烟用热熔胶及其粘接材料表面性能的研究

应用OWRK法对热熔胶及其常用原料、卷烟包装用纸等材料进行接触角和表面能研究.结果表明:普通条盒包装白卡纸和软包硬化白卡纸的正面表面能分别为44.7和31.5 mN/m;热熔胶常用原料中主体树脂表面能为25.4～30.8 mN/m,增粘树脂的表面能为42.0～61.4 mN/m,合成的热熔胶表面能为37.6～55.9 ...     

马来松香聚甘油酯的合成及性能研究

马来松香与聚甘油反应,合成了一种非离子表面活性剂马来松香聚甘油酯(PGMRE)。对产品结构进行了红外光谱分析,测定了产品的表面物理化学性能,合成产品临界表面张力为39 9mN/m～46 0mN/m,临界胶束浓度在9 4×10-4mol/L～2 3×10-3mol/L数量级,钙皂分散指数是9 0%～26 7%,与松节油之间的界面张力为8 0mN/m～13 9mN/m,对松节油乳化力为38s～100s,泡沫性能是11mm～65mm,润湿力为70s～102s。系统研究了甘油聚合度对产品表面物理化学性能的影响。并与聚甘油硬脂酸酯(PGSE)和聚甘油异硬脂酸酯(PGISE)的表面物理化学性能进行了比较。结果表明PGMRE是一种性能优良的非离子表面活性剂,可作为乳化剂、破乳剂和缓蚀剂等使用。     

秸秆粉的改性及其表面极性对木塑复合材料界面的影响

通过接枝苯乙烯对秸秆粉表面进行改性,采用毛细管上升法测定了秸秆粉、改性秸秆粉的表面接触角,依据Washburn方程和Owens法,求解2种秸秆粉的表面自由能及其极性和非极性分量,并通过电子拉伸试验机、扫描电子显微镜研究了不同秸秆粉对木塑复合材料力学性能、微观形貌的影响。结果表明,改性秸秆粉的表面自由能为24.77 mN/m,体现分子色散力的非极性分量为19.79 mN/m;而秸秆粉的表面自由能为18.90 mN/m,其非极性分量为3.75 mN/m,说明接枝共聚可有效地改善秸秆粉的表面极性;与聚合物复合时,改性秸秆粉比秸秆粉具有更好的界面融合性,改性秸秆粉在基体中的分散性优于秸秆粉。     

水系统中微生物与碳酸钙混合垢形成过程的研究

目的：由微生物和钙镁 沉积所共同形成的污垢是实际水系统中混合垢的主要成份。对这种混合垢的形成过程进行研究不仅更接近实际情况，而且可以深入认识微生物与钙镁离子之间的相互作用、成垢顺序等结垢的机理问题，并为开发适宜有效的控制混合垢形成的新技术奠定理论基础。方法：将发酵罐中培养的荧光假单胞菌以及Na2CO3与CaCl2深液各自按设定流量加入到三极过滤水中以形成模拟工业循环冷却水。将10种由不同固体材料制成的实验件嵌入平行平板流道的底面上，并在不同碳酸钙饱和程度及主体流速下，用称量法测定不同材料表面上形成的混合垢重量，从而获得各种条件下混合垢随时间的生长曲线。荧光假单胞菌和碳酸钙在固体表面上附着过程与沉积的顺序以及混合垢的结构则采用显微摄像技术进行实时观测与记录。结果：聚合物材料上形成的混合垢量明显多于金属材料上的，但在CaCO3饱和程度很高时，这些差异变小。在无壁面加热的条件下，各种材料表面上形成的平均混合垢量随水体中CaCO3饱和程度及流速的增加而减少。研究结果还表明，混合垢的结垢诱导期随流速的增加而缩短。当饱和程度小于1而大于0时，结垢诱导期长于纯生物垢的诱导期。当CaCO3饱和程度大于等于1之后，混合垢的诱导期随CaCO3饱和程度的增加而减小。此外，混合垢的生长顺序为CaCO3首先沉积到固体表面上，细菌则需要更长的诱导期才附着在壁面上。结论：混合垢在不同固体材料表面上的形成过程在很大程度上取决于细菌与材料之间的亲和性。材料表面的物理化学性质、流速及CaCO3饱和程度对混合垢的形成均有重要影响。     

