之间形成二硫键，最终制备有活性、高产量的人源抗HBsAg基因工程抗体Fab。方法：用PCR法从可溶性表达重组质粒抗HBsAg Fad Comb3扩增Fd段和L链后分别构建高效表达载体PQE32－Fd和PQE332－L，并分别导入大肠杆菌M15中进行表达，用SDS－PAGE筛选出高效表达克隆。结果：SDS-PAGE筛选的高效表达克隆M15－PQE32－Fd和M15－PQE32－L经IPTG诱导后以包涵体形式表达，其表达量很高。从高效表达克隆重新扩增Fd段和L链后进行测序鉴定发现所得的序列与已报道的抗HBsAg抗体Fab基因吻合率为97％。结论：虽然已有表达可溶性人源抗HBsAg基因工程抗体Fab的报道，但因其表达量低而不能实际应用。筛选出高效表人源抗HBsAg抗体Fd段和L链的克隆，因为包涵体形式表达需经变性复性，虽然变性复性后其产量会受影响，但因表达量很高，所以还是具有很高的实际应用价值。其包涵体变性复性条件仍需进一步探讨。     

人源抗NH-LBP Fab抗体的制备和初步鉴定

目的：构建人源抗脂多糖结合蛋白氨基端片段（NH-LBP）Fab抗体的原核表达载体, 并制备高稳定性Fab抗体.方法：用PCR方法, 从可溶性表达抗NH-LBP抗体的重组质粒pComb3H-Fab中扩增出VH链和VL链基因序列, 分别构建表达质粒pET-28a（＋）-VH和pET-28a（＋）-VL, 并于工程菌BL21（DE3）star中分别表达及TALON柱芯亲和纯化, 将抗体片段VH和VL共同复性, 通过二硫键形成Fab抗体, 再采用ELISA法初步鉴定其与NH-LBP的结合力.结果：扩增出VL链和VH基因片段长约为650 bp和700 bp, 经BL21star表达出相对分子质量（Mr）约为28　000和30　000的目的蛋白, 共同折叠后所获得Fab抗体与NH-LBP具有较高的结合力.结论：成功地制备抗NH-LBP Fab抗体, 为临床抗炎研究提供了条件.     

恶性疟原虫环子孢子蛋白单链抗体与按蚊cecropin A融合基因的构建、原核表达及生物学活性的初步分析

根据按蚊偏嗜性密码子对鼠源性恶性疟原虫环子孢子蛋白单链抗体2a10基因进行改造,并融合按蚊抗菌肽cecropin A编码基因。将获得的cecrop-m2a10融合基因克隆入原核表达载体pET32a（＋）中,对表达产物进行SDS-PAGE、Western-blot分析并利用琼脂糖扩散法检测其抗菌活性。结果对鼠源性环子孢子蛋白单链抗体2a10中6种氨基酸的170个核苷酸进行了改造,融合cecropinA编码基因,成功构建了cecrop-m2a10融合基因。靶基因在大肠杆菌中以融合蛋白和包涵体的形式高效表达,包涵体经尿素溶解变性及透析复性后表达蛋白的纯度达75%并具备抗大肠杆菌DH5α的活性。本实验为进一步研究cecrop-m2a10在转基因蚊中的多重抗病原效应提供了基础。     

抗CEA嵌合小分子抗体的构建与表达

目的 构建表达抗CEA小分子抗体,以利于放射免疫诊断及导向治疗。方法 构建CEA单链抗体基因,克隆入载体pKpL-3a,在大肠杆蓖中包涵体表达,ELISA检测活性,将轻重链基因克隆入分泌型表达载体pSCMH,在大肠杆菌中表达。ELISA检测活性,钭CEA嵌合抗体的轻链和Fd基因克隆入杆状病毒表达载体pAcUW51中,在sf9细胞中分泌表达,ELISA检测活性及测定产量,竞争抑制ELISA测定其识别的抗原表位。结果 多种方法复性的包涵体及原核分泌表达的单链相同的表位。结论 该CEA抗体基因在大肠杆菌中不能表达出有功能的分子。而在昆虫细胞中表达了具自学成才性抗体分子,某些抗体基因只有在真核细胞中才能表达出有功能的抗体分子。     

