河滨湿地不同植物群落根系分布特征与土壤理化性状的关系——以黄河中游荥阳段为例

在黄河中游郑州荥阳段,选择了5种河滨湿地植物群落进行根系和土壤性状特征研究,以期阐明不同植物群落的根系分布规律与土壤性状的关系,为河滨湿地植物群落组成以及土壤质量恢复提供科学参考。结果表明(1)在0—40 cm土层,根生物量密度与根长密度的平均值均表现为：芦苇群落(Phragmites australis)和芦苇-狗牙根(Cynodon dactylon)群落均大于芦苇-拂子茅(Calamagrostis epigeios)-狗牙根群落、拂子茅-狗牙根群落、拂子茅-狗牙根-水莎草(Juncellus serotinus)群落。拂子茅-狗牙根、芦苇-拂子茅-狗牙根、拂子茅-水莎草-狗牙根三种植物群落类型下根生物量密度、根长密度在0—20 cm表层土壤较大,芦苇群落和芦苇-狗牙根群落的根生物量密度、根长密度在10—40 cm的土层较大。(2)黄河河滨湿地芦苇群落、芦苇-狗牙根群落的土壤以粉粒为主,拂子茅-狗牙根群落、芦苇-拂子茅-狗牙根群落、拂子茅-狗牙根-水莎草群落的土壤主要以砂粒为主。在0—40 cm土层,芦苇群落、芦苇-狗牙根群落的土壤含水率、土壤有机质、有效氮和有效磷含量均显著高于...     

艾比湖湿地典型植物群落下土壤有机质空间变异性研究

以具有特殊气候和成土母质的艾比湖湿地为研究区, 运用传统统计学和地统计学相结合的方法对4 种典型植物群落下土壤有机质含量变化进行研究。结果表明: (1)不同季节下4 种植物群落土壤有机质含量变异系数均为中等变异; (2)随着土层深度的增加, 碱蓬群落下各层土壤有机质含量在0-5 cm 和50-60 cm 较高, 芦苇群落和盐节木群落各层土壤有机质含量在10-20 cm 较高, 梭梭群落下各层土壤有机质在一定区域范围内空间特征性显著, 且植物群落中土壤有机质含量均具有较强的空间相关性, 5 月芦苇群落的变异程度大于其他植物群落。总体来说, 不同季节芦苇群落下土壤有机质的空间变异范围均较大, 说明距湖远近对土壤有机质空间具有一定的影响。     

黄河三角洲人工恢复芦苇湿地生态系统健康评价

研究目的是对黄河三角洲人工恢复芦苇湿地生态系统的健康状况进行评价。按照层次分析法的思想,从环境、植物群落和植物生理生化特征等3个方面构建评价指标体系。在专家意见的基础上,确定各个指标的权重,计算生态系统健康指数。通过与自然芦苇湿地对比,对人工恢复芦苇湿地的健康状况进行评价。结果显示:人工恢复芦苇湿地的土壤有机质、全氮和全盐含量、群落盖度、密度和地上生物量等指标显著低于自然芦苇湿地,地表水电导率、叶片的APX、DHAR、MDHAR等酶的活性显著高于自然芦苇湿地,其生态系统健康指数低于自然芦苇湿地。这说明在短时间内,人工恢复芦苇湿地的健康状况和自然芦苇湿地还存在一定差距。恢复时间对生态系统健康评价有重要影响,长时间尺度上监测数据的积累是全面、深入了解生态系统、评价生态系统健康状况所必需的。     