高30断块表面活性剂体系筛选

华北油田高30断块油藏目前已进入高含水开发后期,含水率97.0%,标定采收率仅为29.4%。当前,可大幅度提高油层波及体积和驱油效率的复合驱,是提高油藏最终采收率的有效途径和方法。已有研究表明,动态界面张力达到1-0 2mN/m数量级的复合体系的驱油效果与1-0 3mN/m数量级平衡界面张力的复合体系的驱油效果基本相当。实验表明,随着表面活性剂浓度的增加,表面活性剂/原油的界面张力逐渐降低,当界面张力达到最低值后又逐渐升高并达到平衡状态。筛选出了适合于高30断块的表面活性剂体系-0.05%石油磺酸盐CDS-1体系,该体系与原油的瞬时动态界面张力和平衡界面张力达到可以大幅度降低残余油饱和度的1-0 2~1-0 3mN/m数量级。     

温度对杨木木粉表面自由能和表面极性的影响

通过毛细管上升法测定了经过不同温度处理的杨木木粉的表面接触角,依据Washburn方程和Owens-wendt-Kaelble法,求解了经过不同温度处理的杨木木粉的表面自由能及其极性分量和非极性分量。结果表明,杨木木粉的表面自由能为23.43 mN/m,体现分子色散力的非极性分量为4.64 mN/m,在处理时间为2 h的条件下,随着处理温度的上升,杨木木粉的总表面自由能略有下降,体现其分子色散力的非极性表面自由能上升,体现其表面极性值的极性表面自由能下降,并分析了上述结果的原因。     

脂肽-糖脂混合型生物表面活性剂的性能及助剂

分离提取了枯草芽孢杆菌Bacillus subtilis THY-8发酵产物中的生物表面活性剂,采用飞行时间质谱鉴定为鼠李糖脂和表面活性素、芬芥素等的混合物。考察了该混合型生物表面活性剂的性能,研究了其对油砂原油的驱油效率,并探索了合适的助剂种类及配伍浓度。结果表明,THY-8所产的脂肽-糖脂混合型生物表面活性剂具有良好的表面活性、热稳定性和乳化性,pH值为5.5时表面张力为27.59 mN/m,临界胶束浓度为15 mg/L;在70 ℃放置5天,表面张力基本不变;可将液体石蜡乳化形成粒径10～30 μm的乳液。正辛醇助剂与该混合生物表面活性剂复配后界面张力降低到10?3 mN/m,驱油效率提高3.2倍。含0.9 g/L生物表面活性剂的发酵液驱油效果与正辛醇-生物表面活性剂复配体系相当。     

含碳纳米管上浆剂上浆改性碳纤维及其界面研究

碳纤维(CF)是一种高强度、高模量的高性能纤维,被广泛应用于复合材料中,但是纤维表面的活性官能团含量低,与基体之间的界面结合性能较差。本文利用含氨基化碳纳米管(NH_2-CNTs)上浆剂对光威GQ4922/12K型碳纤维表面进行改性,改善碳纤维与环氧树脂之间的界面结合性能。通过傅里叶红外光谱、扫描电镜、X射线光电子能谱、接触角和微脱粘对改性后的纤维表面组成、表面形貌、表面自由能和界面剪切强度进行分析,发现NH_2-CNTs可成功接枝到碳纤维表面,改性后纤维表面的氧(氮)元素含量增加,与水接触角从67.1°降低到50.5°,表面自由能从32.2 mN/m增加到了41.1 mN/m;界面剪切强度在氨基化碳纳米管质量浓度为0.6%时达到最大,相比未改性纤维从62.3 MPa提高到76.8 MPa,提高了23.3%。结果表明通过在上浆剂中引入氨基化碳纳米管,可以增加碳纤维表面活性,提高碳纤维与基体树脂的界面结合性能。     

新型磺基甜菜碱与聚丙烯酰胺作用的研究

合成了一种耐温抗盐表面活性剂,通过红外光谱分析了该表面活性剂的结构。将其与2500万分子量聚丙烯酰胺进行复配,考察了复配体系的表面、界面性能。研究结果表明：所合成的产物为目标产物;磺基甜菜碱表面活性剂的临界胶束浓度（cmc）为2．19×10^-3mol／L,临界胶束浓度下的表面张力（γcmc）为25．51mN／m;加入聚合物后临界胶束浓度变为4．09×10^-3mol／L,γcmc变为26．65mN／m;表面活性剂质量浓度在0．8—1．5g/L,可使胜利原油油水间的界面张力达到超低数量级（10^-3mN／m）;聚合物的加入有利于乳状液的形成。     

