输血安全与不规则抗体筛选

观察临床9857例输血患者不规则抗体筛查实验结果,检测出抗体阳性32例,降低并有效避免了溶血反应的发生.因此,对输血前患者进行不规则抗体筛选是必要的,在保证临床输血安全、减少溶血性输血反应方面具有重要意义.     

北京市某医院献血者不规则抗体筛查阳性结果分析

目的 通过交叉配血次侧不合发现不规则抗体筛查阳性的献血者并鉴定不规则抗体特异性,保障输血安全。方法通过交叉配血次侧均不相合且复查血型发现不规则抗体筛查阳性的献血者,并鉴定抗体特异性;将其中4袋不规则抗体筛查阳性的悬浮红细胞制备为洗涤红细胞,并跟踪其输注效果。结果 2016年11月至2017年12月期间,34297例献血者中发现11例为不规则抗体筛查阳性,其中抗-E5例、抗-M4例、自身抗体1例、非特异性抗体1例。两名患者输注抗筛阳性洗涤红细胞后,输注有效,无不良输血反应发生。结论 常规开展献血者不规则抗体筛查项目具有重要的临床意义,将抗筛阳性的悬浮红细胞制备为洗涤红细胞,可以保障输血安全,节约血液资源。     

Rh抗e抗体的检测及其临床意义分析

目的 分析Rh血型抗e抗体的血型血清学检测结果及其临床意义。方法 采用微柱凝胶法(MGT)对患者进行ABO、 RhD血型鉴定及抗体筛查，对抗体筛查阳性、交叉配血不合或ABO血型正反定型不相符患者血标本再采用试管盐水法(NS)进行对比检测，采用直接抗人球蛋白试验(DAT)和间接抗人球蛋白试验(IAT)对患者血标本进行不规则抗体筛查、抗体特异性鉴定及交叉配血试验。结果 在22例抗体筛查阳性及交叉配血不合的患者中，男性4例，女性18例，年龄23～80岁。经抗体特异性鉴定为单独抗e抗体17例，抗e合并抗C抗体5例，凝集强度1+～2+,抗体效价1∶8～1∶32。结论 抗e、抗C抗体均为IgG型抗体，在血型血清学检测中可引起抗体筛查阳性、交叉配血不合或ABO血型正反定型不相符，在临床上可引起溶血性输血反应及新生儿溶血病的发生。     

三次以上输血产生不规则抗体的临床分析

目的分析反复输血产生不规则抗体的规律,以及不规则抗体对临床输血的影响。方法采用盐水法、凝聚胺法和微柱凝胶法对1020例三次以上输血患者进行不规则抗体筛查,分析输血次数与不规则抗体阳性率和抗体类型的关系,观察不规则抗体阳性对输血反应和交叉配血的影响。结果 1020例反复输血患者有26例(2.25%)不规则抗体阳性,而且不规则抗体的产生与输血次数呈正相关,随着输血次数的增多抗体类型也越多。不规则抗体阳性患者输血前交叉配血时间为35+3.4 min,较抗体阴性患者15+1.7 min显著延长;26例不规则抗体阳性患者有2例出现输血反应,占7.6%,高于阴性患者出现输血反应的比例(0.4%)。结论三次以上输血将导致患者不规则抗体的阳性率和抗体类型增高,抗体阳性不仅延长交叉配血时间,更会增加输血反应的产生。尽量减少输血次数和加强不规则抗体的检测,是预防和减少输血反应、保证输血安全的有效措施。     

7596例患者血清不规则抗体分析与临床意义

<正>不规则抗体是指不符合ABO血型Landsteiner规则的血型抗体,即抗A、抗B以外的血型抗体;常通过异型输血、妊娠免疫刺激产生,以Ig G为主,少部分为Ig M;Ig G现已成为引起交叉配血困难[1-2]和免疫溶血性输血反应的重要影响因素。不规则抗体检查是保证安全输血的重要实验,本研究将对7596例患者的不规则抗体检查结果进行总结分析。1材料和方法     

