纳米TiO2光催化技术在工业废水处理中的应用

介绍纳米TiO2的光催化特性,概述纳米TiO2光催化技术在降解印染废水、农药废水、造纸废水、表面活性剂废水以及含苯酚类、石油类和重金属污染物废水处理中的应用研究进展,总结了纳米TiO2应用于废水工业化处理所存在的问题,认为该技术研究领域近期内的主要发展方向为:大力开展纳米TiO2的改性技术、固定化技术和纳米TiO2光催化降解实际工业有机废水的试验研究及其高效、多功能、集成式光催化反应器的研制。     

掺杂纳米TiO2光催化氧化处理硝基苯废水研究

针对硝基苯难降解性,以及其在环境中长期存在和积累的问题,采用溶胶-凝胶法制备的系列金属离子掺杂纳米TiO2为催化剂,在紫外光照射下对硝基苯废水进行光催化降解.实验结果表明,光催化氧化处理硝基苯废水的效果依次为,铜掺杂纳米TiO2、铁掺杂纳米TiO2、铬掺杂纳米TiO2、商品纳米TiO2.铜掺杂纳米TiO2光催化氧化处理硝基苯废水的最佳条件为:合成废水pH为3.0,铜掺杂纳米TiO2用量为7.5g/L废水,用30W紫外灯在搅拌条件下光照4 h,废水的硝基苯含量由100 mg/L降至2.59 mg/L,去除率达到97.41%.     

参杂纳米TiO2光催化氧化处理硝基苯废水研究

针对硝基苯难降解性，以及其在环境中长期存在和积累的问题，采用溶胶-凝胶法制备的系列金属离子掺杂纳米TiO2为催化剂，在紫外光照射下对硝基苯废水进行光催化降解。实验结果表明，光催化氧化处理硝基苯废水的效果依次为，铜掺杂纳米TiO2、铁掺杂纳米TiO2、铬掺杂纳米TiO2、商品纳米TiO2。铜掺杂纳米TiO2光催化氧化处理硝基苯废水的最佳条件为：合成废水pH为3．0，铜掺杂纳米TiO2用量为7．5g/L废水，用30W紫外灯在搅拌条件下光照4h，废水的硝基苯含量由100mg／L降至2．59mg／L，去除率达到97．41％。     

TiO2光催化氧化技术处理环境污染物的研究进展

阐述了TiO2光催化氧化法的原理、TiO2催化剂的制备以及粉末型和负载型两种形态的TiO2在光催化氧化有机污染物方面的应用情况,指出粉末型TiO2主要应用于废水处理,负载型TiO2主要应用于废水处理、垃圾填埋场渗滤液处理和环境净化。粉末型TiO2的研究发展方向是通过改性以提高其活性和可应用性,如表面沉积贵金属、表面耦合、表面敏化、过渡金属掺杂等;负载型TiO2的研究方向是通过改性以提高催化活性,选择合适的载体,充分发挥载体的优势,加强固定态光催化氧化技术与其他技术的联用,利用太阳能作用光源等。     

纳米TiO2/海泡石复合光催化材料性能研究

纳米TiO2因其具有安全无毒、稳定性好、光活性强等特性,在水污染治理领域被广泛用作光催化剂。然而纳米TiO2在水介质中存在难以回收、容易流失、不易分散等问题,限制了其实际应用,将其进行固定化负载是有效的解决手段。以矿物海泡石为负载载体,采用一种简单易行的粉末烧结法制备出纳米TiO2/海泡石复合光催化材料,并通过透射电镜、扫描电镜、X射线衍射、紫外－可见分光光度计等手段对材料进行微结构表征,利用化学荧光技术测试了复合材料光催化活性。研究表明,海泡石的加入能够显著抑制复合光催化剂中纳米TiO2的团聚,增强其在紫外至可见光波长范围内的光吸收强度,从而增强复合体的光催化活性。对比研究不同负载配比对材料光催化活性的影响,发现90%TiO2/海泡石光催化活性最佳。     

P25对TiO_2镀膜光催化活性的影响

通过向钛酸四正丁酯溶胶中添加纳米级TiO2粉末（P25）,来提高煅烧TiO2镀层的光催化活性。用不锈钢丝网作为煅烧TiO2镀层载体,以甲基橙降解效果来衡量TiO2镀层的光催化活性。实验结果表明,当溶胶中P25添加量为1g／L、镀膜次数为4次时,镀层光催化活性达到最大,150min内甲基橙降解率达到69．8％。     