嵌合抗CD20抗体Fab片段在大肠杆菌中表达及活性鉴定

目的 :构建抗CD2 0 嵌合抗体Fab片段表达载体 ,并在大肠杆菌中进行高效可溶性分泌表达。方法 :利用PCR方法从抗CD2 0 单链抗体 (ScFv)表达载体上扩增抗CD2 0 抗体轻链可变区基因 (VL)、重链可变区基因 (VH) ,然后将VH、VL 基因重组到Fab表达载体pYZF中 ,构建抗CD2 0 Fab表达载体pYZF1cd2 0 ,并在 2 7C7菌中高效表这。结果 :经Fab表达载体转化的 2 7C7菌株 ,进行表达培养 ,经分离纯化获得具有CD2 0 特异结合活性的Fab片段 ,竞争性免疫荧光抑制实验表明 ,表达产物Fab片段能竞争性抑制鼠源性抗CD2 0 抗体HI47和CD2 0 表达细胞Raji细胞结合。结论 :在大肠杆菌中高效可溶性分泌表达有活性的抗CD2 0 嵌合抗体Fab片段。     

H37Rv结核分枝杆菌蛋白脯氨酸-谷氨酸8(PE8)的表达及其兔多克隆抗体制备

目的克隆Rv1040c结核分枝杆菌脯氨酸-谷氨酸8(PE8)基因、构建pET28a-PE8重组载体和表达纯化PE8蛋白,制备抗PE8多克隆抗体。方法利用重组克隆技术,将PE8基因克隆至原核表达载体pET28a,测序鉴定后,转化至大肠杆菌BL21(DE3),用0.5 mmol/L异丙基-β-D-硫代吡喃半乳糖苷(IPTG)诱导表达、稀释复性与纯化。用纯化PE8蛋白免疫新西兰大白兔,制备多克隆抗体,间接ELISA和Western blot法进行效价及特异性鉴定。结果成功构建pET28a-PE8原核表达载体, ITPG诱导后PE8蛋白在大肠杆菌主要以包涵体的形式表达,复性后纯化PE8蛋白纯度达90%,纯化多克隆抗体效价为1∶430 080以上,能与PE8蛋白发生特异性反应。结论大肠杆菌表达的PE8重组蛋白免疫新西兰大白兔获得高效价的多克隆抗体。     

抗AIF单链抗体的构建与高效表达

目的获得具有生物活性的抗酸性同功铁蛋白(AIF)单链抗体。方法利用重组噬菌体抗体库技术从杂交瘤细胞4c9中分别克隆小鼠抗体重链可变区(VH)和轻链可变区(VL)基因,成功构建AIF4c9scFv基因,并将其亚克隆于原核表达载体pET28a,转化E.coliBL21(DE3),经IPTG诱导表达。表达产物经镍鏊合层析柱复性后,用ELISA和Westernblotting检测表达蛋白与AIF的结合特性。结果AIF4c9scFv表达蛋白在细胞质中主要以不溶性包涵体形式存在,优化后的柱内复性程序可从高浓度的包涵体变性蛋白中高效复性AIF4c9scFv表达蛋白,其回收率可达75%左右。AIF4c9scFv复性蛋白可特异识别AIF抗原,具有良好的AIF抗体活性,其亲和力常数(KDscFv)为7.29×10-8mol/L。表达菌体的功能性AIF4c9scFv抗体产量约为62mg/L。结论在大肠杆菌中高效表达的抗AIFScfv经柱内复性后具有较好的生物学活性。     

Schizophrenia in a North Swedish geographical isolate, 1900–1977. Epidemiology, genetics and biochemistry

