天门市中小河流水生态环境评价与保护

为了掌握湖北省天门市水环境质量状况,制定水生态环境恢复和保护规划,选择该市主要河湖典型断面进行了水质监测分析。分析结果表明,天门市城区河流、湖泊、沟渠的水质均为劣Ⅴ类,水生态系统遭受破坏,水体的污染已经成为制约当地社会经济发展的制约因素。根据对该市水环境状况的分析,制定了水污染控制规划、城市生态水网规划、城市水体生态修复与滨水景观规划、河道综合整治规划以及水生态管理保障体系建设规划。     

我国城市河湖水生态环境评价体系构建与实证分析

参考国内外相关研究成果,在全面掌握我国城市河湖水生态环境现状与问题的基础上,采用层次分析法、隶属度函数计算等分析方法,建立了城市河湖水生态系统的评价指标体系与评价标准,并以江苏省为例,利用历史数据以及监测资料,对城市河湖水生态环境现状进行了实证分析。结果表明,所构建的评价指标体系能够对城市河湖水生态环境进行较为全面的分析,可为城市河湖水污染综合治理和城市生态建设提供科学依据与实证参考。     

北京城市河湖的营养状态分析

对北京城市河湖水质调研,21个水体中,已达中等程度富营养的水体11个,占58%;已达严重富营养的2个,占11%.对11个水体浮游藻类的调查结果显示,由于营养程度高,浮游藻类群落结构简单,物种多样性低,且多为耐污种类.北京城市河湖属于营养盐和有机物污染.污染物主要来自点源,其次是面源.生态环境用水量少也是水体发生富营养化的原因之一.     

Management Options to Improve Water Quality in Lake Peipsi: Insights from Large Scale Models and Remote Sensing

Nutrient pollution causes frequent blooms of potentially harmful cyanobacteria in Lake Peipsi (Estonia/Russia). Although external nutrient loading has reduced since the 1990s, lake water quality has barely improved, and eutrophication is still considered a threat to lake biota and water usage. To understand the recovery dynamics of the lake it is necessary to analyse the effects of land use and lake management on water quality to develop mitigation strategies. Comprehensive analysis has thus far failed due to information gaps inherent to conventional monitoring strategies. We show how two large-scale hydrological models using Earth observation data provide spatial information on pollution and can help explain the causes of past and current lake eutrophication. WaterGAP3.2 provides valid estimates of present and probable future phosphorus concentration in the lake water, based on past hydrological conditions. WaterWorld models spatial potential water quality and a scenario of optimal pollution reduction. Remotely sensed optical water quality data can be used to analyse recent, spatial water quality dynamics. The spatial and temporal algae distributions and can help explain eutrophication causes at Lake Peipsi and its catchment, adding value to in situ monitoring and supporting river basin management with large scale data.

     

Water quality and pollution control

This paper charts the decline in the quality of Japan's water resources from about 1955, and the increasingly energetic measures taken to reverse the trend. The standards set by the Basic Law for Environmental Pollution Control are described, and their impact to date is assessed. With respect to human health protection the measures taken have been almost wholly successful, but serious problems of environmental pollution remain, especially in lakes and reservoirs. The main countermeasures against water pollution ‐ effluent control, sewerage and night soil treatment facilities, control of pollutants, steps to arrest eutrophication and prevent groundwater contamination ‐ are described. Finally, the special measures adopted and proposed for lakes and reservoirs are outlined.     

Water quality assessment of a tropical coastal lake system using multivariate cluster,principal component and factor analysis

Statistical techniques represent a reliable tool for classifying, modelling and interpreting surface water quality monitoring data, particularly for lakes. The complexity associated with the analysis of a large number of measured variables, however, is a major problem in water quality assessments. Multivariate analysis, such as cluster analysis and factor analysis (FA), was utilized in this study for the analysis of water quality data (including water discharges and 28 water quality parameters) for Akkulam–Veli Lake, a tropical coastal lake system in Kerala, India. This lake is partially divided into two sub‐systems, namely Veli Lake and Akkulam Lake. Akkulam Lake exhibits freshwater characteristics, in contrast to Veli Lake, which exhibits saline water characteristics because of its close proximity to the sea. Thus, studying this lake provides insights into water quality variations in both a freshwater and saline water lake in a tropical region. Water quality patterns and variations in Akkulam–Vela Lake over three seasons, including pre‐monsoon (PRM), monsoon (MON) and post‐monsoon (POM), also were studied, utilizing multivariate techniques. The organic pollution factor played a significant role on lake water quality during PRM. The influence of organic pollution tends to decrease during MON and POM, a particular situation faced by urban lakes in tropical regions. Polluted stretches in a lake system during different seasons can easily be ascertained by hierarchical cluster analysis. Further, the factors affecting a lake system as a whole, as well as for a particular sampling site, can easily be identified by FA. Improved water quality can be observed during POM. Akkulam and Vela lakes exhibit a wide variation in water quality during all seasons, a finding that corroborates a water flow obstruction from Akkulam Lake to Veli Lake because of the bund existing between the two lakes. The location of the bund is identified as the major reason for different hydrochemical processes in A–V Lake.     