重烷基苯磺酸盐驱油剂中试产品的应用性能

在1000t/a降膜式连续磺化装置上对重烷基苯的磺化进行了中试放大,结果表明中试产品质量可靠。经复配的驱油剂中试产品能在较宽的表面活性剂浓度和碱浓度范围内与大庆原油、辽河原油及苏北原油形成超低界面张力,尤其能溶于总矿化度12×104mg/L、钙镁离子质量浓度为5000mg/L～6000mg/L的中原油田地层水中,在无碱条件下使中原油田原油/地层水的界面张力降至10-2mN/m～10-3mN/m数量级。对大庆原油和苏北原油的驱油试验表明,中试驱油剂ASP(碱-表面活性剂-聚合物)体系的驱油效率比水驱提高15%～35%OOIP(原油地层储量)。     

界面剂与共聚单体对固相接枝聚丙烯表面性质的影响

采用固相接枝方法,研究了以二甲苯为界面剂,以苯乙烯(St)、丙烯酸丁酯(BA)为接枝共聚单体对马来酸酐接枝聚丙烯(PP-g-MAH)表面性能的影响。研究结果表明,随着二甲苯用量的增加,PP- g-MAH的表面能和极性力分量呈先升后降的趋势,当w(二甲苯)=15%时,表面能(37.52 mN/m)和极性力分量(2.47 mN/m)均达到最大值;共聚单体St、BA的加入可以显著提高PP-g-MAH的表面能和极性力分量,共聚单体St的作用更为有效,其接枝物的极性力分量分别是PP-g-(MAH-co-BA)的2倍,PP- g-MAH的4.8倍。     

Surface Tension in Polymer Blends of Isotactic Poly(propylene) and Atactic Polystyrene

The surface tension of atactic polystyrene (PS), isotactic poly(propylene) (PP) and PS/PP‐blends, and additionally the interfacial tension between PP/PS have been measured in the temperature range between 200 and 280°C using the pendant drop method. Within the temperature range studied, the surface tension decreased linearly with increasing temperature for all systems whereas the surface tension of neat PP is approximately 7 mN/m smaller than the value of PS. The interfacial tension between PS and PP is in the range of approximately 4 mN/m and this indicates a strong incompatibility. It results a heterogeneous PP/PS blend morphology. A significant increase of the surface tension of the blends as a function of composition is observed only when the PS content exceeds 60 wt.‐%. Furthermore, microscopic observations indicate that even if the bulk matrix material is PS, a thin layer of PP can be detected by atomic force microscopy on the droplet surface used for surface tension measurements.     

The effect of bond formation on the tack of polymers

The tack of polymers to be used as adhesives is measured by a two-stage process of bond formation and bond separation. Bond formation is governed by the contact time, the contact force, the roughness of the surfaces, surface and interfacial tensions, and the mechanical or viscoelastic properties of the adhesive and substrate. This paper presents experimental studies of the contact formation of various model polymers on steel surfaces with well-defined and different degrees of roughness. The tack was measured with an instrument of the probe tack type, which determines the adhesive (interfacial) fracture energy per unit of interface as a measure of the tack and by means of which the most important parameters during bond formation and separation, such as the contact time, contact force, rate of separation, and temperature, can be adjusted and measured over sufficiently wide ranges. In the typical time interval for the contact time, the polymers are found in the plateau range of their viscoelastic spectrum. This means that entanglements strongly affect their bonding behaviour. Good agreement was found between the experimental results presented in this study and a model of contact formation on rough surfaces, published recently by Creton and Leibler [1], especially concerning the dependence of the adhesive fracture energy on the contact force and the contact time for smooth and rough substrate surfaces. The influence of the surface roughness becomes significant at low contact forces, where full contact is not yet developed on a rough substrate surface, and for polymers with comparatively high moduli. The fracture energy increases with the contact time and shows the same time dependence as the reciprocal modulus.     

一种阴离子表面活性剂的合成与性能研究

合成了一种阴离子型双醚双苯磺酸盐Gemini表面活性剂,测定该系列Gemini表面活性剂水溶液的表面张力(γcmc)分别为:32.00mN/m、28.41 mN/m、29.76 mN/m、33.20 mN/m,临界胶束浓度(cmc)分别为:0.79mmol/L、0.87 mmol/L、1.02 mmol/L、0.84 mmol/L;该Gemini表面活性剂(DPDAS-12)可在无碱,浓度为0.35%条件下,将油/水界面张力降至1.2×10-3mN/m的超低水平;可有效改变岩石表面润湿性,可将亲油表面(θ=114°)改变为弱亲油(θ=69.3°),可将亲水表面(θ=26.0°)改变为弱亲水表面(θ=34.0°)。     