Over 200 schizophrenic patients belonging to three major and interrelated pedigree complexes have been investigated over the past 30 years in a North Swedish geographically isolated population, presently numbering about 6,000. An intensive investigation of a number of biochemical correlates and genetic markers in a few selected families belonging to one of the major pedigrees has indicated new strategies for the current research program.
Schizophrenia, as defined operationally, is significantly associated with decreased activities of two enzymes (1) blood platelet monoamine oxidase, (2) plasma dopamine-β-hydroxylase, and (3) with the genetic marker Gc² (group specific antigen). Both enzymes are subject to genetic variation. A positive score for linkage between schizophrenia and low plasma DBH activity has been calculated, but, so far, available data are insufficient for discrimination between linkage and partial contribution of genetically controlled low plasma DBH to the pathogenesis of the disease. Alternatively, both mechanisms could be involved.
As a model for continued research, schizophrenia is explained as based on a double dominant-recessive genotype (Aabb), representing a vulnerability which in about 50 % of cases develops into clinical schizophrenia. It is suggested that the dominant mutation (A) operates on or affects MAO activity, and that the recessive genotype (bb) is instrumental in low variates of DBH activity and very likely such variates within the normal range of physiological variation. Moreover, it is suggested that the combined effects of MAO- and DBH-reduced efficiency on the metabolism of e.g. dopamine could be an essential pathogenic mechanism for the schizophrenic illness which is segregating in this population.     

The dominant diseases of modernized societies as omega-3 essential fatty acid deficiency syndrome: Substrate beriberi

About 1900, modern food selection and processing caused widespread $\text{epidemics}$ of the B vitamin deficiency diseases of beriberi and pellagra which, for genetic reasons, often expressed as different diseases ranging from bowel and heart disease to dermatoses and psychoses. But the B vitamins merely help convert essential fatty acids (EFA) into the prostaglandin (PG) tissue regulators and it now turns out that, through hydrogenation, milling and selection of w3-poor southern foods, we have also been systematically depleting, by as much as 90%, a newly discovered trace Nordic EFA (w3) of special importance to primates and sole precursor of the PG3(4) series, even as a concurrent fiber deficiency increases body demand for EFA. Since substrate EFA is processed by many B vitamin catalysts, an EFA deficiency will mimic a $\text{panh}$ypovitaminosis B, i.e., a mixture of $\text{substrate}$ beriberi and $\text{substrate}$ pellagra resembling vitamin beriberi and pellagra but exhibiting as even more diverse $\text{endemic}$ disease. This would consitute a second stage of the Modern Malnutrition and explain why some workers now hold the dominant diseases of modermized societies to be new, nutritionally based, pellagraform yet lipid-related and to range, once again, from heart disease to psychosis. It is an assumption that our dominant diseases are unrelated to each other or are merely revealed by our diagnostic acumen and therapeutic success; and that hydrogenating millions of tons of food oils annually, to destroy the rancidity producing w3-EFA, is safe for $\text{primates}$. Extensive beriberiform disease is reported here in 32 typical cases taken from medical practice which responds strikingly to linseed oil supplements (60% w3-EFA) in confirmation of identical results in Capuchins.     

The universal muscular chain reaction,muscle spasm,Torsions, ruptures and extravasations. Chameleons of pathology and some manifestations of simple muscular disorders

Most bodily functions require the coordinated actions of complementary and supplementary paired muscle groups. Where this essential muscular cooperation is lacking, hollow organs may burst and others become literally screwed up, giving rise to many similar spastic diseases such as Torticollis, Twisted ovarian cyst, Torsion of the Testis, Volvulus of the intestines, Varicose Veins, Megacolon, Aortamegaly, Scoliosis, Erb's Palsy, Peyronie's Disease, Main-en-Griffe, Undescended Foot (Pes Cavus), Talipes, Strabismus. Spasm is “panenepidemic” and unclassified examples of Torsion Dystonia and Dyskinesia really are as common as debt and taxes.     

