北京地区基于不同地面沉降阈值的地下水位控制分析

城市地面沉降是对城市规划建设、经济发展和人民生活构成威胁的地质灾害。为了探究地下水位与地面沉降的关系,本文对北京顺义地区天竺地面沉降监测站多年分层地面沉降及对应含水层组地下水位监测数据进行统计分析,建立了该地区基于累计沉降量与含水层组水位标高、水位变幅及水位波动的多元回归模型,并对所建立的回归方程进行了检验,研究分层地面沉降与地下水位变化的定量关系,并结合《全国地面沉降防治规划(2011—2020)》中北京市的控沉目标,设置该地区不同地面沉降速率控制阈值,计算得到各层位达到控制阈值时所对应的地下水位,为下一步合理调整地下水开采层位,开展地面沉降防控工作提供科学依据。     

地下水位变化模式下含水砂层变形特征及上海地面沉降特征分析

土体变形特征与其经历的应力状态有关。由于抽灌水位置和水量的变化,同一土层中不同时期的地下水位可以呈现不同的变化模式,土层表现出不同的变形特征。论文根据上海1400多个水位孔近40a的水位观测资料和各土层的变形资料,从土层变形角度将地下水位的变化方式划分为5种模式。分析了每种地下水位变化模式下土层的变形特征,并进一步分析了上海地面沉降在时间和空间上的特征。分析结果表明:地下水位的变化模式对上海土层的变形有显著影响。同一土层在不同的水位变化模式下可表现为弹性、弹塑性或粘弹塑性的变形特征;地面沉降与地下水开采量、地下水开采层次与主要沉降层具有密切的关系,开采地下水是上海地面沉降的主要原因;与现阶段含水层的水位变化模式相联系,第四承压含水层是上海最近几年来地面沉降的主要沉降层。     

近十年来沧州地区地面沉降演化状况

通过利用相干目标InSAR时序分析方法,获取了沧州地区自2003年12月至2013年01月地面沉降演化状况。连续监测结果揭示了近十年来沧州地区主要沉降区带的空间运移状况,随着地下水开采控制管理,市区周边地区地面沉降趋缓,北部沉降区向青县发生运移,东部沿海保持整体轻微沉降,东光、肃宁等地独立分布的沉降中心有成片扩大的趋势。分析沉降区域与地下水位变化表明,沧州地区主要沉降区带的运移变化与深层地下水位变化基本一致。     

天津地面沉降区地下水资源超采和涵养恢复阈值的讨论

天津市地面沉降属于典型的水资源短缺型地面沉降,发育范围广,沉降程度高,灾害损失大,有效防治天津市地面沉降的主要手段是严格控制地下水资源超采、涵养恢复地下水含水系统。从地下水流动系统和地面沉降的发育特点出发,综合分析讨论,认为天津沉降区整体上地下水已经超采,仅研究小区域地下水是否超采,存在“以小论大”的误区,宜以水文地质单元为单位来开展超采情况评价,地下水资源实现有效涵养恢复的阈值是要求地下水位恢复至地面沉降临界水位以上。     

北京潮白河冲洪积扇地面沉降时空异质性特征及驱动因素分析

为了研究地面沉降的时空分布模式、机理机制,选择北京典型沉降区——潮白河冲洪积扇为研究区,采用PS-InSAR技术、莫兰指数及地理探测器,分析了研究区地面沉降的空间异质性特征,探测了不同特征下的地面沉降的主要驱动因素。结果表明：2017-01—2019-01研究区内地面沉降时空分布特征以一般沉降为主,沉降速率为[-133,3] mm/a,最大累积沉降量为261 mm,呈北部轻微、中部较严重、南部较轻的分布状态,其中,严重、极严重等级地面沉降主要分布在中游顺义后沙峪东部等地区及中下游交界地带的潞城镇;不同地区地面沉降呈现不同的空间异质性特征,即不均匀地面沉降分布特征明显,中游、下游均表现为低—低集聚;不同分布特征下地面沉降主要驱动因素不同,中游地区主要驱动因素为第二承压水水位变化和可压缩层厚度,下游主要驱动因素为浅层地下水水位变化和第一承压水水位变化。莫兰指数能够有效分析地面沉降空间异质性,识别集聚特征;地理探测器可以探明沉降空间异质性成因,获得其主要驱动因素。     

