中小学绿色校园研究

中小学是基础教育的重要组成部分。随着我国经济社会的飞速发展和人口的增长,中小学的规模与日剧增。但无论是新建的中小学建筑还是改、扩建项目,目的都旨在为下一代提供更加健康、舒适、高效的使用空间。这一发展趋势与绿色建筑的内涵不谋而合。20世纪90年代,世界范围内掀起了“绿色学校”的运动,瑞典有绿色学校、澳洲有可持续发展学校、英国有生态学校、美国有健康学校。通过10多年的发展,在全球范围内已经有了相对成熟的评价标准,技术手段和运营策略。在我国,教育类建筑的可持续发展逐渐受到重视。论文通过梳理国内外的发展状况,分析评估标准和设计要素,试图探寻一条适合我国国情的中小学可持续发展道路。     

From pragmatic to politicized? The future of water remunicipalization in the United States

The United States has experienced swings of public and private operation of its water services for more than 150 years. This paper examines the most recent swing, that of remunicipalization. We argue that much of this remunicipalization is taking place for ‘pragmatic’ reasons related to cost savings and service quality, but there are also signs of more ‘politicized’ forms of water remunicipalization taking place, similar to efforts elsewhere in the world where the process has often involved heated ideological debates and mass mobilizations. Combined with a growing politicization of other social, economic, and environmental issues in the US, water remunicipalization could become more politicized in the future, but a fragmented ‘pro-public’ movement, combined with ongoing efforts to outsource water services and growing resistance to remunicipalization from private water companies, may constrain this potential.     

Jimmy Carter and Joe Frank Harris: creating growth management planning in Georgia, 1971–1989

Planning scholars have cited state growth management programmes as a critical outcome of the ‘quiet revolution’ in the regulation of land use in the United States, a phenomenon that Fred Bosselman and David Callies identified in 1971. Typically referring to a collection of state-level laws that provide support for planning, mandate local land-use plans, require coordination among adjacent jurisdictions, and enhance protections for fragile natural resources, the academic understanding of growth management has tended to be based on the experiences of a few environmentally ‘progressive’ states. The US state of Georgia has rarely been lauded for its efforts to regulate development. Yet in 1989, the state enacted a law that instituted new tools to improve coordination between local governments and the state, but stopped short of mandating local land-use planning. Like policies in other states, Georgia's growth management scheme was designed to strengthen state control over the local planning process. Unlike other states, Georgia's system did little to determine the location of that growth. This paper provides a detailed account of the political process by which an idea for reigning in ‘abusive’ land development hatched by Governor Jimmy Carter in the course of a government reform movement in the early 1970s was repurposed by Governor Joe Frank Harris in the 1980s to support urban sprawl.     

Avenues into Food Planning: A Review of Scholarly Food System Research

This review summarizes several avenues of planning inquiry into food systems research, revealing gaps in the literature, allied fields of study and mismatches between scholarly disciplines and the food system life cycle. Planners and scholars in associated fields have identified and defined problems in the food system as ‘wicked’ problems, complex environmental issues that require systemic solutions at the community scale. While food justice scholars have contextualized problem areas, planning scholars have made a broad case for planning involvement in solving these wicked problems while ensuring that the functional and beneficial parts of the food system continue to thrive. This review maps the entry points of scholarly interest in food systems and planning's contributions to its study, charting a research agenda for the future.     

The Intersection of Planning,Urban Agriculture,and Food Justice: A Review of the Literature

Problem, research strategy, and findings: We draw on a multidisciplinary body of research to consider how planning for urban agriculture can foster food justice by benefitting socioeconomically disadvantaged residents. The potential social benefits of urban agriculture include increased access to food, positive health impacts, skill building, community development, and connections to broader social change efforts. The literature suggests, however, caution in automatically conflating urban agriculture’s social benefits with the goals of food justice. Urban agriculture may reinforce and deepen societal inequities by benefitting better resourced organizations and the propertied class and contributing to the displacement of lower-income households. The precariousness of land access for urban agriculture is another limitation, particularly for disadvantaged communities. Planners have recently begun to pay increased attention to urban agriculture but should more explicitly support the goals of food justice in their urban agriculture policies and programs.

