氧化铝模板的研究进展

阳极氧化铝（Anodic Aluminum Oxide，AAO）模板具有独特的纳米数量级的多孔结构，其孔洞孔径大小一致，排列有序，分布均匀。以阳极氧化铝为模板合成零维纳米材料、一维纳米材料（纳米线，纳米管）具有制备效率高、可靠性好等优点，已成为纳米复制技术的关键之一。目前，利用AAO模板已经可以合成多种介观结构材料。重点综述了近年来AAO模板制备及应用进展。     

模板法制备结构可控纳米材料的研究进展

综述了模板法制备结构可控纳米材料的研究进展,讨论了模板法可控制备纳米材料的原理及高度有序自组装的纳米多孔Al2O3模板的形成机理.重点介绍了纳米材料的可控制备方法,主要包括纳米多孔Al2O3模板法、聚合物模板法和生物模板法.其中纳米多孔Al2O3模板法又分为电化学纳米多孔Al2O3模板合成法和电化学诱导的溶胶-凝胶方法等.根据材料的物化性能,选用适合的模板,采用合理的工艺路线,可以制备出结构可控的纳米材料.     

应用MATLAB提取纳米模板特征几何参数

高质量的模板是制备高质量的纳米功能材料的关键,然而目前很难定量判断纳米模板质量。针对这一问题,采用通用软件MATLAB编程,分析纳米模板的形貌照片,快速、定量地提取模板孔隙率、孔洞等效直径、孔洞直径方差等模板的特征尺寸参数;特别地,通过二维傅里叶变换和一维傅里叶变换相结合的方法,定量获取模板孔洞排列方式及排列规则性特征角度参数。在以标准图像验证算法及程序准确性、可靠性的基础上,对阳极氧化铝纳米模板的扫描电子显微镜图像实例进行分析,展示了算法及程序在判别模板质量方面的有效应用,可为优化模板制备工艺或进一步制备功能纳米材料奠定基础。     

基于AAO模板的高聚物纳米阵列薄膜的研究进展

纳米材料是指特征尺寸或晶体尺寸在纳米级的一种超细材料,是由极其细小的颗粒所组成的固体材料。纳米材料因其纳米尺寸和大比表面积等特点,具有许多独特的物理性质和化学性质,被广泛应用于陶瓷、催化、光学、生物医学、环境保护等领域。纳米材料根据规整程度分为规整纳米材料和非规整纳米材料。非规整纳米材料,如静电纺丝制备的纳米纤维材料,具有较高的长径比,而准确地控制纳米材料的直径或者制备直径小于100 nm的纳米材料仍有较大的困难,并且非规整材料具有较低的结构取向性。而规整纳米材料多以阵列的形式呈现,如纳米棒、纳米柱、纳米纤维、纳米球以及核壳包覆等特殊结构,具有结构高度有序、尺寸一致、结构分布均匀等优点。纳米材料的制备方法根据制备手段主要分为物理法(物理粉碎法和物理凝聚法)和化学法(沉淀法、溶胶-凝胶法、模板合成法、自组装法)。模板合成法可以精确控制纳米材料尺寸而且模板可以大量复制,因此,规整纳米材料的制备多采用模板合成法。近年来,以高聚物纳米阵列为敏感元件制备的柔性传感器、纳米发电机、超级电容器和生物医学检测器件等因具有高灵敏度、高精度和小型化等优点而备受关注。本文对多孔阳极氧化铝(AAO)模板和高聚物纳米阵列薄膜的制备方法进行了系统的概述,并对高聚物纳米阵列制备方法的优缺点和应用进行了归纳,还探讨了高聚物纳米阵列的现存问题和应用前景,为AAO模板和高聚物纳米阵列薄膜的制备及应用提供了参考。     

一维GaN纳米材料制备及其光电器件研究进展

一维GaN纳米材料相对于薄膜材料在光电器件应用方面具有诸多优势,本文主要论述一维GaN纳米材料的主要制备方法及其光电器件应用的研究进展。首先分别介绍采用MOCVD、MBE、CVD及模板法制备一维GaN纳米材料,重点论述GaN纳米材料的结构与形貌调控。其次介绍一维GaN纳米材料分别应用于主要光电器件包括LED、太阳能电池、激光器及光探测器的研究动态,讨论纳米材料性能、结构以及制备技术对其器件性能的影响。最后对一维GaN纳米材料的发展与应用前景进行展望。     

两亲性嵌段聚合物模板制备半导体纳米粒子研究现状

两亲性嵌段聚合物在选择性溶剂中的自组装行为导致其在纳米材料制备过程中具有非常好的应用前景。文中以两亲性嵌段聚合物的基本结构特点及自组装行为为出发点,概述了用于制备半导体纳米材料的两亲性嵌段聚合物的种类及特点,重点介绍了以两亲性嵌段聚合物为模板制备半导体纳米粒子的基本方法及在各种条件下半导体纳米粒子的不同生长机制,并对两亲性嵌段聚合物在制备功能化纳米材料方面的应用进行了展望。     