'Very sore nights and days': the child's experience of illness in early modern England, c.1580-1720

Sick children were ubiquitous in early modern England, and yet they have received very little attention from historians. Taking the elusive perspective of the child, this article explores the physical, emotional, and spiritual experience of illness in England between approximately 1580 and 1720. What was it like being ill and suffering pain? How did the young respond emotionally to the anticipation of death? It is argued that children’s experiences were characterised by profound ambivalence: illness could be terrifying and distressing, but also a source of emotional and spiritual fulfilment and joy. This interpretation challenges the common assumption amongst medical historians that the experiences of early modern patients were utterly miserable. It also sheds light on children’s emotional feelings for their parents, a subject often overlooked in the historiography of childhood. The primary sources used in this article include diaries, autobiographies, letters, the biographies of pious children, printed possession cases, doctors’ casebooks, and theological treatises concerning the afterlife.     

Guidelines for the Validation and Use of Immunoassays for Determination of Introduced Proteins in Biotechnology Enhanced Crops and Derived Food Ingredients

Recent advancements in agricultural biotechnology have created a need for analytical techniques to determine introduced proteins in crops enhanced through modern biotechnology techniques. These proteins are expressed in plant tissues and may be present in food ingredients. Immunoassays are ideally suited for protein detection and may be used as both quantitative and threshold methods. Microplate ELISA and lateral flow devices are two of the most commonly used immunoassay formats for agricultural biotechnology applications. This paper provides general background information and a discussion of criteria for the validation and application of immunochemical methods to the analysis of proteins introduced into plants and food ingredients using biotechnology methods. It is the result of a collaborative effort of members of the Analytical Environmental Immunochemical Consortium. This collaborative effort represents the combined expertise of several organizations to reach consensus on establishing guidelines for the validation and use of immunoassays. Further, the paper offers developers and users a consistent approach to adopting the technology as well as aid in producing accurate and meaningful results.     

Ultracryotomy: development and application (with examples from the yeast cytology) (author's transl)

The preparation steps usually necessary for obtaining ultrathin frozen sections of biological material (chemical prefixation, enclosing, cryoprotective treatment, freezing, sectioning, and post-staining the sections for transmission electron microscopy) are submitted to a critical analysis. The application of cryo-ultramicrotomy, in particularly for cytochemical purposes, is reviewed. Fundamental considerations of chemical prefixation and poststaining are supported by examples from yeast cytology. Furthermore, the efficiency of the cryo-ultramicrotomy (electron optical resolution of ultrastructural details) is demonstrated on yeast cells and protoplasts.     