23例Kidd血型不规则抗体血清学检测及分析

目的探讨Kidd血型不规则抗体的血清学特征及其临床意义。方法采用微柱凝胶卡对23例Kidd血型不规则抗体筛选阳性患者的血标本进行ABO及Rh血型鉴定,采用试管盐水法和间接抗人球蛋白法进行不规则抗体特异性鉴定及效价测定,采用抗Jk抗体定型血清检测患者红细胞Kidd血型抗原。结果在23例Kidd血型不规则抗体中,男3例(13.0%),女20例(87.0%)。抗Jka抗体13例(56.5%),抗Jk~b抗体10例(43.5%)。ABO血型鉴定为A型血7例(30.4%),B型血8例(34.8%),O型血7例(30.4%),AB型血1例(4.3%)。Kidd血型抗原为Jk~(a-b+)13例,Jk~(a+b-)10例。23例患者血标本在不规则抗体筛选及交叉配血中出现1+~2+意外凝集,抗体性质为IgG型,抗体效价为1∶2~1∶8。结论患者Kidd血型抗原为Jk~(a-b+)或Jk~(a+b-),血型不相合的妊娠或多次输血可产生免疫性IgG型抗Jk抗体,导致溶血性输血反应和新生儿溶血病,输血相容性检测中也可引起抗体筛选阳性及交叉配血不合。     

拟输血患者血型不规则抗体检测结果的回顾性分析北大核心CSCD

目的探讨拟输血患者血型不规则抗体的检出及分布情况,以指导临床合理安全用血。方法应用盐水法、抗人球蛋白法和微柱凝胶技术对58 565例拟输血住院及急诊患者进行血型不规则抗体检测,对阳性结果进一步采用谱细胞进行抗体特异性鉴定。结果共检出不规则抗体阳性351例,检出率为0.60%(351/58 565)。鉴定出特异性抗体282例,检出率为0.48%(282/58 565);自身抗体36例,检出率为0.06%(36/58 565);无法鉴定抗体特异性共33例,占0.06%(33/58 565)。不同性别患者不规则抗体的检出率比较:女性患者222例,阳性率为0.73%(222/30 582)显著高于男性患者129例,阳性率为0.46%(129/27 983)。结论拟输血患者有必要进行不规则抗体筛查和特异性鉴定,避免免疫性输血反应的发生。     

抗Mur抗体的血清学检测及其临床意义

目的 分析抗Mur抗体的血型血清学检测结果及其临床意义。方法 采用微柱凝胶法(MGT)对2例患者血标本进行ABO、 RhD血型鉴定及不规则抗体筛选,结果有疑问时再采用试管盐水法(NS)、直接抗人球蛋白试验(DAT)、间接抗人球蛋白试验(IAT)、吸收放散试验、抗体特异性鉴定及交叉配血试验进行检测鉴定。结果 患者1 ABO血型为A型,RhD阳性,DAT阴性。患者2ABO血型为B型,RhD阳性,DAT阴性。两例患者在采用NS、 MGT进行血型血清学检测中,交叉配血不合。经血型血清学检测鉴定为IgM+IgG型抗Mur抗体,抗体效价为1∶1～1∶4,凝集强度为2+～1+。结论 抗Mur抗体大多数为IgM型抗体,极少数为IgG型抗体,或IgM型+IgG型混合抗体,该抗体可引起正反定型不符或交叉配血不合,在37℃及IAT有反应时,可引起溶血性输血反应和新生儿溶血病的发生。     

16例Duffy血型不规则抗体血清学检测结果分析

目的探讨Duffy血型不规则抗体的血清学特征及其临床意义。方法采用微柱凝胶卡对16例Duffy血型不规则抗体筛选阳性患者的血标本进行ABO及Rh血型鉴定,采用盐水试管法和间接抗人球蛋白法进行不规则抗体特异性鉴定、抗体性质及其效价测定,采用抗Fy抗体血型定型试剂检测患者红细胞Duffy血型抗原。结果 16例患者血标本在不规则抗体筛选及交叉配血试验中出现1+～2+意外凝集,经血型血清学鉴定为Duffy血型不规则抗体,即抗Fya抗体1例(6. 3%)、抗Fyb抗体15例(93. 8%),其中抗Fyb抗体联合抗E抗体2例;男5例(31. 3%)、女11例(68. 8%)。Duffy血型抗原鉴定为Fya-b+1例(6. 3%)、Fya+b-15例(93. 8%)。患者自身对照试验阴性,直接抗人球蛋白试验阴性。抗体性质为Ig G类,抗体效价为1∶4～1∶16。结论患者Duffy血型抗原为Jka-b+或Jka+b-表现型的个体,由于反复输血或妊娠的免疫刺激而产生Ig G类抗Fya或Fyb抗体,该抗体可导致溶血性输血反应和新生儿溶血病的发生,在输血相容性检测中也可引起抗体筛选阳性及交叉配血不合。     