华北平原典型地段地面沉降演化特征与机理研究

华北平原是世界上最大的地下水系统之一,地面沉降问题突出。由于沉积环境变化多样、地质条件差异性显著和人类开采活动强烈,使得该地区地面沉降成因机理复杂。本文采用卫星对地观测技术与传统手段相结合,监测地面沉降灾变过程,分析华北平原地面沉降发展历史和现状。结合应力-应变图解法及土工实验研究地面沉降差异性特征及滞后变形成因机理。取得了以下关键认识:(1)华北平原地面沉降空间分布差异性明显,沉降主要分布在平原区第四纪沉积凹陷,呈现东西分带、南北分段特点。地面沉降空间发展部分受到北东向和北西向构造控制。在沧县隆起区,地面沉降也比较发育,主要原因是沧县隆起在第四纪时期构造运动相对不活跃,沉积了较厚的第四系;存在与构造走向一致的3期古河道,该地区赋存丰富的地下水资源并被大量开采。(2)地面沉降发生发展与地下水开采历史密切相关,沉降主要压缩贡献层随地下水开采层位变化而变化。北京平原100 m以深地层对地面沉降贡献呈增加趋势。天津平原目前地面沉降的主要贡献层来自300 m以下地层。(3)气候干旱导致地下水补给量减少,同时增加了地下水的开采,因而是引起地面沉降的重要间接驱动因素。高层建筑荷载、基坑降排水、地热开采对地面沉降的影响应引起足够重视。(4)地面沉降具有很强的滞后性,最大滞后时间可达25年。除了渗透固结成因以外,土体蠕变是另外一个重要原因。更新世地层在不同荷载下,蠕变特征明显。沧县隆起晚更新世地层次固结可达到总变形28.3%。(5)土的物理性质、地下水位变化模式对土层变形特征具有重要影响。不同埋深地层在地下水位变化条件下的变形特征存在较大的差异(弹性、黏弹性、黏弹塑性)。浅部含水组呈现以弹性为主的变形特征。     

北京东部地区地面沉降发育特征分析

结合区域地质背景条件,利用水准测量、分层标地层变形、地下水位动态等监测数据,对北京东部地区地面沉降的发育特征与发展变化规律进行了分析研究。该区域的地面沉降与地下水开采具有显著相关性,深部地层仍是沉降的主要贡献层位;沉降中心地下水具有明显的分层变化规律,深层承压水明显的水位降落漏斗,直接导致深部地层沉降压缩最为显著;地面沉降的区域分布、沉降速率变化与地下水降落漏斗具有一定的时空相关性;南水北调的稳定供水,有效缓解了北京地面沉降快速发展的趋势。     

地下水位生态环境效应及生态环境指标

地下水位开发利用对生态环境会产生巨大影响,本文主要研究与地下水位状况有密切联系的地下水位生态环境指标,如土壤含盐量、土壤含水量、地下水位矿化度、地下水位临界和控制地面沉降临界水位等,这些生态环境指标随时空动态变化,不同区域其生态环境指标临界值是有差异的。     

基于分层标资料的天津滨海地区含水层沉降特征分析

分层标监测体系是地面沉降的主要监测手段,通过对天津滨海地区分层标监测资料以及同期不同含水层的水位资料的分析,可以得出各含水层当前沉降状态,以及水位变化与沉降量之间的关系,从而制定更有效的沉降治理措施及方案。     

台湾浊水溪冲积扇地下水位变化及地面沉降对高铁之影响

浊水溪冲积扇是台湾水资源最为丰富但也是地面沉降最严重地区。近年来该区域的地面沉降因有可能威胁高铁行车安全而备受关注。本文整合历年累积的地下水位及地面沉降等相关监测数据,验证了地下水位变化与含水层补给之机制,探讨了地下水周期性波降条件下土层压缩特性以及高铁路堤与桩基础工程结构的沉降行为。认为对于设置桩基础的线型高架结构而言,区域性地下水位波降不致增加桥墩间的差异沉降,但桩基础若承受邻近局部的额外载重,则可能伴随地下水位波降产生持续性的差异沉降,其长期效应将对线型交通结构物的平整度及安全性造成负面影响。     

