秋水仙胺对电融合方法体外制备牛四倍体胚胎的影响

通过添加秋水仙胺从而改善电融合方法体外制备牛四倍体胚胎的过程。首先检测牛早期胚胎的分裂时间,并由此确定于体外受精后26~30h时间段内挑选既同期化且优质的2细胞期胚胎用于电融合。电融合参数选取2次直流电压为0.75kV/Cm且脉冲时间60μs。并通过免疫荧光染色监测电融合后细胞核的重组过程。设立电融合对照组和电融合秋水仙胺处理组,处理组在电融合后随即处理0.05mg/L秋水仙胺6h,后彻底洗涤继续体外培养至囊胚期。处理组的融合率（84.4%vs 84.8%）、分裂率（74.3%vs 77.6%）和囊胚率（36.1%vs 39.4%）皆低于对照组,但差异均不显著。获取的囊胚期胚胎的核型分析结果显示,处理组的四倍体制备率显著高于对照组（59.4%vs 26.9%）。综上所述,对电融合后的胚胎处理0.05mg/L秋水仙胺6h显著提高了牛四倍体电融合方法体外制的备率。     

Leptin和ITS对牛卵母细胞体外培养和胚胎生产的影响

利用Leptin和ITS促进体外成熟和体外培养的牛卵母细胞的发育和质量,探讨提高胚胎体外生产的质量和数量的方法和技术。试验1：体外受精胚胎的培养液：添加BSA的KSOM中添加10mL/L浓度的ITS,结果使胚胎的桑椹胚率和囊胚率显著（P〈0.05）高于培养液中不加ITS的对照组（桑椹胚率：43.48%vs29.07%,囊胚率：22.83%vs11.63%）,卵裂率、正常分裂率和8细胞率与对照组差异不显著（P〉0.05）。试验2：在卵母细胞的体外成熟液中添加10μg/L具有生物学活性的重组鸡Leptin成熟肽融合蛋白,Leptin处理组和对照组卵母细胞经体外成熟、受精后转入加有10mL/LITS的KSOM培养液进行体外培养。试验组卵裂率和正常分裂率极显著（P〈0.01）高于对照组（88.96%vs66.81%和61.11%vs29.36%）,8细胞率显著（P〈0.05）高于对照组（84.84%vs69.57%）。Leptin处理的卵母细胞在受精后的桑椹胚率和囊胚率与对照组差异不显著,但最后的囊胚数量较对照组增加1倍多,分别为IVF卵母细胞总数的14.8%和6.4%（P〈0.01）。这说明,添加Leptin对牛卵母细胞体外成熟有促进作用,可显著提高卵母细胞受精后早期胚胎的卵裂率、正常分裂率和8细胞率;加入ITS则能提高桑椹胚率和囊胚率;而Leptin和ITS的按顺序结合使用,则能大大增加体外生产胚胎的桑椹胚和囊胚的数量,从而提高胚胎体外生产的效率。     

牛体外胚胎高效生产技术优化研究

为了探讨小卵泡液、放线菌酮(CHX)对卵母细胞预成熟、囊胚滋养层细胞囊泡(TVS来源于体外受精培养14 d的滋养层细胞)、维生素对牛体外胚胎质量的影响。在B超仪下进行牛活体取卵(OPU),从牛活体卵巢采集卵母细胞,进行体外成熟、体外受精、早期胚胎体外培养。结果表明:10%小卵泡液及8%CHX的卵母细胞预成熟4 h组显著优于对照组;在体外受精及早期胚胎培养液CR1aa中添加10μg/m L维生素C组与TVS共培养组的卵裂率和囊胚发育率均高于其他试验组(P0.05);体外胚胎与TVS共移植受胎率显著高于对照组(P0.05)。说明活体采集的卵母细胞经体外预成熟处理,可以达到核质同期化的目的,早期胚胎的培育过程中加入TVS、抗氧化剂等可以克服早期胚胎的发育阻滞,提高体外胚胎的囊胚发育率。     

OPS玻璃化冷冻对小鼠四倍体胚胎体外发育的影响

为探究开放式拉长细管(OPS)玻璃化冷冻对四倍体胚胎发育的影响,本实验利用2-细胞胚胎电融合法制备四倍体胚胎,再对四倍体胚胎进行OPS玻璃化冷冻,分别观察记录二倍体胚胎、四倍体胚胎以及冷冻解冻后四倍体胚胎的发育情况。结果表明:2-细胞胚胎电融合效率为96.1%;二倍体胚胎组与电融合后四倍体胚胎组的囊胚率和孵化囊胚率差异不显著;冷冻解冻后四倍体胚胎的囊胚率(100%)与四倍体新鲜组(93.3%)差异不显著,其孵化囊胚率(72.3%)较新鲜组(64.9%)显著增高(P<0.05);四倍体冷冻解冻组的囊胚细胞数(31.96)与新鲜组(32.54)无显著差异;冷冻解冻后的四倍体早期囊胚进行体外培养时其发育速度比对照组更快。可见,冷冻对小鼠四倍体胚胎的囊胚率和囊胚细胞数均无显著影响,但孵化囊胚率显著提高,且OPS玻璃化冷冻后使四倍体胚胎的发育速度更快。     

