Response of steel beam–columns exposed to fire

Steel beams when exposed to fire develop significant restraint forces and often behave as beam–columns. The response of such restrained steel beams under fire depends on many factors including fire scenario, load level, degree of restraint at the supports, and high-temperature properties of steel. A set of numerical studies, using finite element computer program ANSYS, is carried out to study the fire response of steel beam–columns under realistic fire, load and restraint scenarios. The finite element model is validated against experimental data, and the importance of high-temperature creep on the fire response of steel beam–columns is illustrated. The validated model is used to carry out a set of parametric studies. Results from the parametric studies indicate that fire scenario, load level, degree of end-restraint and high-temperature creep have significant influence on the behavior of beams under fire conditions. The type of fire scenario plays a critical role in determining the fire response of the laterally-unrestrained steel beam within a space subframe. Increased load level leads to higher catenary forces resulting in lower fire resistance. Rotational restraint enhances the fire resistance of a laterally-unrestrained steel beam, while the axial restraint has detrimental effect on fire resistance.     

约束高强度Q460钢梁的抗火性能

为了研究约束高强度Q460钢梁的抗火性能,在已有约束钢梁分析理论的基础上,引入残余应力,提出了约束钢梁的抗火性能分析方法,并采用普通强度约束钢梁试验数据对分析方法进行了验证。考虑高强度Q460钢材高温下力学性能参数,利用所提出的方法分析了约束高强度Q460钢梁的抗火性能,并与普通强度Q345钢梁进行了对比。对影响约束高强度Q460钢梁的抗火性能参数进行了分析,包括荷载比、残余应力、轴向约束刚度、转动约束刚度和受火方式等。研究表明:所提出的分析方法准确可靠,高强度Q460钢梁抗火性能与普通强度钢梁具有较大的区别,高强度Q460约束钢梁的抗火性能明显优于普通强度约束钢梁。荷载比、轴向约束刚度、转动约束刚度、受火方式对高强度Q460约束钢梁有较大影响。     

Behaviour and design of restrained steel column in fire: Part 2. Parameter study

This paper investigates behaviours of the restrained steel column in fire. For the restrained steel column under axial load only, investigated parameters include the axial load, the axial restraint stiffness, and the column slenderness; for the restrained steel column under combined axial load and bending moment, studied parameters included the axial load, the bending moment load, the axial restraint stiffness, the column slenderness and the end moment ratio.The results of parametric studies show that (1) the axial restraint causes a reduction in the failure temperature of the restrained column. The reduction increases with the increase in the axial restraint stiffness. However, when the axial restraint stiffness ratio is greater than a certain value, no further reduction occurs; (2) the difference between failure and buckling temperatures of a restrained column is great for columns with great axial restraint stiffness or great slenderness or small load ratio. This means that in this situation, the fire resistance of the restrained column can be increased from the column buckling temperature by considering the post-buckling behaviour; (3) an increase in the column axial load ratio or bending moment ratio causes both the column buckling and failure temperatures to decrease; (4) with an increase in the column end moment ratio, the failure temperature of restrained column decreases. The results of parametric studies will form the basis of a simplified calculation method to be presented in the companion paper.     

A Numerical Investigation on Restrained High Strength Q460 Steel Beams Including Creep Effect

Most of previous studies on fire resistance of restrained steel beams neglected creep effect due to lack of suitable creep model. This paper presents a finite element model (FEM) for accessing the fire resistance of restrained high strength Q460 steel beams by taking high temperature Norton creep model of steel into consideration. The validation of the established model is verified by comparing the axial force and deflection of restrained beams obtained by finite element analysis with test results. In order to explore the creep effect on fire response of restrained Q460 steel beams, the thermal axial force and deflection of the beams are also analyzed excluding creep effect. Results from comparison infer that creep plays a crucial role in fire response of restrained steel beam and neglecting the effect of creep may lead to unsafe design. A set of parametric studies are accomplished by using the calibrated FEM to evaluate the governed factors influencing fire response of restrained Q460 steel beams. The parametric studies indicate that load level, rotational restraint stiffness, span–depth ratio, heating rate and temperature distribution pattern are key factors in determining fire resistance of restrained Q460 steel beam. A simplified design approach to determine the moment capacity of restrained Q460 steel beams is proposed based on the parametric studies by considering creep effect.     