纳米TiO_2/沸石复合光催化水处理材料制备与性能研究

纳米TiO_2光催化材料与技术以其高效、可利用太阳光、无二次污染等优点,在水污染治理领域展现出广阔的应用前景。将纳米TiO_2进行负载复合是解决其在水溶液易团聚、难回收等难题和提高实际降解效果的有效途径。本文采用一种简单易行的固相扩散法将纳米TiO_2在沸石矿物上进行负载,制备得到纳米TiO_2/沸石复合光催化水处理材料。通过扫描电镜、X射线衍射仪、荧光光谱仪等手段对材料微观结构和光催化活性进行了表征和测试。研究表明,沸石负载不仅改善了纳米TiO_2颗粒分散均匀性,而且增强其对紫外-可见光的光响应能力,从而有效提高了复合体在水体中的光催化降解活性。材料光催化活性与其负载配比和焙烧温度息息相关。400℃焙烧制备的90%TiO_2/沸石相对于其他温度和配比具有更高的光催化活性。     

纳米TiO2光催化氧化降解水中有机磷农药的研究

用负载在玻璃纤维布上的锐钛型纳米TiO2作为光催化剂,对水中低浓度的有机磷农药敌敌畏(DDVP)的降解进行了研究.结果表明TiO2浸涂面密度和DDVP的降解效果有很大的关系,当TiO2浸涂面密度为17.5 g/m2时,经210 min催化反应,效果最好,其降解率达到85.22%,而通过在纳米TiO2/UV系统中投加氧化剂H2O2 9 mol/L和O32.52 g/L,在60 min内DDVP降解率分别达到73%和67%,比不投加氧化剂时的DDVP降解率有显著提高.说明该方法对降解有机磷农药具有较好的效果.     

光催化氧化技术在水处理中的研究进展

介绍了二氧化钛(TiO2)光催化氧化的机理,阐述了TiO2光催化氧化技术在降解水中有机污染物、无机污染物及饮用水净化和垃圾渗滤液处理中的研究进展,并对TiO2光催化氧化技术的研究前景进行了展望.二氧化钛(Ti02)化学性质稳定、难溶、无毒、成本低、催化效率高,因此光催化氧化技术在难降解有机物、微污染水等处理中相对于其他传统水处理工艺具有一定的优势,是一种很有发展前途的水处理技术,对太阳能的利用和环境保护有重要的意义,可以预见光催化氧化将成为新型有效的水处理手段.     

光催化技术降解城市排水泵站恶臭气体的研究

光催化技术作为一种新兴的环境净化技术,其研究和开发已受到广泛的重视。本研究以泵站恶臭气体中常见的氨和硫化氢为处理对象,在城市排水泵站现已使用的高端紫外光除臭设备中使用负载型二氧化钛（TiO2）光催化剂,通过泵站的应用来研究光催化技术对恶臭气体的降解效果。     

An approach for substrate mapping between ASM and ADM1 for sludge digestion.

Kinetic modelling of the hydrolysis stage of municipal activated sludge, which is presumed to be the rate-limiting step in the anaerobic sludge digestion process, was studied by measuring methane production rate (MPR) in anaerobic batch tests. The MPR curves revealed that the degradable organic components in municipal sludge could be classified into two fractions having different kinetics. The first fraction (XS1) constituted about 55% of the sludge COD and degraded with first-order kinetics. The second fraction (XS2), which degraded during the initial phase, accounted for about 21% of sludge COD. The degradation kinetics for XS2 was expressed by Contois-type equation with respect to concentration of substrate in the fed sludge and that of active biomass in the mixture. Simultaneous batch aerobic respirometric tests showed that the activated sludge was composed of 53% heterotrophic biomass (XH-Aerobe) COD and 20% of slowly biodegradable COD (XS), that had same kinetic expressions as observed in the batch anaerobic tests. The observed correlation between substrate fractions suggests XS1 and XS2 could be directly mapped to the aerobic state variables of XH-Aerobe and Xs respectively. The degradation of XS1 seems to be anaerobic decay of XH-Aerobe while XS2 is thought to be hydrolysis of XS by microcosm of the sludge.     