艾比湖湿地植物群落土壤酶活性特征及影响因素

为研究艾比湖湿地不同植物群落土壤酶活性的季节变化规律及影响因素,2015—2016年5、8和11月以绕湖一周范围内的梭梭-柽柳、梭梭、胡杨、芦苇为研究对象,对4种植物群落下不同月土壤过氧化氢酶、磷酸酶和脲酶活性及理化因子进行分析。结果表明:(1)各植物群生境的差异使酶活性有明显变化,呈现出芦苇群落梭梭群落胡杨群落梭梭-柽柳群落。不同植物群落下酶活性具有明显的季节变化,梭梭-柽柳、梭梭、胡杨群落土壤过氧化氢酶、磷酸酶、脲酶的峰值分别出现在5月(2.72、3.31和2.94 mg/g)、(1.18、1.32和0.69 mg/g)和(0.18、0.34和0.17 mg/g),而芦苇群落3种酶活性的峰值出现在8月(5.18、1.20和0.66 mg/g);谷值均出现在11月。(2) 4种植物群落下各月土壤酶活性与土壤有机质、全磷呈显著正相关,而与土壤盐分呈负相关;除芦苇群落外,其他群落8月土壤温度与酶活性呈负相关。(3) 4种植物群落各月间土壤酶活性受多因素的共同影响,土壤盐分、有机质、全磷是影响艾比湖湿地不同植物间土壤酶活性的主导因素,土壤温度和含水量对不同月土壤酶活性的影响更为显著。     

植物群落和植被的概念

一、什么叫做植物群落在自然界里,植物通常都是成群地生长着的,即使在植物生长很不利的荒漠中,也不易找到单独生长的、并与其他植物毫无关联的植物。如此,在某一定的地面上成群生长的、或大或小的植物群,都呆以叫做植物群落。植物群落一般都是由多种植物组成的。由单独一种植物组成的植物群落,在自然界中是很少见到的。例如有时候偶然也可以在河岸附近或湖泊旁边看且单纯由芦苇组成的群落;但这只是从高等植物的角度上来看,因为在芦苇丛中,无论如何也具有很多细菌和土壤微生物,如果把这些     

互花米草入侵九段沙河口湿地对当地昆虫多样性的影响

为认识因互花米草(Spartinaalterniflora)入侵而给九段沙河口湿地昆虫多样性带来的影响,我们于2004年5月到2005年10月间用网捕和收割植株两种方法对3个典型植物群落中昆虫多样性作了连续调查。研究期间,共采集到昆虫11,300头。经鉴定为97个种,隶属于12目69科。互花米草群落中昆虫的物种数、个体数量以及Shannon-Wiener多样性指数均显著低于土著植物芦苇(Phragmitesaustralis)群落和海三棱藨草(Scirpusmariqueter)群落中的;而Simpson优势度指数较土著植物群落中高。聚类分析结果表明:芦苇与海三棱藨草群落中昆虫群落结构更为相似。互花米草的入侵将可能导致九段沙湿地昆虫多样性的降低和群落结构的改变。     

黄河三角洲植物群落与环境因子的典范分析和主分量分析

黄河三角洲自然植物群落的主要类型是盐生灌丛和草甸。植物群落的类型分布主要决定于环境中的土壤水分含量及土壤盐分含量。植物群落与其环境因子的典范相关系数为０．９９７（第一对典范变量）。在土壤水分含量由高低的梯度上,依次分布着芦苇群落、香蒲群落、芦苇－荻群落、獐茅群落、盐地碱蓬群落、柽柳群落、白茅－茵陈蒿群落、獐茅－菌陈蒿群落、白茅群落、茵陈蒿群落;在土壤盐分含量由高到低的梯度上,依次分布着盐地碱蓬群落     

黄河三角洲芦苇种群特征对水深环境梯度的响应

通过野外调查芦苇种群特征及获取的监测数据,应用多元统计法、函数极值法以及β多样性指数测度法,对黄河三角洲芦苇种群在不同环境梯度（以水深为主）条件下的生物生态学特征及β多样性进行了分析.（1）通过离差平方和聚类分析方法,将研究区的10个调查样地划分为6个类型.随水深环境梯度变化,各样地群落优势植物也发生相应变化.（2）芦苇的平均高度和平均茎粗与平均水深呈显著相关.芦苇平均密度和平均盖度值与平均水深拟合曲线的变化呈非线性变化趋势.在平均水深为0.3m时,芦苇平均密度和平均盖度出现明显的峰,随水深变化向峰两侧递减,而芦苇平均株高和平均茎粗随水深增加呈递葺增趋势.（3）通过β多样性分析,黄河三角洲存在明显的环境梯度变化,随着水深的变化,物种间存在明显的替代关系.通过离差平方和聚类分析后得出的各相邻样地（水深段）间的Sorensen指数值均大于不相邻样地（水深段）间的值.水生环境植物群落间的相似性程度较大,而旱生环境植物群落间相似性程度较小.     