Unity of the national and the international in the socio-cultural development of the peoples of the USSR

International unity is becoming ever stronger in this country owing to an increasing similarity in the development of the cultural environment. This comprises the provision of all the country's republics with a sufficient number of schools, theatres, and other institutions and cultural information media in accordance with the needs of the population. An important part is played by the rise in ‘the general educational level, as well as the level of professional qualifications and skills. Among all the Soviet nations and nationalities, this rise being more rapid among formerly backward peoples. Prominent among the factors of internationalization is the progressive development of the nationalities’ cultural resources, while professional culture is being increasingly brought within the reach of the masses.The implementation of the nationalities policy promotes the all-round development of all Soviet nations and nationalities, their drawing together, the upsurge of the individual capabilities of every Soviet citizen.     

Deviation of the major axis of the inertia ellipsoid of the Moon from the direction toward the Earth

It is known from observations that the center of mass of the Moon does not coincide with the geometric center of its figure, and the line connecting these two centers is not aligned with the direction toward the center of the Earth, instead deviating toward the Southeast. This stationary deviation of the axis of the inertia ellipsoid of the Moon to the South of the direction toward the Earth is analyzed. A system of five linear differential equations describing the physical libration of the Moon in latitude is considered, and these equations are derived using a new vector method taking into account perturbations from the Earth and partly from the Sun. The characteristic equation of this system is obtained, and all five oscillation frequencies are found. Special attention is paid to the fifth (zero) frequency, for which the solution of the latitude libration equations are stationary and represents a previously unknown additional motion of the rotational axis of theMoon in a cone with a small opening angle. In contrast to the astronomical precession of the Earth, the rotation of the angular-velocity vector is in the positive direction (counter-clockwise), with the period T ₃ = 27.32 days. On this basis, this phenomenon has been named “quasi-precession.” This quasi-precession leads to a stationary inclination of the major axis of the inertia ellipsoid of theMoon to the South (for an observer on Earth), making it possible to explain one component of the observed deviation of the center of mass of the Moon from the direction toward the Earth. The opening angle of the quasiprecession cone is approximately 0.834″.     

Global repeating events in the history of the Earth and the motion of the Sun in the Galaxy

Chronological analyses of correlations between certain global repeating events (mass extinctions of marine organisms, meteorite impacts, and flashes in the frequency of geomagnetic reversals) during the Phanerozoic Eon and the motion of the solar system in the Galaxy are presented for five rotationally symmetrical models for the regular Galactic gravitational field. Thirteen of sixteen mass-extinction events can be described by a repetition interval of 183±3 million years. This is in agreement with the anomalistic period (interval between two subsequent passages of the Sun through the apocenter of its Galactic orbit) in the model of Allen and Martos. The positions of the minima and maxima in Gaussian functions approximating the frequency distribution for geomagnetic reversals also agree with the times of passage of the Sun through the apocenter and pericenter, respectively, of its Galactic orbit in this model. The maximum in the distribution of the deviations of the dates of mass extinctions from the nearest dates of impacts of large, crater-forming bodies is close to zero, providing evidence that many such events are correlated. As a rule, extinctions follow impact events. The impacts of large bodies have occurred most often when the solar system passes through the Galactic plane, while mass extinctions occur more often at some distance from the Galactic plane (about 40 pc). As a rule, intervals of increases in the frequency of geomagnetic reversals coincide with dates of impacts of large bodies. At the same time, these intervals do not show a clear correlation with the dates of mass extinctions. The intensity of mass extinctions, like the energy released by impacts, is consistently higher in periods when the Sun is moving from the apocenter toward the pericenter of its orbit, than when it is moving from the pericenter toward the apocenter. Thus, there is evidence for a variety of relationships between repeating global events in the Phanerozoic and the motion of the Sun in the Galaxy. Long-period variations in the frequency of geomagnetic reversals are correlated with the orbital motion of the Sun, and increases in the frequency of geomagnetic reversals are correlated with impacts. Mass extinctions are correlated with the impacts of large bodies, whose motions may have been perturbed by clouds of interstellar material concentrated toward the Galactic plane and by the shock front associated with the Perseus spiral arm, through which the solar system passes. The velocity of the Sun relative to the spiral pattern is estimated.     