火灾下约束钢梁的受力性能及抗火设计方法

采用有限元方法分析了火灾下约束钢梁随温度升高时的反应并与已有的试验结果进行了验证。进一步分析了梁的轴向约束、梁端转动约束以及荷载比对约束钢梁受力性能的影响。总结了约束钢梁在火灾下的变形及轴力的发展规律。最后提出了约束钢梁的实用抗火设计方法,可供结构抗火设计时参考。     

具有端部约束的碳纤维布加固混凝土梁耐火性能试验研究

在ISO834标准升温条件下,开展了具有端部约束的7根碳纤维布加固混凝土梁和1根未加固混凝土梁的耐火性能试验,考察了梁端轴向和转动约束、防火涂料厚度、荷载比等参数对约束梁高温变形及内力的影响。试验结果表明:约束梁的轴向变形最大值随轴向约束刚度比和防火涂料厚度增大而减小,附加轴力最大值随轴向约束刚度比增加或防火涂料厚度减小而增大,梁端附加弯矩最大值随防火涂料厚度减小而增大,但防火涂料厚度在10~20mm范围内变化时影响幅度有限;降温后约束梁的附加轴力仅少量恢复,梁端附加弯矩却较大幅度回落;与非加固梁相比,加固梁的梁端附加弯矩最大值不仅数值更小,而且出现时刻明显偏晚。     

钢筋增强超高韧性水泥基复合材料约束梁耐火性能试验研究

对3个钢筋混凝土（RC）约束梁试件和3个钢筋增强超高韧性水泥基复合材料（RECC）约束梁试件进行了升降温全过程耐火性能试验，研究了升降温全过程中梁端约束、受火时间等参数对梁试件高温下变形和内力的影响，比较了RECC约束梁和RC约束梁高温下的温度场分布、变形和内力。研究结果表明：RECC约束梁的截面测点温度低于RC约束梁，在相同的条件下，RECC约束梁的跨中挠度和梁端弯矩均小于RC约束梁；升温时间为60min的RECC约束梁轴向变形峰值比RC约束梁低25%，RECC约束梁轴力比RC约束梁低18%，升温时间为120min的RECC约束梁和RC约束梁轴向变形和轴力峰值比较接近；梁试件的反弯点位置在整个升降温过程中不断变化，在降温到某一时刻反弯点会基本消失。     

Experiment on restrained steel beams subjected to heating and cooling

This paper describes the performance of restrained steel beams in fire experiments that were completed recently in the Fire Laboratory of Tongji University. It is shown that restrained steel beams have better fire-resistant capability than isolated steel beams. At the beginning of heating due to fire, an internal axial compression force was produced in the restrained beams by thermal expansion. When the temperature was up to a certain value, the internal axial compression force in the beams began to decrease, and eventually the compression force vanished and the tension force was initiated, due to the increase in the deflection of the beams causing a catenary action. This phenomenon explains why a restrained steel beam has higher fire-resistant capacity than an isolated steel beam. After the fire went out, a larger tension force was produced in the restrained steel beams by contraction as the temperature decreased. In addition, local buckling at the bottom flange of the beams near the ends was observed in the experiments. According to the results from the experiments, the stiffness of the axial restraint plays an important role in the behavior of restrained steel beams subjected to heating and cooling in a fire.     

蠕变模型对约束钢梁抗火性能分析的影响

钢材在高温和荷载作用下产生明显蠕变变形,影响火灾中结构的变形和受力性能。现有的蠕变模型较多,但没有一个广泛适用的蠕变模型。不同的蠕变模型对钢结构抗火分析结果有很大影响。为了量化蠕变模型对约束钢梁抗火性能分析的影响,对5种常用的蠕变模型进行了对比分析。采用编写的约束钢梁计算程序,分别计算5种蠕变模型下约束钢梁的抗火性能并与试验数据进行对比。结果表明,采用Norton蠕变模型的计算结果与试验数据吻合最好。最后对影响约束钢梁抗火性能参数进行了研究,研究发现,Harmathy蠕变模型对约束梁抗火性能分析结果影响最大;不同蠕变模型对不同荷载比、约束刚度下的约束钢梁抗火性能影响程度均不同。     

Behaviour and design of restrained steel column in fire,Part 1: Fire test

This is the first of the three companion papers dealing with the restrained steel column behaviours in fire. This paper reports the results of two new fire tests on axially and rotationally restrained steel columns that have different axial restraint stiffness. Axial and rotational restraints were applied by a restraint beam. The external applied axial load was kept constant during the fire test. The increase and decrease in axial force in the restrained steel column was borne by the restraint beam. Test results included the temperature, the axial displacement and the lateral deflection of the test column. It was found that the axial restraint reduced the buckling temperature of a restrained column. The effects of axial restraint to the failure temperature depended on the load ratio and the axial restraint stiffness ratio. A Finite Element Method (FEM) model was built to simulate the fire test. The damping factor fitting for simulating behaviours of restrained steel column in fire was selected through parametric analysis. The validated FEM model was used to perform parametric studies on the behaviour of restrained steel column in Part 2, results of which were used to develop a practical design method for restrained steel column in fire in Part 3.     