Rh 抗原分型检测对反复输血患者的临床意义

目的:分析128 例不规则抗体筛查阳性患者的Rh 抗原分型以及不规则抗体鉴定结果,探讨需要多次输血患者首次输血前进行Rh 抗原分型检测的临床意义。方法:采用试管法对128 例抗筛阳性患者的Rh 抗原进行分型检测;采用微柱凝胶法对该类患者进行单特异性抗体鉴定。结果:128 例抗体筛查阳性的患者经抗体鉴定,Rh 系统共77 例,其中抗E 有72例,抗c 有5 例;MNSs 系统抗M 有10 例,抗Mur 有4 例;Lewis 系统抗Lea 有15 例;P 系统抗P1 有4 例,其他非特异性抗体18例。Rh 抗原分型检测分布为DCCee(74 例) >DCcEe(34 例) >DCcee(10 例) >DccEE(5 例) >DccEe(2 例) >DCcEE(1 例)、dCcee(1 例)、dccee(1 例),产生Rh 系统抗体的表型主要是DCCee,其患者主要分布在血液内科(26 例)、消化内科(11 例)、ICU(4 例)等需要反复输血的病区。结论:针对血液内科、消化内科、ICU 等病区需要反复输血的患者,在首次输血前进行Rh抗原分型检测,尽量选用Rh 系统五个抗原同型的血液给予输注,可以避免患者产生该系统的不规则抗体,从而保证安全输血和有效输血。     

广州地区无偿献血者不规则抗体筛查结果分析

目的了解广州地区无偿献血者不规则抗体的频率、类型、特异性和抗体效价。为输血前检查策略的制定提供依据。方法随机抽取2012年11月至2013年3月广州血液中心无偿献血者血液样本20160例。选择含特定抗原的筛选红细胞,采用聚凝胺介质微板法进行不规则抗体初筛,阳性样本使用试剂筛选细胞和试管法进行确证试验,仍然阳性的样本采用谱细胞微柱法进行特异性鉴定并测定效价。结果20160名广州地区无偿献血者中共筛查出不规则抗体97例,检出率为0．48％,其中IgG型抗-E1例,IgM型抗体96例,包括抗-P14例,抗-M2例,抗-Lewisnn1例,上述抗体效价均不超过8;冷自身抗体59例和非特异性不规则抗体30例。女性不规则抗体阳性率显著高于男性（xz=18．7201,P=1．51E．05）。结论广州献血人群中存在低比例的不规则抗体,对献血者进行不规则抗体筛查有利于电子配血及血液预警系统的建立,对提升临床用血安全性、有效性和智能化水平有着重要意义。     

Rh血型抗体的检测及结果分析

目的:调查Rh血型抗体的检出率及其特异性分布特点.分析Rh血型抗体的临床意义及产生规律.方法:采用微柱凝胶抗球蛋白技术筛查和鉴定红细胞血型不规则抗体,对鉴定为Rh血型抗体者,采用单克隆抗-D、抗-C、抗-c、抗-E、抗-e鉴定红细胞Rh血型抗原,以确认抗体的准确性;检测抗体的效价、Ig类型及37℃反应性,以明确其临床意义;询问孕产史、输血史,如果为新生儿检测其母亲血浆中是否有相同特异性的抗体,以分析抗体产生的原因.结果:就诊者54000例,共检出Rh血型抗体47例,检出率为0.087%,其中有妊娠史者27例,有输血史者13例,既有妊娠史又有输血史者1例,抗体来自母体的新生儿6例;抗体的特异性为:抗-E 29例(61.70%)、抗-D 8例(17.02%)、抗-cE5例(10.64%)、抗-c 4例(8.51%)、抗-C 1例(2.13%);47例Rh血型抗体均为IgG或IgG IgM类,37℃均可与具有相应抗原的红细胞反应,抗体效价介于1～4096.结论:被检就诊者Rh血型抗体的检出率低于白种人;在检出的Rh血型抗体中,抗-E占绝对多数,而抗-D的检出率呈逐步减少的趋势;妊娠和输血引起的同种免疫是Rh血型抗体产生的原因,新生儿自母体被动获得的Rh血型抗体是Non-ABO-HDN最主要的致病抗体.     