南水北调工程对湖泊湿地土壤呼吸速率及碳排放的影响研究

【摘要】湿地是地球三大生态系统之一, 其碳汇功能对应对全球气候变化具有举足轻重的作用。为了阐明湖泊湿地土地利用变化条件下不同植物群落土壤呼吸速率变化及其与相关环境因子的关系, 运用LI-8100A开路式土壤碳通量测量系统, 测定了东平湖湿地典型植物群落(香蒲、芦苇、杨树林)以及应季作物的春季、夏季土壤呼吸速率, 并对大气温度、大气相对湿度、光照强度、土壤温度以及土壤水分等环境因子进行了监测。结果表明:东平湖湿地不同植物群落春夏土壤呼吸速率有明显不同, 夏季呼吸速率高于春季; 不同群落之间土壤呼吸速率也有较大差异, 应季作物土壤呼吸速率均值最大, 其次是香蒲群落和芦苇群落, 杨树林群落最小。从整体看, 南水北调东线工程的实施, 扩大了芦苇、香蒲群落和杨树林群落的面积, 减少了农作物的面积, 对减少碳排放起到了积极作用。为增强湖泊湿地的碳汇功能, 减少温室气体的排放, 应进一步增加湿地植物中木本植物的面积, 减少农作物种植面积; 不同土层温度对不同群落土壤呼吸速率的影响不同, 香蒲群落土壤呼吸速率与0-5 cm土层温度呈正相关, 芦苇群落土壤呼吸速率与0-5 cm, 5-10 cm土层温度呈正相关, 杨树林群落土壤呼吸速率与0-5 cm, 20-25 cm土层温度呈正相关关系。     

黄河三角洲湿地草本植被的双变量主坐标排序

利用双向指示种（TWINSPAN）分类技术将黄河三角洲湿地草本植被划分为7个群落类型,然后应用双变量主坐标分析（double principal coordinate analysis, DPCoA）法对其进行排序,结果表明：在物种组成上,芦苇＋盐地碱蓬群落为芦苇群落和盐地碱蓬＋芦苇群落、盐地碱蓬群落、盐地碱蓬＋补血草＋碱蓬群落、补血草群落的过渡类型,而芦苇＋穗状狐尾藻群落与其他群落类型差异较大;黄河三角洲湿地草本植被的分布主要与土壤因子中的土壤盐分、土壤pH等紧密相关,而与土壤全磷、全氮、有机质等养分无显著相关关系。将DPCoA和其他一些常用的植被排序方法进行了比较,相对于主分量分析（PCA）和除趋势对应分析（DCA）而言,DPCoA信息保留量更高,能够将物种组成和类别上较为接近的植物群落聚集在一起,而将差异较大的植物群落在排序图中分散开来,在揭示群落间相互关系以及植被与环境之间关系上可能更为有效。     

塔里木河中下游湿地及周边植物群落与环境因子的关系初探

选取塔里木河中下游湿地及周边16个典型植物群落样地调查和环境因子数据,采用主分量分析(PCA)排序技术和回归分析,定量分析湿地及周边植物群落在空间上的分布格局,以及群落结构特征和环境梯度之间的关系.结果表明,影响塔里木河中下游湿地及周边植物群落分布的第1主分量中,土壤水分和盐分影响最大,贡献率为35.70％;在第2主分量中,土壤养分的影响最大,贡献率为25.97％.植物群落分布的生境可分为沼生轻盐中营养生境、湿生中盐中营养生境、中生中盐低营养生境和中旱生重盐低营养生境4种类型.沿不同生境依次分布着沼泽植被、草甸植被、河岸疏林和盐生荒漠 盐化灌丛植被.塔里木河中下游湿地及周边植物群落的生态优势度与土壤水分和盐分复合梯度呈显著的一元线性相关.二元回归分析结果显示,塔里木河中下游湿地及周边土壤水分和盐分复合梯度与多样性指数和生态优势度二元指标呈极显著相关.     