火灾下钢梁悬索效应分析研究

为了研究高温下钢梁的大变形性能．本文使用ABAQUS有限元程序建立了分析模型。通过与有关的试验结果对比，验证了有限元分析程序计算的准确性和可靠性。在利用程序进行大量参数分析，包括跨度、应力比、边界条件、温度分布等参数分析的基础上,发现梁的水平支撑对其抗火承载力有很大的影响。为了在实际设计中应用钢梁的悬索效应，本文导出了计算钢梁变形和悬索力的简化计算方法。     

约束混凝土梁的升降温全过程轴力分析

利用SAFIR程序开展了约束混凝土梁的升降温全过程轴力分析,考察了轴向约束刚度比、截面宽度、全截面配筋率、升温时间等参数对ISO 834标准升降温作用下约束混凝土梁的轴力影响规律,并与单调升温时的相应规律进行了对比;通过对288种工况的计算分析,给出了该类构件轴力比的实用计算方法。研究结果表明:对于轴向和转动约束梁,无论是单调升温还是先升温后降温,轴力比总体都呈现出先逐渐增大而后平缓变化,然后以较大速率降低的趋势,主要区别在于先升温后降温时平缓段的持续时间比单调升温时更长;对于先升温后降温的轴向和转动约束梁,转动约束刚度比、截面高度、梁跨度和荷载比对轴力比影响很小,而轴向约束刚度比和全截面配筋率越大或截面宽度越小,轴力比峰值就越大;考虑到实际工程情况,可近似忽略混凝土保护层厚度变化对轴向和转动约束梁轴力比的影响。     

模拟局部火灾下受火焰冲击的约束梁性能

钢结构可能会受附近火源的影响而被局部加热。局部火灾所造成的火焰冲击可能会使钢构件暴露于高温之下,从而导致结构失效。对受局部火灾火焰冲击的约束梁的热力学性能进行数值研究。对4个不同尺寸和约束的钢梁进行试验。研究其在火灾发展阶段和稳定阶段的性能。与ISO834火灾标准相比较。研究发现受火焰冲击的钢梁内部的温度分布很不均匀,多是穿过钢梁或在钢梁边沿。在梁的长度方向,火源附近的温度要比远离火源的温度高几百度。由于不同的温度分布,受火焰冲击的约束钢梁的变形模式与受ISO834火灾标准的梁相比明显不同。受局部火灾影响的约束钢的失效温度可能会高于或低于ISO834火灾标准下的约束梁的失效温度。如果潜在的实际火灾为局部火灾,那么根据标准火灾所做的设计可能就不够安全。     

Simulating the behavior of restrained steel beams to flame impingement from localized-fires

Steel structures may be exposed to localized heating by a fire source nearby. Flame impingement from localized fire may lead to high temperatures in the exposed steel members, which may lead to structural failure. This paper numerically investigates the thermal and mechanical behaviors of restrained steel beams exposed to flame impingement from localized fires. Four steel beams with different dimensions and restraints were considered. Both developing and steady burning fires were investigated. The standard ISO834 fire was also used for comparison. The study finds that the temperature distributions within the steel beams subjected to flame impingement are highly non-uniform both across and along the beams. Along the beam length, the temperatures near the fire source may be hundreds of degrees higher than those far from the fire source. Due to different temperature distributions, the deformation mode for restrained steel beam subjected to flame impingement may be significantly different from that of a beam subjected to the standard ISO834 fire. The failure temperatures for restrained steel beams subjected to localized fires may be higher or lower than those for restrained beams subjected to the standard ISO834 fire. Reliance on the standard fire may lead to an unconservative design if the potential real fires are localized fires.     

火灾下轴心受压H型截面约束钢柱整体稳定设计

利用验证的有限元模型分析了轴向约束刚度比、轴力荷载比和钢柱长细比对火灾下轴心受压H形截面约束钢柱屈曲温度和破坏温度的影响,给出了其屈曲温度和破坏温度的计算方法。轴向约束刚度比对约束钢柱屈曲温度和破坏温度的影响可用指数函数表示,轴力荷载比和钢柱长细比对约束钢柱屈曲温度和破坏温度的影响可用多项式表示。采用有限元方法对计算公式进行了验证,设计公式计算结果与有限元分析结果吻合较好,且设计公式给出偏于安全的结果。     