生物分子模板法制备低维金属纳米材料研究进展（Ⅱ）

本文概述了蛋白质、DNA等生物分子模板表面化学沉积制备低维金属纳米材料的最新研究进展。蛋白质可自组装形成不同层次的纳米结构,而DNA分子可自组装形成纳米线和网状结构。这些不同的纳米结构可作为模板,化学沉积,制备金属纳米管、纳米线等一维或二维纳米材料。金属纳米管和纳米线具有导电、导热、磁性和具有特殊的量子效应,在电磁活性复合材料,可控缓释系统、纳米器件和纳米电路等领域有重要的应用前景。     

聚合物一维纳米材料的研究进展

综述了聚合物纳米线和纳米管等聚合物一维纳米材料的制备方法、机理和应用。聚合物纳米线的制备方法主要有静电纺丝法、多孔模板法、自组装法三种。聚合物纳米管的制备包括多孔模板法、线模板法、自组装法等方法。本文评述了其研究现状,展望了其可能的应用前景。     

聚膦腈微纳米材料的制备及应用

无机纳米材料由于其结构的特殊性比如平均粒径小、比表面积大、表面能高,呈现出独特的小尺寸效应、表面效应、增强效应等,因此自被发现以来在各行各业引起了广泛的关注。但是其固有的组成和结构也带来一系列问题,如大部分无机纳米材料无法降解,在溶剂或聚合物中分散困难等。在使用前通常需进行表面功能化处理,增加了其应用成本。采用聚合物微纳米材料代替无机纳米材料成为纳米材料开发的一个新思路。聚合物微纳米材料的制备通常采用两亲性分子的自组装或者在模板表面进行聚合的模板法。自组装法所需的两亲性分子的准备通常是一项琐碎的任务,而模板法需要预制可控尺寸和形状的模板,都是多步过程,因此,在温和的条件下开发尺寸可控的聚合物纳米粒子的简便方法是一个挑战。环状聚磷腈作为一种新发展起来聚合物微纳米材料,在一定的环境条件下,可以通过快速的一步聚合和同时自组装过程容易地形成,并且立体形貌可根据组成和反应条件从零维调整到二维。与无机纳米材料相比,聚磷腈微纳米粒子由于其柔韧性,多种功能性、可调表面特性、生物相容性等,在药物控释、聚合物改性、锂离子电池、反应催化等领域获得广泛的关注。尽管如此,新型组成和结构的聚磷腈微纳米材料的开发和应用仍有待进一步加强。比如,如何通过靶向基团或环境敏感性基团的引入进一步加强药物控释的效率,如何通过其他阻燃元素或无机结构的引入提高材料的阻燃效率,聚磷腈作为阻燃助剂可否进一部扩展到环氧树脂外的其他聚合物体系,这些问题都有待进一步解决。本文归纳了聚磷腈微纳米材料的制备及应用研究进展,分别对不同形态的聚磷腈微纳米材料的制备条件、制备原理和结构特征进行了详细介绍,以期为制备不同组成和结构的聚磷腈微纳米材料提供参考。分析了聚磷腈微纳米材料在药物控释、聚合物阻燃、锂离子电池、反应催化等领域的研究现状,并对其应用前景进行了展望。     

有机-无机杂化一维磁性自组装聚合物纳米链的研究进展

随着纳米科技的发展,有机-无机杂化一维磁性自组装聚合物纳米链的设计合成与应用成为新的研究热点。综述了有机-无机杂化一维磁性自组装聚合物纳米链的磁场诱导自组装、模板诱导自组装和偶极诱导自组装等制备方法,并介绍了其在光学、生物医学和水处理等领域的应用。最后指出有机-无机杂化一维磁性自组装聚合物纳米材料制备技术存在的不足,并对其应用前景进行展望。     

金属簇/树形高分子纳米复合材料的制备及应用

分类综述了金属簇／树形高分子蚋米复合材料的制备方法，包括直接化学还原法、光还原法、置换法和成盐法等，以及其在催化、指纹识别、阻燃等领域的应用。     

Pore structure control of mesoporous carbon as supercapacitor material

The pore structure and electrochemical performances of mesoporous carbons prepared by silica sol template method as electrode material for supercapacitor were investigated in this work. The pore size distribution of the mesoporous carbons changes from unimodal to bimodal and the mean pore size increases with the increase of silica sol/glucose ratio. The specific capacitance of the mesoporous carbons also increases with the increase of silica sol/glucose ratio. A novel technique named as template–chemical activation method, combining both template and chemical activation methods, is proposed, which can effectively control the pore structure, improving the electrochemical properties of the mesoporous carbon with improved porosity especially microporosity.     