三江源地区不同建植期人工草地植被特征及其与土壤特征的关系

研究了三江源地区不同建植期人工草地群落生物量、物种组成、多样性指数和土壤理化特征,并用多元逐步回归分析法探讨了土壤理化特征对群落生物量、多样性变化的响应.结果表明:研究区不同建植期人工草地植物群落的种类组成、植物功能群组成和群落数量特征存在显著差异;土壤含水量随着物种多样性指数的增加而增加,土壤容重随着物种多样性的增加而减小;土壤微生物生物量碳与土壤含水量、土壤有机质呈极显著正相关,与土壤容重呈极显著负相关;土壤有机碳含量明显呈"V"字型变化,且与土壤含水量的变化趋势相一致,随土壤容重的增加而减少;群落生物量与土壤养分和土壤含水量之间呈显著正相关,群落地上、地下生物量的增加有利于提高土壤养分含量.     

Wetland drying indirectly influences plant community and seed bank diversity through soil pH

High altitude wetlands on the Tibetan Plateau have been shrinking due to anthropogenic disturbances and global climate change. However, the few studies that have been conducted on wetlands are inconclusive about the effect of soil moisture on seed banks and potential of seed banks in wetlands with different levels of soil moisture for regeneration of dried wetlands. We investigated seed banks and plant communities along a soil moisture gradient. A structural equation model was used to analyze the direct and indirect effects of soil moisture on seed banks, as well as the relationship between plant communities and seed banks. Although soil moisture had no direct effects on seed bank richness and density and indirect effects on seed banks through plant community, it had indirect effects on the seed bank through soil pH. Soil moisture also did not have direct effects on plant community richness, but it had indirect effects through soil pH. Plant community composition changed with soil moisture, but aboveground plant abundance and seed banks composition did not change. Low similarity exists between plant community and seed banks for all wetlands, and similarity decreased along the moisture gradient. The key factor determining plant community diversity was soil pH, while seed bank diversity was mainly affected by soil pH and plant community diversity with wetland drying. Although potential for regenerating the plant community from the seed bank decreased with an increase in soil moisture, drained wetlands still have enough residual seeds for successful restoration of species-rich alpine meadows.     

Vegetation types of the deltaic Mediterranean coast of Egypt and their environment

Abstract. The delta section of the Mediterranean coast of Egypt canbe divided ecologically into four main habitats: salt marsh, sand formation, reed swamp and fertile non-cultivated land. In each habitat vegetation types can be distinguished based on the dominance of single species. The salt marsh habitat comprises five such communities dominatedby: Zygophyllumaegyptium, inula crithmoides, Arthrocnemum macrostachyum, Juncus acutus and Ha-locnemum strobilaceum. The vegetation of the sand formation includes 11 communities dominatedby: Elymus farctus ssp.farctus, Alhagigraecorum, Cynodon dactylon, Heliotropium curassavicum, Stipagrostis lanata, Thyme-laea hirsuta, Moltkiopsis ciliata, Asparagus stipularis and Pancratium maritimum (sand dunes), Cressa crética and Phragmites australis (sand flats). The reed swamp habitat is dominated by Typha domingensis. In the fertile non-cultivatedlandAlhagigraecorum, Cynodon dactylon and Heliotropium curassavicum are the dominants. Quantitative cluster analysis revealed a lower number of clusters than there are dominance types, but on the whole the two systems are similar. Ordination and subsequent analysis of correlation between vegetation gradients and soilfactors showed that the decisive soil factors for the variation in salt marsh vegetation are moisture availability and CaC0₃ content, and for the sand formation soil moisture, - fertility and - salinity.     