农业面源污染对湖泊水质影响的初步分析

我国是一个多湖泊的国家，湖泊水质直接影响我国整体水质状况。目前，许多湖泊严重污染，湖泊周边地区成为典型的“水质型缺水”地区。调查资料显示，农业面源污染成为主要污染源之一。通过分析典型湖泊的污染成因，提出了防治污染的具体措施。     

长江流域水资源质量近年变化分析及对策建议

以1998~2008年每年年报和月报等综合成果报告为依据,在分析流域排污增长状况基础上,从流域整体层面上分析了江河、湖库水质和富营养化变化状况以及水功能区和城市饮用水水源地水质变化状况,分析了长江流域11 a间水质发展趋势。最终分析结果表明：长江流域部分地区水污染依然严重。针对存在的问题提出了长江流域水资源保护的对策建议,以期为长江水资源保护工作提供决策依据。     

Modeling and Management of Urban Stormwater Runoff Quality: A Review

Nonpoint source (NPS) pollution from urban runoff has been established as a major cause of receiving water degradation. In an effort to control this problem, new regulations have been passed in the U.S.A. and federal, state, and local agencies are devising urban runoff management programs. This paper reviews recent regulations and studies related to urban stormwater runoff control and planning in the U.S.A.; discusses fundamentals of urban NPS pollution including transport processes and types and sources of pollutants; reviews current hydrologic and water quality mathematical models used in the U.S.A.; presents case studies in both modeling and management; and describes fundamentals of Best Management Practices (BMPs) in urban runoff control. Finally, it summarizes future research needs.     

Water Management for a Megacity: National Capital Territory of Delhi

Urban and regional demand for freshwater in National Capital Territory of Delhi has grown significantly over the last few decades. The National Capital Territory, Delhi is one of the most rapidly growing urban centers of the world, with a population of about 15 million people, a high rate of immigration and numerous illegal settlements. In order to meet the increasing water demand, the government is focused almost exclusively on supply management and engineering solutions, which have resulted in investments of hundreds of millions of Rupees. Environmental, economic and social policies associated with water management are largely inadequate and insufficient, which is resulting in increasing deterioration in the environment, health and socio-economic conditions of a population living in one of the largest urban agglomerations of the world. Surprisingly, however, no long-term strategies on demand-management, reuse, conservation, and improved water-management practices have been developed so far. The aim of this paper is to provide an overview of the urban water use with a view to enhance the understanding of the factors influencing urban water demand for residential, commercial and industrial sectors in National Capital Territory of Delhi. The analysis indicates an urgent need to radically improve the current water supply and wastewater management practices to become sustainable. Other measures such as public education and information/awareness will be necessary to achieve desired rationalization in water consumption, especially in the residential and commercial sectors.     

南四湖流域水环境安全应急体系构建研究

南四湖是南水北调东线工程的重要输水通道和调蓄湖泊。为有效防止东线工程突发水环境污染事故发生,确保调水沿线水质和周围生态环境安全,亟待加强突发性水环境污染事故应急体系建设。在对南四湖流域潜在涉水风险源分析的基础上,指出了流域内突发性水污染事故的潜在风险和水环境安全应急体系建设存在的不足,并提出了由应急管理、应急响应、应急处置及应急保障四部分组成的南四湖水环境安全应急机制的总体框架,建立了多级响应应急处理模式,可为突发性水污染事故作出应急决策提供了依据。     