Takeaway for practice: We suggest several key strategies for planners to more explicitly orient their urban agriculture efforts to support food justice, including prioritizing urban agriculture in long-term planning efforts, developing mutually respectful relationships with food justice organizations and urban agriculture participants from diverse backgrounds, targeting city investments in urban agriculture to benefit historically disadvantaged communities, increasing the amount of land permanently available for urban agriculture, and confronting the threats of gentrification and displacement from urban agriculture. We demonstrate how the city of Seattle (WA) used an equity lens in all of its programs to shift its urban agriculture planning to more explicitly foster food justice, providing clear examples for other cities.     

The Dimensions of Urban Food Insecurity in Gaborone,Botswana

Research on food security in Botswana has mainly focused on the country’s rural areas. Much less is known about the extent and nature of food insecurity in the country’s cities and towns. This makes it difficult for development practitioners and policymakers to quantify the challenge and to make plans to reduce the food gap that exists in urban areas. In an effort to understand the extent and determinants of food insecurity in Gaborone, African Food Security Urban Network (AFSUN)’s local partner, the University of Botswana, undertook a baseline study of 400 households drawn from Old Naledi, White City/Bontleng and Broadhurst. Levels of food insecurity in these areas of Gaborone were high and, despite the economic health of Botswana compared to other Southern African Development Community (SADC) countries, no better than in many other cities. Only 12 % of households were completely food secure, while 62 % were severely food insecure. Food insecurity is endemic in the poorer parts of Gaborone, and Botswana’s ‘economic miracle’ is clearly not reaching many of these households.     

Planning to sustain depopulating communities: Japan and the USA

Japan today seeks to maintain sufficiency in food production even when food products may be bought more cheaply on the world market. Emphasis on agriculture maintains rural populations to a greater extent than in other advanced economies. Also supporting rural communities is a strong cultural identity with the village‐centred lifestyles of previous generations. While national industrial development policy is largely responsible for the Japanese economic ‘miracle’, this policy has emphasized concentration of research, production and people in urban areas. Those communities which cannot develop further in primary or secondary sectors may turn to tertiary services like tourism for sustaining traditional ways of life. This paper discusses these efforts, contrasts international and local traditions of planning service provision, and makes comparisons with experiences in the USA.     

Proud to be a Tenant: The Construction of Common Cause Among Residents in Social Housing

This paper demonstrates the assemblage of a distinctive body of combative beliefs among social housing tenants in England engaged in formal participation with their landlords. Applying the social movement diagnostic of frame analysis, the paper identifies three ‘collective identity frames’ that signify the construction of common cause among a diverse and fragmented tenant population. These frames celebrate social housing as a public good, promote grass-roots decision-making and advocate direct democracy to public services. They champion local knowledge and local services and articulate a commitment to collective action and collective provision that opposes itself to the individualising discourse of the market. Although a lack of unity characterises the organisation of social housing tenants, this assemblage of contentious claims may signify the continuation of narratives of a tenants' movement and indicate the cautious mobilisation of a distinctive ‘counter-discourse’ in housing policy.     

Planning and Design of Food System in Bajiao Community of Shijingshan District of Beijing under the Background of Healthy Community

Community is basic unit of healthy urban development.As main space of people’s daily life,community carries various functional needs of food,clothing,housing and transportation.Under concept of healthy community development,planning and design of community food system are studied in this paper.A good community food chain plays a positive role in improving people’s happiness and quality of life.In this paper,ArcGIS platform is used to build "food map" network system.Taking Bajiao Community in Shijingshan District of Beijing as an example,influence weight,spatial distribution and accessibility of food source are studied,and optimization strategies and development suggestions for food system planning and design are finally put forward.     

Cultivating Food Connections: The Toronto Food Strategy and Municipal Deliberation on Food

This paper shares an exploratory case study of the development of the Toronto Food Strategy as an urban food strategy, through the lens of public health. It asks: what is a food strategy and how does it work? We will answer these questions through an analysis and discussion of the Food Strategy development process and attention to three key mechanisms: (1) framing or directing attention to the diverse policy instruments that deal with food, (2) brokering working relationships between diverse stakeholders and across existing governance arrangements, and (3) leveraging existing resources. We also distinguish the work of the Food Strategy from the role of food policy councils in how they cultivate deliberative spaces to catalyse policy change.     