Degradation of azo dye with dirhodium(II) caprolactamate as heterogeneous catalyst

The kinetics of the oxidative degradation of an azo dye Metanil Yellow (MY) was investigated in aqueous solution using dirhodium(II) caprolactamate, Rh(2)(cap)(4), as a catalyst in the presence of H(2)O(2) as oxidizing agent. The reaction process was followed by UV/Vis spectrophotometer. The decolorization and degradation kinetics were investigated and both followed a pseudo-first-order kinetic with respect to the [MY]. The effects of various parameters such as H(2)O(2) and dye concentrations, the amount of catalyst and temperature have been studied. The studies show that Rh(2)(cap)(4) is a very effective catalyst for the formation of hydroxyl radicals HO(?) which oxidized and degraded about 92% of MY into CO(2) and H(2)O after 24 h as measured by total carbon analyzer.     

A pilot-scale photocatalyst-membrane hybrid reactor: performance and characterization.

We developed and tested a pilot-scale photocatalyst-membrane hybrid reactor for water treatment. The performance of the pilot-scale reactor was evaluated by monitoring the degradation efficiency of several organic pollutants and the membrane suction pressure at different operating conditions. The concentration of humic acids rather increased in the initial period of UV illumination and then decreased gradually, which could be ascribed to the photoinduced desorption of humic acids from the TiO2 surface. The decoloring rate of methylene blue was faster than that of rhodamine B, whereas the order of mineralization rates of the dyes was reversed. 4-chlorophenol of 100 ppb was fully degraded under UV irradiation in 2 hours, which suggests that this hybrid reactor would be more suitable in removing micropollutants in water. The reactor was operated with either continuous or intermittent suction mode. In a continuous suction mode, the formation of TiO2 cake layers on the membrane surface occurred and caused a substantial increase in suction pressure. However, no further fouling (or suction pressure build-up) took place with an intermittent suction mode with the 9-min suction and 3-min pause period. The photocatalyst-membrane hybrid reactor system developed in this study could be an attractive option for controlling micropollutants in water.     

Decolorization and mineralization of reactive dyes by a photocatalytic process using ZnO and UV radiation

Reactive dyes are one of the major pollutants in textile wastewater and a concern because they are not easily degraded by conventional wastewater treatments. Heterogeneous photocatalysis has been considered an effective option for treating wastewater containing those dyes. This research work assesses the photocatalytic degradation of reactive dyes using UV irradiation and pure or impregnated ZnO. In addition to photocatalysis, separate photolysis and adsorption experiments were conducted but showed low efficiency. The dye degradation was monitored by UV-Vis spectroscopy and mineralization was determined by total organic carbon (TOC) analyses. Total color removal was achieved after 30 min of irradiation using pure ZnO. The Black 5 dye photocatalytic decolorization reaction followed first-order kinetics, while Yellow 145, Red 4 and Blue 21 dyes followed zero-order kinetics. TOC removals in the range of 70-80% were achieved after 240 min of individual photocatalytic treatment with ZnO. The performance of each photocatalyst was also compared when the four dyes were mixed together and the order of efficiency in the mineralization process was as follows: Fe/ZnO > ZnO > Co/ZnO. This result was explained by the crystal field theory.     

Ti/MCM-22/MCM-41微介孔复合材料光催化降解酸性红B模拟废水的研究

采用纳米自组装法制备了具有吸附性和光催化性的Ti/MCM-22/MCM-41微介孔复合材料,利用X射线衍射、N2吸附、扫描电镜等方法对其进行表征。将复合材料用于光催化降解酸性红B的实验,考察了催化剂用量、光照时间、pH值和染料初始浓度对光催化降解率的影响,并对光降解产物进行了紫外光谱分析。结果表明:当染料的初始浓度为50 mg/L,废水pH在6左右,催化剂投加量为0.1 g/L,光照时间120 min,酸性红B的去除率可达98%以上,光催化降解反应遵循一级反应动力学方程。降解产物的紫外光谱图表明,降解后酸性红B的两个特征吸收带消失,结构的共轭系被打破,颜色消失,说明该复合材料去除水中的酸性红B主要是通过光催化作用。     

Microbial degradation of estrogens using activated sludge and night soil-composting microorganisms.