活性氧(ROS)对小鼠早期胚胎胚细胞分裂的影响

在体外CZB培养的不同时期添加过氧化氢(2.1μmol/L),发育至囊胚阶段,制作胚胎标本,观察其囊胚发育率、胚细胞数和分裂相数。结果显示:0~12 h组和0~72 h组的胚胎发育率显著低于其他几组(P<0.05),对照组、12~24 h组、24~36 h组、36~48 h组之间均差异不显著(P>0.05);各组之间的胚细胞数和分裂指数均无显著差异。说明胚胎在体外培养时,2细胞期胚胎对外源性H2O2最敏感,也最容易发生发育阻滞。但是经H2O2处理之后,度过2细胞期发育阻滞的胚胎能在以后的发育中发生补偿性生长,其胚细胞数和分裂指数都和体外正常发育的胚胎没有差异。     

肉羊体外胚胎高效生产技术的优化研究

为了探讨放线菌酮(CHX)对卵母细胞预成熟的影响及囊胚滋养层细胞囊泡(TVS)、维生素C对肉羊体外胚胎质量的影响,试验采用从屠宰厂(场)收集的肉羊卵巢,抽取卵巢表面2~8 mm的卵泡卵母细胞进行体外成熟、体外受精和早期胚胎体外培养。结果表明:经过5%CHX预成熟的卵母细胞卵裂率、桑葚胚率、囊胚率显著高于对照组(P0.05);在体外受精及早期胚胎培养液(SOFaa)中添加1%维生素C组与TVS共培养组的卵裂率和囊胚发育率均高于其他试验组(P0.05);体外胚胎与TVS共移植受胎率显著高于对照组(P0.05)。说明核质同期成熟处理及抗氧化剂可以用于高效生产体外胚胎。     

牛孤雌生殖胚与体外受精胚体外发育比较

从卵巢采集的卵丘-卵母细胞复合体(COCs)经体外成熟培养24 h后,随机分为2组分别用于孤雌激活与体外受精.在相同培养条件下,比较孤雌生殖胚与体外受精胚的发育率和发育速度.结果表明将牛孤雌生殖胚与体外受精胚分别置于mSOFaa和mBECMaa培养液中培养,卵裂率(89.3%vs.80.1%;83.2%vs.82.5%)、囊胚发育率(27.5%vs.24.0%;28.9%vs.21.9%)和孵化率(58.7%vs.56.7%;51.5%vs.53.3%),均无显著差异(P＞0.05);孤雌生殖胚与体外受精胚在体外发育的速度基本相同.对孤雌生殖胚胎进行培养可以代替体外受精胚胎筛选最佳体外培养系统.     

表皮生长因子对水牛胚胎体外发育及凋亡的影响

为了探讨表皮生长因子(EGF)对水牛早期胚胎体外发育及凋亡的影响,通过收集屠宰场卵巢卵母细胞进行体外成熟和体外受精,将假定的受精卵置于含不同浓度EGF(0,25,50和100 ng/mL)的培养液中培养,检查分裂率和囊胚发育率,用细胞凋亡试剂盒(Annexin-V-FluosStaining kit)试剂染色,统计囊胚细胞凋亡率和坏死率。结果表明:50 ng/mL EGF组的孵化囊胚率显著高于对照组(P<0.05),该组细胞凋亡率和坏死率显著低于对照组(P<0.05)。100 ng/mL EGF的卵裂率、囊胚率、D7囊胚率和孵化囊胚率显著低于对照组和其他试验组(P<0.05)。细胞凋亡率和坏死率显著高于其他各组(P<0.05)。提示:一定浓度的EGF可提高囊胚孵化率,并可抑制胚胎细胞的凋亡。     