平原地区城市河网水环境改善的补水调度策略研究——以天津市中心城区河网为例

针对平原地区城市河网中存在的补水效果差、水质不达标等水环境问题,采取问题解析-方法优化的思路开展河网水环境改善的补水调度策略研究,提出了融合现状模拟和成因分析、补水调度策略验证、补水调度实施方案的研究思路。以天津市中心城区环城河网进行实例应用,基于现状问题解析揭示了河网水质不达标原因,按照保持现有工程措施及增设工程措施的顺序提出了适用的推荐补水调度策略,并基于推荐补水调度策略提出了年度整体实施方案及实际实施方案,其中年度整体实施方案对应的年度补水调度总需水量为3.19亿m3。研究表明本文提出的补水调度策略研究方法可利用有限的补水资源有效地改善水环境,可在其他平原地区城市河网中进行推广。     

武汉城市湖泊汞的迁移与富集

对武汉远郊、城乡结合部和市区3种环境中6个湖泊的水、界面水、沉积物和生物(鱼)进行调查采样,用离心机离心出沉积物中的孔隙水,用原子荧光光谱仪进行汞含量测定。以土壤—水—界面水—孔隙水—沉积物—生物为轴线,探讨了汞在研究区土壤—沉积物系统、湖水—沉积物系统和湖水—界面水—孔隙水系统中的分配以及湖泊鲢鱼肉中汞与沉积物和水中汞的关系。建立了武汉城市湖泊汞的迁移、富集理想模式:湖泊水汞经悬浮物吸附沉淀而富集于沉积物中,沉积物中汞经化学转化传输给孔隙水;存在于悬浮物中的界面水汞,经解吸附后向湖水扩散而产生二次污染。湖水汞被鱼吸收而产生生物富集。从而得出湖水—界面水—孔隙水—沉积物、湖水—鱼的两种富集机制。     

改善农村水环境建设优美新农村

在分析了山东省农村水环境现状后，根据山东省农村水环境保护与治理的总体目标，提出山东省农村水环境保护的对策是：从源头保护农村水环境，防止城市水污染向农村蔓延，加强农村区域水土流失防治，加强农业面源污染防治，加强生态农业建设，发展节水型农业，加强乡镇企业和居民区的污染防治；从末端治理上加强农村水环境保护，防治农村河流区域污染，治理农村水库、湖泊污染，重视农村地下水污染防治，加强污水资源化和污水灌溉的研究和管理．重视近岸海域海水富营养化问题。     

Integrated solutions for urban runoff pollution control in Brazilian metropolitan regions

One of the most important causes for poor water quality in urban rivers in Brazil is the low collection efficiency of the sewer system due to unforeseen interconnections with the stormwater drainage system. Since the beginning of the 20th century, Brazilian cities have adopted separate systems for sanitary sewers and stormwater runoff. Gradually these two systems became interconnected. A major challenge faced today by water managers in Brazil is to find efficient and low cost solutions to deal with this mixed system. The current situation poses an important threat to the improvement of the water quality in urban rivers and lakes. This article presents an evaluation of the water quality parameters and the diffuse pollution loads during rain events in the Pinheiros River, a tributary of the Tietê River in S?o Paulo. It also presents different types of integrated solutions for reducing the pollution impact of combined systems, based on the European experience in urban water management. An evaluation of their performance and a comparison with the separate system used in most Brazilian cities is also presented. The study is based on an extensive water quality monitoring program that was developed for a special investigation in the Pinheiros River and lasted 2.5 years. Samples were collected on a daily basis and water quality variables were analyzed on a daily, weekly or monthly basis. Two hundred water quality variables were monitored at 53 sampling points. During rain events, additional monitoring was carried out using an automated sampler. Pinheiros River is one of the most important rivers in the S?o Paulo Metropolitan Region and it is also a heavily polluted one.     