In order to investigate the potential for microbial degradation of estrogens, and the products formed, activated sludge collected from Korea (ASK) and night soil-composting microorganisms (NSCM) were used to degrade estrogens. Results showed that both ASK and NSCM degraded almost 100% of the natural estrogens estrone (E1), 17beta-estradiol (E2), and estriol (E3) from initial concentrations of 20-25 mg/L, while synthetic estrogen, ethynylestradiol (EE2), was not degraded. Analysis of degradation products of E2 by using HPLC-ECD and a consecutive first-order reaction calculation confirmed that E2 was sequentially degraded to E1, which was further degraded to other unknown compounds by ASK and NSCM. We then used the yeast two-hybrid assay to show that the unknown degradation products did not appear to possess estrogenic activity when E1, E2 or E3 were degraded to below the detection limit after 14 days of incubation, indicating that ASK and NSCM not only degrade natural estrogens, but also remove their estrogenic activities.     

Evaluation of hybrid treatments to produce high quality reuse water

Four tertiary hybrid treatments to produce high quality reused water, fulfilling Brazilian drinking water regulations, from a slaughterhouse's secondary treated effluent were evaluated. The pilot plant with a capacity of 500 L h(-1) was set up and consisted of these stages: pre-filtration system (cartridge filter 50 micron, activated carbon filter, cartridge filter 10 micron), oxidation (H2O2) or second filtration (ceramic filter, UF) followed by UV radiation (90 L h(-1)). The best combination was T4: pre-filtration followed by H2O2 addition and UV radiation (AOP H2O2/UV). Disinfection kinetics by T4 followed pseudo first-order kinetics: k(T4) = 0.00943 s(-1) or 0.00101 cm2 mJ(-1). Three different zones (A, B, C) were observed in the UV254 degradation kinetics (pseudo-first order kinetics): k' decreased over time (k'(A) > k'(B) > k'(C)).     

MBR工艺出水在粉土介质中的污染物转化规律研究

通过土柱试验模拟了MBR工艺出水在粉土介质中的下渗过程,并对下渗过程COD_(Mn)和三氮(NO_3~--N,NO_2~--N,NH_3-N)的迁移转化规律进行了分析研究.试验结果表明:MBR出水中的CODMn在粉土介质中容易得到降解,而氮素虽然在粉土介质中存在硝化和反硝化反应,经拟合总氮反应符合一级反应动力学方程,但从总体上看总氮降解速率缓慢,试验条件下总氮的衰减系数为0.105 9 m~(-1).     

水泥土劣化深度-时间关系预测

为研究水泥土劣化深度-时间关系,进行了水泥土室内劣化,建立了水泥土的劣化深度、完全劣化深度和劣化过渡层深度与时间的幂函数关系式。试验结果表明:水泥土初始强度对劣化水泥土贯入阻力曲线性状无明显影响;劣化水泥土是劣化程度随时间增大的非均质体,由强度几乎为0的完全劣化层、强度随深度增加的劣化过渡层以及强度可看成与同龄期标准养护水泥土相同的未劣化区共3部分组成。水泥土劣化深度、完全劣化深度和劣化过渡层深度均随水泥土初始强度增大而减小。劣化深度-时间关系预测式(幂函数)中,系数分别为90 d劣化龄期的水泥土劣化深度、完全劣化深度和劣化过渡层深度,指数A取值与劣化类型、室内劣化试验或现场劣化试验无关,均可取0.6。此时,计算结果与试验结果具有较好的一致性,可利用该式预测固化土劣化深度。     

Degradation of Reactive Brilliant Red X-3B by zero-valent iron/activated carbon system in the presence of microwave irradiation

Reactive Brilliant Red X-3B in aqueous solution could be degraded rapidly by zero-valent iron/activated carbon in the presence of microwave irradiation (ZVI/AC/MW). From the analysis of ultraviolet-visible adsorption, chemical oxygen demand, total organic carbon, infrared spectra and capillary electrophoresis, we found the degradation was complete and no intermediates remained in the final solution treated for 2 min. Considering the many advantages including high degradation ratios, short reaction time, low costs, no intermediates and no secondary pollution, this method might be fit for dealing with various azo dye wastewaters on a large scale.