基于Flow Map的中美教材“氧化还原反应”难度比较

基于Flow Map对中美4种教材"氧化还原反应"内容难度的定量统计表明,中美教材的整合广度和表征深度的差异明显,美国教材的整合广度和表征深度均明显大于中国教材,即美国教材的相关难度较小;质性评价表明,美国教材以"化学变化中的电子"为认识核心,构建了"得失氧-氧的电负性与电子得失-氧化数与电子得失"的认知脉络,采用"电负性"作为先行组织者,更多运用对比与比较、情境推理与解释等信息处理策略,整合了大量的氧化还原反应应用类的知识。     

氧化还原反应教学中的几个问题

氧化还原反应是大学普通化学课程中的一个重点。某些普通化学教科书在叙述这部分内容时,还存在着一些值得商榷的问题。下面结合实验讨论其中的几个问题。一、氧化还原反应是可逆反应氧化还原平衡是四大平衡之一,但却很少讨论氧化还原反应的可逆性。下面的实验可以说明氧化还原反应可逆性这个问题。     

“蓝瓶子”实验再探究*

利用SPSS 25.0统计软件对“蓝瓶子”实验进行正交实验设计,通过统计学分析得出最佳实验条件。利用氧化还原传感器(ORP)对“蓝瓶子”振荡体系的电极电势变化曲线进行分析,并针对蓝色的产生和消失过程设计3组对比实验深入探究,阐明其反应原理,意在引导学生深刻理解趣味实验现象背后的微观反应本质。     

高中化学“氧化还原反应的应用”项目式教学——设计过氧化氢使用注意事项标签

以“设计过氧化氢使用注意事项标签”为项目主题,开展高中化学“氧化还原反应的应用”教学。学生通过说明书对比发现问题,完成“探究过氧化氢能否与氧化性物质混用”“探究过氧化氢为何不能与还原性物质混用”“探究过氧化氢起消毒作用原理”等3个主项目任务及“寻找日常生活中常见消毒剂”的拓展任务,完成过氧化氢性质的预测及验证,在探究过程中建构并应用价性模型,形成从化合价角度认识物质氧化性或还原性的思路方法,认识氧化还原反应的重要意义。本教学设计为单课时微项目,学生思维的开放度稍弱,可以适当延长课时。     

高中生氧化还原反应认知结构的调查

选取氧化还原反应为研究内容,用流程图法（Flow Chart）对30名高中生认知结构进行测查。可视化图形与认知结构变量定量分析均表明：学生个体关于氧化还原反应的认知结构存在较大的差异;学生的学习成绩、认知结构变量和信息处理策略两两密切相关,成绩好的学生的认知结构变量得分较高,在构建和组织知识的过程中倾向于采用高水平的信息处理模型;分析还发现大部分高三学生在氧化还原反应知识的学习中,已经很好地建立了反应中得失电子、化合价升降等概念,但对于具体的氧化还原反应的情境认知水平较低。     

口诀教学对高一学生氧化还原反应分析能力的影响

探讨在高一年级氧化还原反应新课教学中,使用口诀教学对学生氧化还原反应分析能力的影响,涉及简单氧化还原反应的分析广度和速度、不同复杂程度氧化还原反应的分析深度。结果显示:口诀教学对实验组学生氧化还原反应分析能力的形成和发展,起到良好的即时效果和保持效果;实验组和对照组学生的分析能力在教学过程中均获得显著提高,但表现出不同的发展过程。在此基础上,提出了若干教学和研究建议。     

解释驱动探究促进学生化学概念理解的研究

采用准实验研究设计,选择高一年级2个班的学生作为实验对象,对实验组学生进行教学干预,让他们采用解释驱动探究学习电解质和氧化还原反应概念,控制组学生按照学校正常教学安排进行。结果显示实验组学生的概念理解高于控制组,并且对氧化还原反应概念的理解呈现显著性差异。解释驱动探究有效促进了学生对科学概念的理解和迁移,并消除了相异构想。     

氧化还原反应的速度和机理

本文对如下几个问题作一些讨论:(1)氧化还原反应的速度和其电位差ΔΦ值的大小无关;(2)反应活化能;(3)对氧化还原反应机理作一粗略介绍。一、氧化还原反应的速度和ΔΦ值无关氧化还原反应不像酸碱反应那样可在瞬间完成。氧化还原反应进行的速度很不相同,有的进行的较快,许多氧化还原反应进行得很慢。两个半反应的电位Φ的差值,可预测所给的     