Gendered Mobilities and Food Access in Blantyre,Malawi

Access to food, rather than a shortage of food availability, is the central problem for urban household food security. Blantyre presents a useful case study for demonstrating the importance of linking gender and urban food security. Rates of urban food insecurity are less severe than in other cities surveyed by AFSUN. Yet, female-centred households were twice as likely to be severely food insecure as nuclear households. This paper offers some explanations for the survey findings by drawing on qualitative research to understand the gendered geographies of food access in Blantyre. The first point is that gender shapes mobility, which in turn shapes a household’s ability to increase its food security by procuring food from the most affordable sources, particularly peri-urban markets. The second point is that gender shapes a household’s ability to produce its own food, a popular livelihood strategy in Blantyre that often mitigates the effects of low incomes on household food security. The third point is that gender influences a person’s potential income, which shapes the household’s economic access to food. These three points demonstrate the multi-dimensional relationship between gender and urban food security.     

西方城市规划的新课题:社区食物系统

社区食物系统是西方城市规划的新课题。通过对西方城市规划近十几年关于食物问题的研究的梳理,研究首先说明了城市规划对食物系统的长期忽视及对食物问题的认识不足,进而阐述了食物问题的重要性和必要的价值判断;然后以现实中社区食物系统的构成和产生的主要矛盾说明了食物问题的复杂性和规划涉足食物领域的必要性;最后从规划干预社区食物系统的优势、出发点、任务及当前的一些研究重点方面,综合论述了规划在社区食物系统中所承担的职能。     

Skills,Conflict and Spatial Planning in Northern Ireland

This article investigates the power of ‘walls’ to constrain thought and silence diverse voices of reason within planning. Using die Mauer (The Berlin Wall) as a linking metaphor, this article juxtaposes mid‐1950s planning in a spatially‐ and ideologically‐divided Berlin (Germany) against Harland Bartholomew's mid‐1950s planning in a racially‐divided Louisville, Kentucky (USA). It then juxtaposes the latter against a mid‐1950s narrative about efforts to desegregate housing in Louisville. This juxtaposition reveals that some people in Louisville used the Cold War divide between East and West to reinforce the long‐standing racial divide between blacks and whites. Moreover, it reveals that, by deferring to Cold War‐related racial politics that could not be questioned, Bartholomew's technical approach to planning silenced other voices of reason and thereby reflected and reproduced the race‐inflected politics of the Cold War divide. The article concludes by briefly considering what Bartholomew might have done differently in the context and by exploring what this juxtaposition of stories implies for planning in the context of the contemporary ‘war against terrorists’.     

‘Problem families’ in public housing: discourse,commentary and (dis)order

This article contributes to a chain of literature extending back to the late nineteenth century on the ‘problem family’, particularly when encountered by housing providers as the ‘problem’ tenant. Using archival evidence of the techniques employed by one social housing provider in the mid-1970s to identify a definitive solution to the challenges posed by ‘problem’ households, I trace the patterns and practices in ‘problem family’ discourse more broadly, and their intersection with those of other discursive fields, particularly eugenics and social work. I show how attempts to define, identify and design models of rehabilitation for ‘problem families’ can be understood as forms of a discursive strategy which Foucault identified as ‘commentary’, and argue that such commentary remains intrinsic to welfare state efforts to tackle entrenched disadvantage.     

Food chains,small‐scale food enterprises and rural development: Illustrations from Ireland

The indigenous agri‐food sector in the Republic of Ireland has evolved to a stage where Irish companies are firmly implicated in a competitive European and global marketplace. Considerable restructuring of the sector has taken place, the central features of which are identified. One of the consequences has been a shift in the location of food industry employment to the more rural areas. Food chains and related state actions are described under three main product categories: agri‐industrial, organic and speciality foods. Small‐scale rural enterprises in the latter two categories form the main focus of the paper. Qualitative data from a study of these enterprises are used to discuss their recent growth and their production and marketing patterns, as well as their significance for rural development. They face particular problems in selling their products in a limited domestic market and in a context where more powerful interests are striving for greater efficiencies in food supply chains. The issues are analysed and producer options interpreted in terms of two general models: ‘incorporation’ into the dominant capital‐driven and globalizing market systems, or ‘adaptation’ by adhering to more localized and self‐controlled supply chains.     

Problematising responsibility in planning theory and practice: On seeing the middle of the string?