Fire performance of axially restrained steel reinforcedconcrete columns

为了考察受轴向约束的型钢混凝土柱的耐火性能，以荷载比、偏心率和含钢率为参数，开展了7根轴向约束型钢混凝土柱的耐火试验。采用恒载升温模式，研究了火灾下受轴向约束的型钢混凝土柱的温度分布、位移、变形、耐火极限及破坏形态。试验结果表明：荷载比相同时，施加在轴心受压柱顶的竖向荷载大于偏心受压柱。对于轴心受压柱，高温下柱首先缓慢膨胀，然后逐渐压缩破坏；由于轴向约束分担了柱的竖向荷载，压缩变形随时间变化较为缓和，轴向约束延长了柱的耐火极限。对于偏心受压柱，高温下其膨胀变形大于轴心受压柱，且膨胀变形先增加再减小；轴向约束增加了柱的竖向荷载，缩短了柱的耐火极限。荷载比对轴向约束型钢混凝土柱耐火极限影响显著，荷载比越大，耐火极限越小。当荷载比不大于0.5时，偏心率越大，柱的耐火极限会相应增大。含钢率增加，会在一定程度上延长柱的耐火极限。     

轴向约束型钢混凝土柱耐火性能试验研究

为了考察受轴向约束的型钢混凝土柱的耐火性能,以荷载比、偏心率和含钢率为参数,开展了7根轴向约束型钢混凝土柱的耐火试验。采用恒载升温模式,研究了火灾下受轴向约束的型钢混凝土柱的温度分布、位移、变形、耐火极限及破坏形态。试验结果表明：荷载比相同时,施加在轴心受压柱顶的竖向荷载大于偏心受压柱。对于轴心受压柱,高温下柱首先缓慢膨胀,然后逐渐压缩破坏;由于轴向约束分担了柱的竖向荷载,压缩变形随时间变化较为缓和,轴向约束延长了柱的耐火极限。对于偏心受压柱,高温下其膨胀变形大于轴心受压柱,且膨胀变形先增加再减小;轴向约束增加了柱的竖向荷载,缩短了柱的耐火极限。荷载比对轴向约束型钢混凝土柱耐火极限影响显著,荷载比越大,耐火极限越小。当荷载比不大于0.5时,偏心率越大,柱的耐火极限会相应增大。含钢率增加,会在一定程度上延长柱的耐火极限。     

A performance based methodology for fire design of restrained steel beams

A performance based approach is developed for assessing the fire resistance of restrained beams. The proposed approach, based on equilibrium and compatibility principles, takes into consideration the influence of many factors including fire scenario, end restraints, connection configuration (location of axial restraint force), thermal gradient, load level, beam geometry, and failure criteria in evaluating fire resistance. The validity of the approach is established by comparing the predictions from the proposed approach with results obtained from rigorous finite element analysis. The applicability and rationality of the proposed approach to practical design situations is illustrated through a numerical example.     

A new design method for calculating critical temperatures of restrained steel column in fire

This paper presents a new simplified design method for calculating the buckling- and failure-temperature of uniformly heated, axially restrained steel column subjected to axial compression load or combined axial compression force and bending moment in fire. Here the term “buckling temperature” refers to the temperature at which the restrained column loses temporary stability due to increased axial compression load, while “failure temperature” refers to the temperature at which the axial load in column returns to the initial level. For a restrained column under axial load, this paper presents effects of three different column design parameters, including the axial restraint stiffness, the initial axial load and the column slenderness, on the column buckling- and failure-temperature using a calibrated finite element method model. Two additional parameters are analyzed, including the bending moment ratio and the end moment ratio, for a restrained column under combined axial force and bending moment. To derive design calculation equations, regression analyses were carried out to express the reduction in column buckling- and failure-temperature, from that of the column without axial restraint, as functions of the aforementioned column design parameters. The accuracy of these design equations are then assessed by comparison between their predictions and finite element predictions.     

约束高强钢柱受火后轴压剩余承载力影响参数研究

利用经试验验证的ABAQUS有限元模型,对轴心压力作用下的轴向约束高强钢柱受火后的剩余承载性能进行了参数分析,考虑了过火温度、荷载比、轴向约束刚度比、长细比以及高强钢材强度等级等参数的影响。参数分析结果表明：当过火温度小于屈曲临界温度时,受火过程对轴向约束钢柱的轴压承载力没有影响;当过火温度大于屈曲临界温度时,钢柱的轴压剩余承载力会明显减小,且随着过火温度的升高,剩余承载力逐渐降低;轴向约束刚度比和长细比对约束钢柱的过火温度为屈曲临界温度时对应的轴压剩余承载力影响显著;荷载比对约束钢柱的过火温度为破坏临界温度时对应的轴压剩余承载力影响明显;高强钢材强度等级对约束钢柱受火后轴压承载力影响较小。根据参数分析所得数据及规律,提出了超500MPa高强钢轴向约束柱受火后轴压剩余承载力的简化计算方法,将计算结果与有限元分析结果对比,验证了该简化计算方法的可靠性。