A case of severe hemolytic disease of newborn due to alloimmunization in primigravida

Red blood cell (RBC) alloimmunization which is the production of antibodies in response to foreign red cell antigen(s) may occur through exposure to cells or tissues from a genetically different member of same species via transfusion, transplantation or pregnancy. It may cause hemolytic disease of fetus and newborn (HDFN). Usually the incidence of HDFN due to irregular erythrocyte antibody is rare in primigravida. Here we report a primigravida pregnant woman who developed multiple alloantibodies and the neonate developed severe HDFN. A 36-year-old primigravida pregnant woman who had no history of significant medical issues except surgery done for severe endometriosis 1 year back and she had no history of previous blood transfusion presented to us for delivery. The antibody screening came out to be positive with a reaction in cell I and cell II of the antibody screening panel. Further, a mixture of anti D + anti C + anti E alloantibodies were identified using 16 cells panel, select cells and red cell phenotyping. The neonate developed severe HDFN which was managed with phototherapy, exchange transfusion and IvIg. There was no exposure history for sensitization except bleeding in early 2nd trimester. There was a significant discrepancy among mother, father and neonate Rh phenotype which was resolved with clinical history of Invitro fertilization (IVF) with sperm donation. This index case illustrates the need of antibody screening in primigravida antenatal women specially for Rh D negative high risk cases. It also shows importance of Rh Kell typing in sperm donors for future transfusion support of the child.     

The risk of an overt hemolytic transfusion reaction following the use of an immediate spin crossmatch

The major crossmatch must include an anti-human globulin test, unless the transfusion recipient has no apparent significant unexpected antibodies, in which case the use of only an immediate spin crossmatch method is considered acceptable. However, a minority of laboratories utilize only an immediate spin crossmatch as their routine major crossmatch, possibly because contemporary antibody screening tests occasionally miss detecting some unexpected antibodies, and these missed antibodies are more often detected by the anti-human globulin crossmatch than by the immediate spin crossmatch. In the present study, 20 hospitals were surveyed to determine how often an acute hemolytic transfusion reaction would occur when only an immediate spin crossmatch was used as the major crossmatch method. During the study period, 1.3 million immediate spin crossmatches were performed, and five patients experienced acute overt hemolytic transfusion reactions that were believed to be caused by antibodies that were missed by both the antibody screening test and immediate spin crossmatch (one hemolytic event per 250,000 immediate spin crossmatches). The implicated antibodies were anti-Jka, anti-Wra, anti-C, anti-c, and anti-Kpa. These survey data demonstrate that the routine crossmatching of blood using an immediate spin crossmatch may rarely result in an acute hemolytic transfusion reaction if the antibody screening cells used during pretransfusion compatibility testing fail to detect some clinically significant red blood cell antibodies.     

献血者ABO血型反定型O细胞凝集原因分析

目的分析献血者ABO血型反定型O细胞凝集原因,以确保受血者输血安全。方法对江门市2000年1月至2008年6月间,采用微板法检测献血者ABO血型出现反定型O细胞凝集者进行冷凝集素效价测定、吸收放散试验、意外抗体鉴定等血型血清学检测。结果308410例献血者中有25例出现反定型O细胞凝集。其中血清中含有冷凝集素导致O细胞凝集16例：效价1：4～1：32者10例、效价≥1：64者6例：血清中存在意外抗体导致O细胞凝集9例：抗-M（IgM）5例、抗-Le^a（IgM）2例、抗-Le^b（IgM）1例、抗-P1（IgM）1例。结论采用微板法检测献血者ABO血型出现反定型O细胞凝集时,应进行相关的血型血清学检测;非血源紧缺的情况下,反定型O细胞凝集者不宜作为献血者。     

Pregnancy outcome in recurrent aborters is not influenced by Chlamydia IgA and/or G

PROBLEM: It is unclear whether chlamydia infection influences the miscarriage rate and immunological factors in patients with recurrent miscarriage. METHOD OF STUDY: Chlamydia DNA, IgA and IgG to Chlamydia trachomatis, natural killer cell activity, complement 3 (C3), C4, hemolytic complement, antinuclear antibodies, antiphospholipid antibodies, prolactin, activated partial thromboplastin time, prothrombin time and fibrinogen were examined in 504 patients with a history of two or more consecutive first-trimester miscarriages. Subsequent pregnancy outcomes were compared between cases with and without antibodies to C. trachomatis. RESULTS: Totals of 10 of 30 and 48 of 201 patients receiving no medication miscarried subsequently with and without chlamydia infection. Chlamydia IgA and/or IgG were associated with a high level of C3 but not other immunological and coagulatory parameters. CONCLUSION: Antibodies to C. trachomatis do not influence subsequent pregnancy outcome in patients with a history of recurrent miscarriage.     