URBANIZATION IMPAIRS SURFACE WATER QUALITY: EUTROPHICATION AND METAL STRESS IN THE GRAND CANAL OF CHINA

Rapid urbanization leads to degradations upon water quality via eutrophication and pollution, but there are a lack of studies on patterns of water quality change to urbanization by level or process. China has achieved the most rapid urbanization in the world within the past three decades, and its urban development is diverse at level. Nine towns and cities at various development levels along the historic Grand Canal (approximately 1500 years old) were selected to reveal direct linkages between surface water quality and extent of urbanization. Surface water quality in the urban sections of the Grand Canal was impaired by both eutrophic nitrogen and phosphorus and metals. Although metals mostly remained at concentrations permissible to the Chinese National Environmental Standard for Surface Water Quality (GB3838‐2002), the concentrations of metals in most urban canal water might impose an unacceptable effect on aquatic communities according to the Criterion Continuous Concentration from the National Recommended Water Quality Criteria for Priority Toxic Pollutants (US EPA 2006). The loadings of metals in the urban canal were found relating to local industrial activities. The level of urbanization, in this study, was significantly related to water quality parameters in a descending order of electrical conductivity > nutrients > metals. This study suggests that significant mitigation strategies are required for the Grand Canal of China for a sustainable urbanization goal. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Role of Transformative Capacity in River Basin Management Transformations

To tackle problems related to water quantity and quality, transformations in water management systems have become of increasing interest. Transformative capacity can be defined as the ability first to adapt to changes, and if needed, to carry out fundamental changes in a specific system. Using a framework of ten components of transformative capacity and an analysis of earlier historical research, policy documents and data gathered in a stakeholder scenario workshop, we examine the relationship between past and future transformations and transformative capacity in river basin management in the River Vantaa basin, located in southern Finland. In the past, River Vantaa was heavily polluted by municipal wastewater. The water quality has gradually improved but is still not considered good. The most successful changes have been concentrated on point source pollution, such as municipal wastewater, and they have mostly been driven by public administration and municipal coordination. In the future, more effort should be put on diffuse pollution, especially agricultural loading, and this requires changes in societal values and new forms of governance. We show how the past transformations have partly been driven by transformative capacity, but some transformations have enabled changes in the components of transformative capacity, indicating the interconnectedness of the different components. Furthermore, the interplay between transformations and transformative capacity occurs across spatial and temporal scales. We discuss how transformations take time, how transformative capacity evolves over longer time-spans, and how capacity and trajectories in local and wider scales are in a continuous interaction.

     

Water Price Reforms in China: Policy-Making and Implementation

Following the conviction that economic and pricing approaches are an essential addition to conventional command-and-control environmental regulation, China has gradually increased attention to, research on and experiments with the application of economic instruments in urban water management over the past two decades. This paper analyzes the actual application and implementation of economic instruments in Chinese urban water sectors, applying an ecological modernization perspective. Water tariffs in China have increased sharply over this period, increasingly representing full costs and increasing water use efficiency. But implementation of water tariffs does run into problems of unclear responsibilities, poor collection rates and institutional capacities. It is concluded that Chinese style ecological modernization should pay more attention to the institutional dimensions of natural resource pricing policies, if it is to profit from the theoretical advantages of economic approaches in urban water management.     

江平阳段纳污能力分析及总量控制预测

在分析鳌江平阳段水质状况的基础上,指出主要超标因子为溶解氧、化学需氧量、高锰酸盐指数和非离子氨等。根据满足该江段相应水功能区水质目标的要求,由设计流量及有关参数计算出水体纳污能力。在对污染物进行预测的基础上,提出了鳌江平阳段各功能区在2010年、2020年、2030年的CODCr总量控制方案,为水资源保护与管理提供科学依据。     

Integrated Use of a Continuous Simulation Model and Multi-Attribute Decision-Making for Ranking Urban Watershed Management Alternatives

The objective of this paper is to introduce a continuous simulation-based screening procedure for ranking urban watershed management alternatives using multi-attribute decision making (MADM). The procedure integrates continuous urban runoff simulation results from the United States Environmental Protection Agency’s Storm Water Management Model (SWMM) with the use of an alternative evaluation index (AEI) and MADM techniques, following the driver-pressure-state-impact-response (DPSIR) approach. The analytic hierarchy process estimates the weights of the criteria, and SWMM results are used to quantify the effects of the management alternatives on water quantity and quality metrics. In addition, the tendency of AEI to reflect resident preferences toward management objectives is incorporated to include stakeholder participation in the decision-making process. This systematic decision support process is demonstrated for a Korean urban watershed. According to the AEI, seven alternatives were divided into three groups: poor (0∼0.3), acceptable (0.3∼0.6), and good (0.6∼1). The use of multiple MADM techniques provided a consistency check. The demonstration illustrates the ability of the continuous simulation-based MADM approach to provide decision makers with a ranking of suitable urban watershed management alternatives which incorporate stakeholder feedback.