从榴辉岩与围岩的关系论苏鲁榴辉岩的形成与折返

位于华北和扬子两板块碰撞带中的苏鲁榴辉岩形成的温压条件不但是超高压，而且是高温。榴辉岩的PTt轨迹表明其为陆-陆磁撞俯冲带的产物。榴辉岩的区域性围岩花岗质片麻岩为新元古代同碰撞期花岗岩，榴辉岩及其他直接围岩皆呈包体存在于其中，并见新元古代花岗岩呈脉状侵入榴辉岩包体中。区域性围岩新元古代花岗岩的锆石中发现有柯石英、绿辉石等包裹体，表明新元古代花岗岩的组成物质也经受过超高压变质作用，且榴辉岩与围岩新元古代花岗岩的锆石U-Pb体系同位素年龄基本相同。但新元古代花岗岩所记录的变质作用和变形作用期次（或阶段）却少于榴辉岩。椐上述可得如下推断：超高压榴辉岩与新元古代花岗岩岩浆是同时在碰撞带底部（俯冲板块前部）形成的；榴辉岩的第一折返阶段是由新元古代花岗岩岩浆携带上升的，其第二折返阶段是和新元古代花岗岩一起由逆冲及区域性隆起而上升，遭受剥蚀。     

某高速公路下伏煤矿采空区稳定性分析

在论述某高速公路下伏砦脖煤矿采空区地质、采矿和工程地质特征的基础上, 进行了稳定性数值模拟分析, 定性与定量地分析与评价了该煤矿采空区的地表变形特征及稳定性。研究结果表明: 该煤矿采空区的变形尚未完成, 对拟建的高速公路将产生很大的危害, 必须采取相应的工程治理措施。      

摩擦桩基桩土间极限摩阻力取值问题探讨

通过对广珠东线高速公路横沥大桥的试桩及土体的工程地质条件分析,总结出影响摩擦桩基桩土间极限摩阻力取值的一般问题以及解决问题的方法和措施。     

The Importance of the Precipitation and the Susceptibility of the Slopes for the Triggering of Landslides Along the Roads

In order to characterise the influence of the heavyrains on the observed landslides during the 1996–1997hydrological cycle, rainfall records for the last 100years are analysed from 104 stations in easternAndalusia. Regarding the amounts of rain recordedbetween October 1996 and March 1997 in the 104stations studied, 31 presented new all-time records;15 presented values that were 80–100% of thepre-1995 record; 49 stations, 80–50%; and 9stations, < 50%. A map has been devised of thesusceptibility of the materials through which thesouth-eastern Andalusian road network crosses,together with an inventory of the damage caused byinstability phenomena on banks and cuttings of theroad network during the winter of 1996–1997. Therelationships between the rainfall during the studyperiod, the damage caused to the road network and thesusceptibility of the materials affected are analysed.The results indicate that there is a clearcorrespondence between the rainfall recorded and thesusceptibility of the materials with the inventorieddamage. It is concluded that the widespread seriousdamage caused in early 1997 to the roads andsurrounding areas in the Alpujarra region and thecoast of the Province of Granada was mainly caused bythe extraordinarily heavy rains. However, considerablyless damage was observed where the susceptibility ofthe terrain is low, thus highlighting the extremeusefulness of terrain-susceptibility maps for riskprevention and territorial planning.     

On the consistency of proposed models for the Pyrenees with the structure of the eastern parts of the belt

The structure of the eastern Pyrenees consists mainly of south-directed thrusts involving basement and cover rocks. An antiformal stack developed by the piling up of basement thrust sheets which outcrop in the Axial zone. These structures account for a thin-skinned thrust model rather than a vertical fault model in which the Axial zone would be essentially autochthonous, and the North-Pyrenean fault the axial plane of a fan thrust system. New data from the Eastern Pyrenees and the thin-skinned model suggest that(1) the structure east of the Pedraforca nappe is similar to that of the Central Pyrenees; (2) the cover rocks of the South-Pyrenean units and of the Axial zone-after restoration—built up a northwards-thickening prism consistent with the existence of a unique Pyrenean sedimentary basin during Mesozoic time; (3) the Axial zone is only a complex antiformal stack developed as a part of South-Pyrenean system related to the Paleogene thrusting-tectonics. The Axial zone palaeogeographic area had no special meaning during Mesozoic time.