Significant IgG subclass heterogeneity in HLA-specific antibodies: Implications for pathogenicity,prognosis, and the rejection response

IgG subclasses differ in their ability to fix complement and bind Fc receptors. This study describes a detailed analysis of the distribution of HLA-specific IgG subclasses in order to define how this varies in sensitised waiting-list patients. We found significant variation in the level, presence and combinations of each HLA-specific IgG subclass between and within individuals and this is influenced by the type of sensitising event. Graft failure in particular provokes higher levels of IgG1 (vs transfusion, p = 0.071 and pregnancy, p = 0.042), IgG2 (vs transfusion, p = 0.001 and pregnancy, p = 0.016), and IgG4 (vs transfusion, p = 0.052). Both graft failure and pregnancy tend to stimulate multiple IgG subclass responses against HLA, whereas transfusion stimulated antibodies are dominated by responses limited to IgG1 (p = 0.033) and have a low incidence of IgG4 (p = 0.046). In marked contrast, IgG4 characterised nearly all HLA DQ-specific antibodies stimulated by graft rejection (p = 0.006). Such widely varying IgG subclass heterogeneity is likely to be due to underlying immunological processes dependent on the route of sensitisation. This diversity, which implies functional variation, may help explain why HLA-specific antibodies are an obstacle to transplantation in some circumstances but not others. The subclass association with rejection has potential as a biomarker for chronic rejection.     

Anti-Elastin Antibodies and Elastin Turnover in Normal Pregnancy and Recurrent Pregnancy Loss

Problem  The aim of this study was to investigate elastin turnover and autoimmunity in patients with a history of recurrent pregnancy loss (RPL) and during normal pregnancy.
Method of study  Anti-α-elastin and anti-tropoelastin IgG and IgM antibodies were measured by a home-made ELISA in serum samples of 60 medically and obstetrically normal pregnant women, classified to three trimester groups, 18 female patients with RPL and 18 healthy non-pregnant women with a history of successful pregnancies. One way analyses of variance and Least Significant Difference method were used for a statistical analysis.
Results  Anti-α-elastin IgG autoantibodies were significantly decreased in the third trimester pregnant women. IgM anti-α-elastin autoantibodies were significantly decreased in all pregnancy groups compared with the controls. Synthesis/degradation ratio of elastin was significantly increased in the third trimester pregnancy group, suggesting decreased elastin degradation during this period of pregnancy. Comparing the RPL patients with the healthy non-pregnant controls showed a significantly increased anti-α-elastin IgG antibody and significantly decreased synthesis/degradation ratio in the patient's group, suggesting increased elastin degradation in RPL.
Conclusion  Elastin degradation is decreased during normal pregnancy. Increased anti-elastin IgG antibodies may contribute to the pathogenesis of pregnancy losses.     

A Delayed Hemolytic Transfusion Reaction (DHTR) with Multiple Alloantibodies (Anti-E, Jka, Dia, Fyb, and S) Induced by E-Antigen-Negative, Crossmatch-Compatible Blood

We describe the case of a 44-year-old woman with a delayed hemolytic transfusion reaction (DHTR). She had a history of two pregnancies and a blood transfusion, the details of which were unknown. At the time of her first vascular surgery on November 15, 1989, she received 1200 ml of crossmatch-compatible concentrated red blood cells (CRC). Before the first operation, screening for anti-RBC antibodies (Ab) was negative. At the time of the second admission on Feburary 15, 1996, anti-E Abs were detected by indirect antiglobulin test. She received 560 ml of E-antigen-negative, crossmatch-compatible, CRC for treatment of anemia on March 1 and 2, 1996. After this transfusion, total bilirubin (1.6 mg/dl) and lactate dehydrogenase (1355 IU/ml) were elevated on March 12, 1996. She had no evidence of clinical hemolysis. We suspected DHTR from these data, and therefore screened for anti-RBC Abs. Anti-E, Jk^a, Di^a, Fy^b, and S Abs were detected in blood samples obtained from the patient on March 12, 1996. Anti-E, Jk^a, Di^a, and S Abs were present more than 1 month and anti-Fy^b Ab was disappeared at 18 days after transfusion.