HSPA9B在牦牛体外受精胚胎中的表达

本试验旨在研究热休克蛋白70-9B(heat shock 70 000protein-9B,HSPA9B)在牦牛早期体外受精胚胎中的表达差异及其与体外受精胚胎发育的关系。在正常生理条件下,采集青海高原牦牛卵巢,捡取质量良好的卵丘-卵母细胞复合体(cumulus-oocyte complexes,COCs),进行体外受精和体外培养,采取实时荧光定量(RT-qPCR)和间接免疫荧光技术,检测HSPA9B在不同时期体外受精胚胎中的表达差异及其蛋白分布。实时荧光定量结果表明,HSPA9B在2~4细胞期胚胎中的相对表达量,分别是在桑椹胚和囊胚中的6.693 4、5.227 4倍,HSPA9B在4~8细胞期胚胎中的相对表达量分别是在2~4细胞期胚胎、桑椹胚和囊胚中的1.136 8、9.089 7和5.937 2倍。间接免疫荧光染色结果表明,在2~4细胞期胚胎、4~8细胞期胚胎和桑椹胚中,胞核HSPA9B的相对表达量较胞质弱,在囊胚中胞核HSPA9B的相对表达量较胞质强。由此得出结论:通过基因水平研究,发现HSPA9B在牦牛早期各时期的体外受精胚胎中存在表达差异,HSPA9B在2~4、4~8细胞期胚胎中的相对表达量与其在桑椹胚和囊胚中的相对表达量差异性极显著(P0.01),提示:可能是HSPA9B在胚胎早期发育中发挥重要作用;通过蛋白水平研究,发现HSPA9B在2~4细胞期胚胎、4~8细胞期胚胎和桑椹胚中,胞核HSPA9B的表达量较胞质的表达弱,在囊胚中胞核HSPA9B的表达量较胞质的表达强,结果表明,在体外培养的环境应激条件下,牦牛体外受精胚胎发育至囊胚时,HSPA9B蛋白的分布可能发生了移位。     

氨基酸对水牛孤雌激活胚胎体外发育的研究

本研究主要探讨氨基酸对水牛孤雌激活(PA)胚胎体外发育的影响.在SOF液中添加1.5%的MEM非必需氨基酸(NEAA)显著提高PA(79.8%vs 67.7%)胚胎的分裂率(P＜0.05),囊胚发育率和囊胚孵化率无显著差异;添加1.0%的EAA显著提高PA胚胎的囊胚孵化率(77.3%vs 43.3%,P＜0.05),但各组间的分裂率和囊胚发育率无显著差异;在改良SOF基础液中联合添加1.0%NEAA和2.0?A可显著提高孤雌激活胚胎的分裂率(84.4%vs 68.8%,P＜0.05),但囊胚发育率和孵化率均无显著差异.     

Cryopreservation of bovine embryos

The method of cryopreservation of embryos aged seven days, proposed for embryo transfer with cattle by Niemann (1985), was tested under production conditions on three cattle breeding farms and three experimental animal units. The number of donors was 128, and 467 intact embryos were obtained from them and were cryopreserved in semen straw. Following thawing, 455 were recovered, and 439 (96.5 percent) of these were suitable for transfer. A pregnancy rate of 49.0 percent was recorded from 412 transfers. This rate was differentiated by oestric cycle conditions of heifer recipients, which gave percentages of 46.0 among recipients of seven-day old embryos, 45.7 for eight-day recipients, and 65.8 for six-day recipients. Related to pregnancy results recorded on the same units from transfer of freshly collected seven-day embryos, the efficiency coefficient was 0.69 (550 fresh transfers = 65.4 percent and 222 cryopreserved transfers = 48.2 percent). The method is recommended for general field practice.     

Genetic engineering of mammalian embryos

A gene consisting of the mouse metallothionein I promoter/regulator (MT) fused to the human growth hormone (hGH) structural gene (MThGH) was microinjected into rabbit, sheep and pig eggs. Visualization of nuclear structures was accomplished by interference-contrast (I-C) microscopy for rabbit and sheep eggs and by centrifugation and I-C microscopy for pig eggs. The gene integrated into the chromosomes of each species with an efficiency of 13% in rabbits, 1% in sheep and 10% in pigs. Human GH mRNA was detected in the liver of transgenic rabbits as well as tail and ear samples of pigs. Immunoreactive hGH was present in the serum of a transgenic rabbit and plasma of most transgenic pigs. In several pigs hGH levels increased between birth and 90 d of age. The presence of substantial quantities of hGH in plasma of pigs did not increase postnatal somatic growth rates. Founder animals will be bred and their transgenic and control progeny used to assess the effects of hGH on feed efficiency and carcass composition. These experiments demonstrate the feasibility of introducing foreign genes into the genome of several animal species by microinjection of eggs.     

Non-surgical transfer of bovine embryos

Bovine embryos obtained from donors six to nine days after oestrus were transferred non-surgically at a rate of one per recipient using a sterile insemination instrument, protected from contamination by the vagina with a plastic sheath. The percentage of recipients pregnant increased with the age of embryo transferred and for day 6 and 7 embryos was 33% compared to 58% for day 9 and 8 embryos. This difference approached statistical significance. Bacterial contamination of the instrument on withdrawal after transfer was not related to the success or failure of pregnancy. Maintenance of pregnancy to term and calving appeared to be normal. It is suggested that this method could be used for the routine transfer of eight and nine day embryos.     