掺杂SrTiO3体系上甲烷氧化偶联反应的研究—活性氧物种的作用

本文采用循环氧化还原法,脉冲反应及TPD等实验手段对钙钛矿型氧化物掺杂SrTiO_3体系上甲烷氧化偶联反应中的活性氧物种的作用进行了研究.结果表明,催化剂由于掺杂产生的未被充分还原的氧物种(O~(α-)(0<α<2)是活化甲烷并促使其发生偶联反应的主要的活性中心,而表面晶格氧(O_L~(2-))则主要使甲烷深度氧化;消耗掉的未被充分还原的氧或晶格氧可以在高温下氧气氛中氧化复原.对于掺杂的SrTiO_3样品,体相中的氧在惰性气氛或还原气氛中可以向表面扩散.吸附氧可能不直接与甲烷作用而主要通过催化剂表面活性氧物种(O~(α-)或O_L~(2-))而起作用.     

基于绿色化学理念的苯甲醛与安息香的相互转化

为了在基础教学实验中引入绿色化学理念以及强化氧化还原反应操作,本文设计了苯甲醛和安息香的相互转化实验:以苯甲醛为原料经维生素B1催化得到安息香,再用硼氢化钠还原安息香得到二苯乙二醇,二苯乙二醇用新型绿色催化剂NaMnOx氧化回到苯甲醛。通过氢核磁共振(1H NMR)对氧化还原反应的产物结构进行了鉴定,液相色谱分析结果表明氧化反应转化率达到90%以上。通过这一循环转化反应的实现,一方面树立了学生的绿色化学理念,另一方面加强了氧化及还原反应的操作训练,在进一步锻炼学生实验能力的同时,使其对化学反应的认知与评价更加完整。     

Permeation studies on transparent multiple hybrid SiO<Subscript>2</Subscript>-PMMA coatings-Al<Subscript>2</Subscript>O<Subscript>3</Subscript> barriers on PEN substrates

In this work we report the performance of permeation barriers based on organic/inorganic multilayer stacks. We have used PMMA-SiO₂ (poly methyl methacrylate-silica) hybrid films synthesized through a sol–gel route as organic–inorganic components, whereas Al₂O₃ thin films were used as the inorganic component. The hybrid layers were deposited by dip coating and the Al₂O₃ by atomic layer deposition (ALD), films were prepared on polyethylene naphthalene (PEN) substrates. The permeability of the films and stacks is evaluated using helium as the diffusion gas in a custom made ultra-high vacuum system. The results show that permeability for PEN is reduced from 5 × 10⁻³ g/m²-day to about 9 × 10⁻⁵ g/m²-day for the best multiple barrier evaluated. Increased barrier properties are due to the increasing in the path and hence the lag-time of the permeating gas. In particular, we report the surface roughness of the different layers and its impact on the barrier performance. The hybrid layers reduced notably the roughness of the bare PEN substrate improving the quality of the Al₂O₃ layer in the barrier. The optical transmittance of the barriers in the visible region is higher than 80% in all the studied cases.     

Nitrite oxidation on RuO<Subscript>2</Subscript> electrodes

An electrochemical kinetic investigation of nitrite oxidation to nitrate on RuO₂ is discussed. The process is studied by cyclic voltammetry, steady-state measurements and potential step measurements. The overall oxidation reaction is a two-electron process where the first step involves a reversible charge transfer: NO₂⁻ ⇔ NO₂ + e⁻ The one-electron oxidation of nitrite yields adsorbed NO₂ which is further oxidized to adsorbed (NO₂)⁺ and subsequently desorbed via a chemical reaction. In the general case, fit of experimental data is obtained with adsorption described by a Temkin isotherm unless the electrode is pre-treated at a cathodic potential where the (NO₂)_ads is removed. This treatment lowers the degree of coverage by intermediates but not the nature of the slow step. Published in Russian in Elektrokhimiya, 2008, Vol. 44, No. 1, pp. 142–149. The text was submitted by the authors in English.     