Hypo- und Hypermagnesämie aus kardiologischer Sicht

Zusammenfassung Eine Reihe pathologischer Zustände bedingen Magnesiummangel. Zustände mit Hypermagnesämie sind ebenfalls bekannt, doch wesentlich seltener. Für den Kardiologen beachtenswert ist, daß unter Therapie mit bestimmten Diuretica bei Herzinsuffizienz, bei Herzinfarkt, Kardiomyopathie, Digitalisintoxikation und bestimmten Herzrhythmusstörungen Hypomagnesämie beobachtet wurde. Leider kann in der klinischen Routine nur ein extracelluläres Magnesiumdefizit durch Serumbestimmungen gemessen werden; über Magnesiummangel einzelner Organe kann nichts ausgesagt werden. Hinweise für Magnesiummangel geben aber neben der Messung des Serumspiegels Anamnese, klinischer Befund, bestimmte EKG-Veränderungen wie auch evtl. Hypokalämie, ein Zustand, bei dem sich oft — besonders bei Aldosteronismus — parallele Veränderungen zeigten.Tierexperimente deuten darauf hin, daß infarktähnliche Läsionen unter Magnesiummangel entstehen, doch ob Herzinfarkt beim Menschen durch Magnesiummangel ausgelöst werden kann, ist noch ungeklärt. In Leichenherzen zeigte sich im Infarktgebiet neben Calciumakkumulation signifikanter Magnesiumverlust, wobei unklar blieb, ob sich Ursache oder Folge des Infarktes widerspiegelten. Falls ein ursächlicher Zusammenhang besteht, ist er im Myokardstoffwechsel selbst zu suchen, wie bei der Alkoholkardiomyopathie, wo myokardialer Magnesiummangel zumindest als pathogenetischer Teilfaktor anerkannt wird. Andererseits versucht man aber auch Beziehungen zwischen Atherosklerose, Blutgerinnung und Hypomagnesämie herzustellen, in der Meinung, daß Magnesiummangel auch über den coronaren Pathomechanismus des Herzinfarktes wirken könnte. Sicher scheint, daß gewisse EKG-Veränderungen und Herzrhythmusstörungen durch einen irritierten Magnesiumhaushalt bedingt sein können, da sie bei Gabe bzw. Entzug von Magnesium verschwinden. Daß Magnesiummangel die Glykosidtoleranz verringert, wird tierexperimentell bestätigt. Unter Hypomagnesämie bewirkt Acetylstrophanthidin eher und länger Rhythmusstörungen als ohne, außerdem lassen diese sich durch Magnesiumgaben eliminieren. Da in gewissen Fällen spontane und digitalisinduzierte Herzrythmusstörungen durch Magnesiuminjektionen beseitigt wurden, scheint Magnesium als Therapeuticum angebracht. Einsatz verschiedener Magnesiumsalze bei Angina pectoris, degenerativen Herzerkrankungen und Herzinsuffizienz ohne geprüften und offensichtlich gestörten Magnesiumhaushalt ist fragwürdig, weil keine eindeutigen klinischen Erfolgsbeweise vorliegen. Immerhin mag es aber larvierte, durch Serumbestimmungen nicht erfaßbare Mangelzustände geben. Allgemein erscheint es aus kardiologischer Sicht ratsam, den Magnesiumhaushalt zu überwachen und in entsprechenden Fällen auszugleichen, um möglichen Myokardläsionen oder fatalen Herzrhythmusstörungen entgegenzuwirken.     

HLA in North Colombia Chimila Amerindians

HLA-A,-B,-C,-DRB1 and -DQB1 alleles have been studied in Chimila Amerindians from Sabana de San Angel (North Colombian Coast) by using high resolution molecular typing. A frequent extended haplotype was found:HLA-A*24:02-B*51:10-C*15:02-BRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02 (28.7%) which has also been described in Amerinndian Mayos Mexican population (Mexico, California Gulf, Pacific Ocean). Other haplotypes had already been found in Amerindians from Mexico (Pacific and Atlantic Coast), Peru (highlands and Amazon Basin), Bolivia and North USA. A geographic pattern according to HLA allele or haplotype frequencies is lacking in Amerindians, as already known. Also, five new extended haplotypes were found in Chimila Amerindians. Their HLA-A*24:02 high frequencies characteristic is shared with aboriginal populations of Taiwan; also, HLA-C*01:02 high frequencies are found in New Zealand Maoris, New Caledonians and Kimberly Aborigines from Australia. Finally, this study may show a model of evolutionary factors acting and rising one HLA allele frequency (-A*24:02), but not in others that belong to the same or different HLA loci.     

The case for allele‐specific recognition by the TCR

There is a sharp difference in how one views TCR structure–function–behaviour dependent on whether its recognition of major histocompatibility complex‐encoded restriction elements (R) is germline selected or somatically generated. The generally accepted or Standard model is built on the assumption that recognition of R is by the V regions of the αβ TCR, which is not driven by allele specificity, whereas the competing model posits that recognition of R is allele‐specific. The establishing of allele‐specific recognition of R by the TCR would rule out the Standard model and clear the road to a consideration of a competing construct, the Tritope model. Here, the case for allele‐specific recognition (germline selected) is detailed making it obvious that the Standard model is untenable.