Relationships between alkaloids in reed canarygrass (Phalaris arundinacea), soil moisture and nitrogen fertility

Abstract. The alkaloids of reed canarygrass respond to changes in soil moisture and nitrogen fertility. Gramine and hordenine levels increased under field conditions of moisture deprivation and this effect was enchanced when nitrogen fertilizer was applied. The level of 5-methoxy-N-methyltryptamine was affected mainly by the nitrogen amendment. Exceptional alkaloid levels in reed canarygrass are interpreted in relation to climatic and plant osmotic parameters. Improved TLC fluorescence scanning procedures are presented for quantifying reed canarygrass alkaloids.     

无视异绒螨产卵对不同土壤含水量的选择性观察

试验结果表明,除含水量为5％和17.5％的土壤外,无视异绒螨在含水量为7.5％～15％的范围内均可产卵,其中以含水量为12.5％的土壤产卵量最高,与其它土样之间存在着显著性差异。根据聚类分析结果,可将供试的土样分为3个类型,即最适产卵型(土壤含水量为12.5％)、适宜产卵型(土壤水量为7.5％～10％)和不宜产卵型(土壤含水量为5％、15％和17.5％)。     

Effects of Phragmites australis removal on marsh nutrient cycling

In the northeast US removal of exotic and invasive plant species is a common wetland restoration activity and the invasive common reed (Phragmites australis) is often the target of control efforts. We examined effects of reed removal on sediment nutrient pools and denitrification potential in a tidal freshwater marsh on the Connecticut River. In the first year after herbicide application and cutting of a reed stand, porewater ammonium concentrations in the removal area were about 4× higher relative to extant reed or cattail. Denitrification potentials were 50% lower than in a reference stand of reed. Denitrification activity had recovered by the second growing season after reed removal but porewater ammonium continued to accumulate. By the third growing season following reed removal, plant regrowth had occurred over approximately half the experimental plot and porewater ammonium had declined to pre-manipulation levels. Sediment organic content, moisture and porewater phosphate showed no significant response to reed removal over the four-year course of this study. Reed removal allowed regrowth of a more diverse plant community thereby achieving one of the goals of this restoration effort but patterns in ammonium accumulation and denitrification suggest a reduction in the capacity of this site to act as a sink for nitrogen.     

The variations of NPK of cowpea (Vigna unguiculata (L) Walp) leaves with tillage,plant maturity and flooding on a clay soil

Summary The NPK concentrations in cowpea leaves (cv California Blackeye No. 5) with stage of plant development did not vary significantly with tillage treatment but several features of the concentration of these different ions with age, stage of plant development, incidence of flooding and soil water content are significant.In the major rainy season when soil water content was adequate and seldom above field capacity, there was an almost linear increase in the concentration of N and P in the leaves up to 56 days after planting which coincided with fruit development. This suggested that the accumulation of N and P do take place after flowering which occurred 39 days after planting. The pattern of accumulation of N and P in the minor rainy season suggested that flooding and the occurrence of prolonged soil moisture contents above field capacity suppressed the accumulation of these two nutrients. Potassium accumulation was high in the early stages of cowpea growth and declined with age of the crop. Flooding and high soil moisture contents seem to have had little or no effect on potassium accumulation in the leaves. The pattern of accumulation of N and P suggests that the supply of these nutrients to the cowpea plant must remain high up to fruit development and that additional N and P would need to be added to the soil after a flooding event or when the soil moisture content is above field capacity for prolonged periods.     

科尔沁沙地植物群落圆环状分布成因地统计学分析

调查发现,在科尔沁沙地中部部分梁窝状沙丘的丘顶、丘坡和丘间地,植物群落依生境梯度而分布,呈典型圆环状分布格局．沙层水分状况分析表明,同一沙丘不同部位的沙层含水量为丘顶低于丘坡地,且二者均低于丘间地．地统计学分析表明,无论是流动沙丘还是固定沙丘,从丘顶、丘坡到丘间地,沙层含水量的空间异质性呈规律性的变化,块金值与基台值之比逐渐减小,变程逐渐减小,分维数逐渐增大,表明随机部分引起的空间异质性逐渐降低,而由空间自相关部分引起的空间异质性逐渐增高．因此,沙丘不同部位沙层含水量及其空间异质性的有规律变化是科尔沁沙地中部部分梁窝状沙丘植物群落呈圆环状分布格局的一个重要原因．