Catalytic hydrochlorination of acetylene on mechanochemically-activated K<Subscript>2</Subscript>PdCl<Subscript>4</Subscript>

We report the catalysis of the hydrochlorination of acetylene on the surface of dry K₂PdCl₄ subjected to prior mechanical activation in an atmosphere of acetylene or propylene. The stereochemistry of the reaction corresponds to trans addition of the halogen and hydrogen atoms to the C-C triple bond. The hydrogen halide is the source of the halogen atom in the reaction product. The mechanical activation of K₂PdCl₄, in contrast to the case of K₂PtCl₄, is also capable of activating the C-C double bond: propylene is hydrochlorinated under similar conditions to isopropyl chloride. Translated from Teoreticheskaya i éksperimental'naya Khimiya, Vol. 44, No. 5, pp. 306–309, September–October, 2008.     

血橙呈现“红色”的探讨

血橙因果肉颜色呈血红色而得名,血橙果肉的颜色深浅取决于花色苷的含量。该含量容易受温度、光照、空气湿度、pH等因素影响而发生变化。从果肉“红色”的形成、“红色”的深浅程度、血橙对人体健康的影响等3个方面对血橙的“红色”进行探讨,以期为读者科普血橙中蕴含的化学知识,感受化学与生活的紧密联系。     

Influence of the composition of carriers based on ZrO<Subscript>2</Subscript> and Al<Subscript>2</Subscript>O<Subscript>3</Subscript> on the properties of cobalt-containing catalysts on the selective reduction of NO with methane

A series of cobalt-containing granulated and structured catalysts based on zirconium and aluminum oxides has been studied. The optimum composition of binary oxide samples (80% ZrO₂ − 20% Al₂O₃) for the selective reduction of nitrogen monoxide with methane (84% conversion of NO achieved at 320 °C) has been determined. The activity of the structured catalysts depends on both the composition of the secondary carrier (ZrO₂, Al₂O₃, and their mixture) and on the nature of the skeleton of the cellular structure (cordierite, kaolin-aerosil). __________ Translated from Teoreticheskaya i éksperimental’naya Khimiya, Vol. 43, No. 4, pp. 237–241, July–August, 2007.     

Studies on the Constituents of Paris Formosana Hayata Part II

Methyl palmitate (I), methyl stearate (II), stigmasterol (III), β-sitosterol (IV), (O -acyl)-β-D -glucopyranosyl-(1→3)-stigmasterol (V), (O -acyl)-β-D -glucopyranosyl-(1→3)-β-sitosterol (VI), β-D -glucopyranosyl-(1→3)-stigmasterol (VII), β-D -glucopyranosyl-(1→3)-β-sitosterol (VIII), β-D -ecdysone (IX), diosgenin-3-α-L -rhamopyranosyl-(1→2)-[α-L -arabinofuranosyl-(1→4)]-β-D -glucopyranoside (X), diosgenin-3-O -β-chacotrioside (dioscin) (XI), and diosgenin-3-O -α-L -rhamnopyranosyl-(1→4)-α-L -rhamnopyranosyl-(1→4)-[α-L -rhamnopyranosyl-(1→2)]-β-D -glucopyranoside (XII) were isolated and characterized from the stems of Paris formosana Hayata (Liliaceae).     

“S-O-R”精细加工策略提升“外显”“内隐”知识的思考

依据托尔曼"S-O-R行为模型",利用"单元设计组织、教学策略、内隐知识、教学反馈"等外部刺激,引起学生知识加工过程中"概括、类比、产生冲突、期望"等中介变量改变,将"外显""内隐"知识均纳入到知识网络同时促成有效学习略作探讨。     

Synthesis and electrochemical studies on LiV<Subscript>3</Subscript>O<Subscript>8</Subscript>

The compound, lithium trivanadate (LiV₃O₈), was synthesized by the polymer precursor method, using the polymer polyvinylpyrrolidone. The electrochemical performance of LiV₃O₈ was compared with LiV₃O₈ synthesized by the solid state reaction method. The prepared compounds were characterized by X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, and high-resolution transmission electron microscopy techniques. The electrochemical performances were studied by cyclic voltammetry and galvanostatic cycling in the voltage range of 2.0 to 4.0 V at room temperature (25 °C). The compound prepared by the polymer precursor method was found to have a good cycling stability. A reversible capacity value of 203 mAh/g (2.18 mol of Li) and 170 mAh/g (1.83 mol of Li) was obtained at the end of the 70th cycle, at a current density of 30 and 120 mA/g, respectively.