Spatial planners are often told that they must be responsible to ensure equitable and democratic planning processes, or to ensure the sustainability of our communities and wider planet. The words ‘responsible’ and ‘responsibility’ are readily assumed to be an unambiguous ethical stance that all spatial planners understand and undertake. Does this mean that when our planning outcomes are neither equitable nor sustainable (as in many cases), that we have failed in our responsibility? More fundamentally, what does responsibility actually mean and imply for our practices?In this monograph we problematise the concept of responsibility as a social construct from diverse theoretical perspectives. These perspectives draw on a tradition of duty, responsibility as delineation of the good, responsibility to the other regardless of proximity, and responsibility as the ability to act and accept liability for the consequences in ambiguous situations while allowing the potential for future radical betterment. We take empirical examples from the planning literature to demonstrate the implications of the various interpretations of responsibility and question each position through a lens of ideological analysis and critique prior to evaluating each perspective for its appropriateness in planning ethics and practice.We suggest that our questions are often undecidable and that ‘responsibility is like a string that we can only see the middle of. Both ends are out of sight’ [(McFee, 1916). Casuals of the sea: The voyage of a soul. New York: Doubleday]. We conclude by proposing a contemporary response to the conceptualisation of responsibility in spatial planning. This is a response predicated on the avoidance of avoidance in a globalising world.     

Testing and application of the computer model ‘SIMULEX’

A number of computer models for the evacuation of buildings have been produced in recent years. These models typically use a system known as ‘network-node’ modelling, which makes a number of large assumptions concerning human motion. Methods used in the software package ‘SIMULEX’ differ from the traditional methods of assessing motion in terms of average parameters and ‘flow rates’. The most significant feature of the model is the geometrically accurate simulation of the evacuation movement of each individual person from a building space. The algorithms which achieve this movement are not based on any standard method of evacuation modelling, so it is important to assess how realistic the algorithms prove to be, and also to investigate the performance of the system as a whole.This paper describes a series of tests in which SIMULEX models the movement of a large group of people through a number of exits of different widths. The maximum sustainable flow rates that were achieved in the tests are presented and compared to data from different sources. The application of SIMULEX to the proposed design of a large commercial store is also discussed.     

《工程造价改革工作方案》对核电工程造价的影响研究

在梳理《工程造价改革工作方案》中关于工程造价改革主要方向及其一般主要影响的基础上,结合核电行业造价管理特点,从加快完善标准体系建设、定额向清单体系过渡、过程结算逐步推广、数据库建立和应用等方面分析《工程造价改革工作方案》对核电工程造价的影响,并指出顺应改革转型需要关注的要点。     

SUSTAINABLE FOOD SYSTEMS AT URBAN PUBLIC UNIVERSITIES: A SURVEY OF U‐21 UNIVERSITIES

Urban communities are challenged by the conventional food system in diverse ways. To mitigate these challenges, a growing sustainable food system (SFS) movement mobilizes existing resources—including public institutions—to resolve disparities in access to healthy food, increase economic opportunities, conserve natural resources, and build a stronger, more local food system. Many public universities located in inner cities have adopted missions committing themselves to the improvement of their cities and regions. They also perform anchoring roles to revitalize their immediate neighborhoods, and, in a contemporary extension of their civic purposes, embrace sustainability as an institutional goal. Urban public universities therefore can play many SFS leadership roles, including through links to innovative scholarship, campus dining halls, other food retail such as farmers markets, and civic engagement activities such as community gardens. Through a study of 21 urban public universities, this paper investigates the presence and characteristics of SFS leadership, underlying rationales, and factors that support and oppose leadership.     

The Hungry Cities Food Purchases Matrix: Household Food Sourcing and Food System Interaction

Urban food insecurity is partly the result of interactions between households and the broader food system. There is considerable discussion and debate on the most appropriate measures of household food insecurity but very little on how to quantify interactions between households and the system. One priority is to develop food security metrics that incorporate household interactions with the food retail environment. The Hungry Cities Food Purchases Matrix (HCFPM) is one such metric developed for relating household food sourcing behaviour to that environment. The matrix has been successfully used by the Hungry Cities Partnership to shed light on food sourcing and food system interactions in a number of cities in the Global South. Using Maputo as a case study, this paper discusses the objectives, structure and potential of the HCFPM for African cities and illustrates how in can provide important insights into household-food system interactions. The HCFPM therefore opens up a new way of understanding household purchasing behaviour and associated food insecurity.