Viability of stored equine embryos

Equine embryos were recovered nonsurgically 6.5 d after ovulation (Exp. 1) and those greater than 200 microns were stored in one of three media: 1) Ham's F10 + 10% fetal calf serum (FCS) under 5% CO2, 5% O2 and 90% N2 at 24 C (Ham's F10); 2) Minimal Essential Medium with Hank's balanced salts + 10% FCS in air (MEM) at 24 C or 3) MEM at 5 C n = 10/treatment). Embryos less than or equal to 200 micron (n = 10) were bisected microsurgically; one-half of each embryo was stored in Ham's F10 and the other half in either Dulbecco's phosphate-buffered saline + 10% FCS in air at 24 C (DPBS), or MEM in air at 24 C. At 0, 12 and 24 h, embryos were: 1) measured; 2) assigned a developmental score of 1 to 4 (1 = tight morula, 4 = expanding blastocyst) and 3) assigned a quality score of 1 to 5 (1 = excellent, 5 = degenerate). Whole embryos stored in MEM at 5 C or 24 C did not (P greater than .05) advance in development by 24 h, whereas those stored in Ham's F10 at 24 C were more (P less than .05) advanced (i.e., higher developmental score) by 24 h. From 0 to 24 h, 1 of 10, 6 of 10 and 7 of 10 whole embryos developed when stored in MEM 5 C, MEM 24 C and Ham's F10 24 C, respectively. Embryo quality was better at 24 h (P less than .05) for embryos stored in Ham's F10 at 24 C compared with MEM at 5 C.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

Vitrification of biopsied mouse embryos

Solid surface vitrification (SSV) was compared with in-straw vitrification for cryopreservation of biopsied mouse embryos. Eight-cell stage embryos were zona drilled and one blastomere was removed. Developed morulae or blastocysts were vitrified in microdrop (35% EG + 5% PVP + 0.4 M trehalose) or in straw (7.0 M EG + 0.5 M sucrose). Following recovery, embryos were cultivated in vitro or transferred into recipients. Cryopreservation had an effect not only on the survival of biopsied embryos but also on their subsequent development in vitro. Cryosurvival of biopsied morulae vitrified in straw was significantly inferior to SSV. The post-warm development of biopsied and non-biopsied morulae was delayed on Day 3.5 and 4.5 in both vitrification groups. A delay in development was observed on Day 5.5 among vitrified non-biopsied blastocysts. The percentage of pups born from biopsied morulae or blastocysts following cryopreservation did not differ from that of the control. No significant differences could be detected between methods within and between embryonic stages in terms of birth rate. The birth rate of biopsied embryos vitrified in straw was significantly lower compared to the non-biopsied embryos. The novel cryopreservation protocol of SSV proved to be effective for cryopreservation of morula- and blastocyst-stage biopsied embryos.     

Neonatal growth of testosterone propionate-treated embryos

Studies on birds treated in ovo with testosterone (TP) indicate that while food conversion of the birds was essentially the same, control birds grew significantly faster. Growth rate was improved when the TP birds were fed a penicillin‐supplemented ration. Penicillin also improved the growth rate of control birds but not to the same extent. These findings indicate that the immunological incompetence of TP birds may be contributing to the slow growth but this is not the sole contributory factor.

Blood glucose levels at hatching were similar in TP and control birds. Analyses when the birds were consuming basal or penicillin‐supplemented ration ad libitum revealed significantly lower blood sugar levels in the TP birds. According to a glucostatie theory, a higher blood sugar level might have depressed the appetite. However, since the TP birds have lower blood sugar levels and eat less, it was not affecting the appetite. Conversely, a significant correlation between weight gains and blood sugar levels was interpreted as indicating that food consumption probably influenced the blood sugar levels. The development of the feeding centres in the hypothalamus may have been influenced by the TP treatment.     

Sterilisation of avian embryos with busulphan

The chemosterilant drug busulphan (1, 4-butanediol dimethane sulphonate) has been applied to embryos of the domestic fowl at doses of from 1 to 500 micrograms after 48 hours incubation. Direct application caused a number of teratological effects. These could be avoided by injecting the drug in sesame oil directly into the yolk. Embryos treated in this way could be sterilised with an efficiency of over 95 per cent with minimal side effects to the young embryo. The technique provides a method for destroying primordial germ cells that will facilitate studies of germ cell/stroma interactions in the gonad and facilitate the production of transgenic birds.