细菌纤维素基磁性纳米复合材料的研究进展

细菌纤维素作为一种新型的生物纳米材料,不同于植物纤维素,其较高的比表面积、精细的三维纳米网状结构和表面大量的活性反应位点可以作为"模板"反应使用,通过原位复合的方法可有效地控制、合成具有预期特定形貌与尺寸且分布均匀的磁性纳米复合材料,从而获得良好的综合性能。从细菌纤维素作为"模板"制备功能化材料的机理出发,归纳总结了近年来细菌纤维素基磁性材料的研究进展,着重归纳了解决磁性膜材料的颗粒团聚问题的方法,并展望了细菌纤维素基磁性材料的发展趋势。     

New Triblock Copolymer Templates,PEO‐PB‐PEO,for the Synthesis of Titania Films with Controlled Mesopore Size,Wall Thickness,and Bimodal Porosity

The synthesis and properties of a series of new structure‐directing triblock copolymers with PEO‐PB‐PEO structure (PEO = poly(ethylene oxide) and PB = polybutadiene) and their application as superior pore‐templates for the preparation of mesoporous titania coatings are reported. Starting from either TiCl₄ or from preformed TiO₂ nanocrystalline building blocks, mesoporous crystalline titanium oxide films with a significant degree of mesoscopic ordered pores are derived, and the pore size can be controlled by the molecular mass of the template polymer. Moreover, the triblock copolymers form stable micelles already at very low concentration, i.e., prior to solvent evaporation during the evaporation‐induced self‐assembly process (EISA). Consequently, the thickness of pore walls can be controlled independently of pore size by changing the polymer‐to‐precursor ratio. Thus, unprecedented control of wall thickness in the structure of mesoporous oxide coatings is achieved. In addition, the micelle formation of the new template polymers is sufficiently distinct from that of typical commercial PPO‐PEO‐PPO polymers (Pluronics; PPO = poly(propylene oxide)), so that a combination of both polymers facilitates bimodal porosity via dual micelle templating.     

软模板法合成纳米材料的研究进展

介绍了近年来合成高分子模板法、生物高分子模板法、表面活性剂模板法、有机小分子添加剂模板法制备纳米材料的研究进展,重点介绍了模板剂诱导不同形貌和结构的纳米材料形成的作用机理。因合成高分子模板制备简单,结构设计灵活,生物高分子模板绿色环保,能更精确调控纳米材料结构,故详细综述了这2种方法。     

Preparation of 3-dimensional SiO2 structures via a templating method

Three-dimensional (3D) SiO₂ has been prepared by coating silica on the surface of a template polymer and a sequent calcination of the silica/polymer composite. The template polymer that has 3D skeletal structure was prepared by curing epoxy resin in polyethylene glycol mediums using diethylenetriamine as a curing agent. The coating of silica on the polymer surface was accomplished through a slow in situ hydrolysis of infiltrated ethyl silicate in the interconnected pore network of the template polymer. The thickness of silica layer was controlled in a range of 20-80 nm by changing the total amount of ethyl silicate in hydrolysis. The 3D structures of silica were characterized by scanning electronic microscopy, transmitting electronic microscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and surface area measurement. The light scattering of the 3D silica filled with liquid medium can be minimized by tuning the refractive index of the liquid medium to be the same as that of amorphous silica in the 3D structure.     

A Focused Laser Beam:A Useful and Versatile Tool for 1D Nanomaterials Research:A Review

One-dimensional(1D) nanomaterials have generated considerable interest amongst researchers because of their potential as fundamental building block in future nano- and micro-electronic devices.In this article,we present a review of a focused laser beam system as a versatile tool for the manipulation,structural transformation,micropatterning and chemical modification of 1D nanomaterials.This tool was found to be effective in patterning and modifying various physical and chemical properties of the pristine1 D nanomaterials.It also aids in the fabrication process of heterostructures and 1D nanomaterial based devices.Finally,we present the implementation of the focused laser beam setup as a valuable tool in the study of the origins and photoresponse mechanism of the 1D nanomaterial devices.     

From crystalline germanium-silicon axial heterostructures to silicon nanowire-nanotubes

One-dimensional (1D) nanostructures have attracted considerable attention as a result of their exceptional properties and potential applications. Among them, 1D axial heterostructures with well-defined and controlled heterojunctions between different nanomaterials or between different 1D nanostructures (i.e., nanowire-nanotube heterojunctions) have recently become of particular interest as potential building blocks in future high-performance nano-optoelectronic and nanoelectronic devices. Here, we report on the preparation and characterization of crystalline silicon nanowire-nanotube (SiNW-NT) heterostructures with controlled geometry, kinked and unkinked, and composition using germanium-silicon nanowire heterostructures with abrupt heterojunctions (~2 nm wide) as a template via the VLS-CVD mechanism.     

One-dimensional nanomaterials synthesized using high-energy ball milling and annealing process

One-dimensional (1D) nanomaterials including nanotubes, nanowires and nanorods have many new properties, functionalities and a large range of promising applications. A major challenge for these future industrial applications is the large-quantity production. We report that the ball milling and annealing process has the potential to achieve the mass production. Several examples including C, BN nanotubes and SiC, Zn nanowires are presented to demonstrate such capability. In addition, both size and structure of 1D nanomaterials can be controlled by varying processing conditions. New growth mechanisms involved in the process have been investigated and the high-energy ball milling has an important role in the formation of these 1D nanomaterials.