新型表面活性剂对酞菁蓝颜料的表面处理及表面性质的研究

本文自行设计并合成出新型颜料分散剂RSJ,用于酞菁蓝颜料的表面改性处理。分别研究在不同RSJ加量条件下酞菁蓝颜料临界润湿表面张力、表面自由能、流动性以及水相中分散稳定性的改善效果,并从中发现:经RSJ0.5％～3.0％添加量改性处理后,颜料临界润湿表面能γ_c由23mN/m变为34.8mN/m,提高了51％;对水的接触角由82.4°变为47°,减小了47％。表面自由能中的色散成分γ_s~d变化不大,可以认为保持不变,但是γ_s~p却由18.9mN/m变大为27.2mN/m,使得γ_s整体提高13％。此外,流动性提高2.5倍,水中分散稳定性提高了29％。     

Improved interfacial adhesion in carbon fiber/poly (ether ether ketone) composites with the sulfonated poly (ether ether ketone) sizing treatment

A water-soluble sulfonated poly (ether ether ketone) (SPEEK) sizing agent is prepared and applied to improve the interfacial adhesion of carbon fiber/poly (ether ether ketone) (CF/PEEK) composites. The surface morphology, surface roughness, surface chemistries, and surface free energy of SPEEK sized CF are obtained to understand the sizing effect. The results reveal the increased surface free energy and surface roughness of SPEEK sized CF. In addition, a chemical reaction between the CF surface and sizing layer is proved based on the results of XPS, IR, and ¹H NMR. The interfacial structure of CF/PEEK composites is further ascertained by AFM and the appearance of gradient interface could be verified for SPEEK sized CF/PEEK composites. The formation of the gradient interface is due to the chemical reaction between the CF and sizing agent as well as the improved compatibility between the sized CF and matrix, which benefits the improvement of interfacial adhesion.     

化工设备材料表面及其对界面黏附强度的影响

设备材料的表面粗糙程度对污垢颗粒界面黏附力的影响较大。本文以设备材料粗糙表面为研究对象,考察了传统指标和分形指标的尺度独立性,发现分形指标随尺度的变化分为不稳定分形区和稳定分形区。通过对二维表面轮廓线的分析,将区域分隔临界点的求取转化为取样长度和夹角α值的定量关系求解,通过实验得出其定量关系,找出稳定分形区。采用原子力显微镜测颗粒在不同粗糙表面的黏附力,结合固体污垢清除机理分析,发现表面的粗糙程度对界面黏附力的影响较大。研究表明Ra<0.4627μm时,随着表面粗糙度增加,黏附力减小;1.3461μm< Ra <2.9755μm时,黏附力逐渐增大;Ra>3μm时,黏附力保持稳定。黏附力随着分形指标的变化而变化,其变化趋势与传统指标正好相反。随着分形维数的增大,黏附力先是保持稳定,后逐渐增大,随着加工工艺的改变,表面粗糙程度有个剧烈的变化,分维值锐减,后逐渐增大。     

Comparison of surface energies using various approaches and their suitability

The surface chemistry and surface energies of materials are important to performance of many products and processes—sometimes in as yet unrecognized ways. This article has been written for the researchers who wish to calculate solid surface energy (SE) from contact angle data. In this article, we describe various methods of calculations and their assumptions. The theoretical and experimental approaches for understanding the solid surface free energy using various methods are discussed in this article. Researchers concerned with many fields such as printing, dyeing, coating, adhesion, pharmaceuticals, composite materials, textiles, polymers, and ceramics should have interest in this topic. SE calculated by various methods for polyethylene surface treated in air plasma is discussed. Using contact angle data, the values of surface roughness using Wenzels equation, have been obtained and correlated to surface roughness calculated from AFM data. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 2008     

Synthesis and structural characterization of methacrylic acid/octadecyl acrylate‐graft‐poly(methylhydrosiloxane) by hydrosilylation

Methylmethacrylate (MMA) and octadecyl acrylate (OA) were grafted to poly(methylhydrosiloxane) (PMHS) by hydrosilylation, respectively, with hexachloroplatinic acid as catalyst, and the former was further hydrolyzed to prepare methacrylic acid (MAA)‐graft‐PMHS under the alkaline condition. Through orthogonal experiment, main factors affecting the graft reaction between OA and PMHS were discussed and arranged in a decreasing order according to their abilities of the effect on the hydrosilylation of OA with PMHS: catalyst dosage, reaction temperature, reaction time, material ratio, and solvent dosage. It was found that the hydrosilylation of OA with PMHS was easier to that of MMA with PMHS. Under optimal conditions, the grafting ratios of MMA with PMHS and OA with PMHS reached about 90 and 95%, respectively. FTIR and ¹H NMR spectra indicated that the hydrosilylation reactions followed the Markovnikov's rule and played a strong preference toward β‐1,2‐addition. The test of contact angle indicated that surface energy of a system was mainly dependent on the polar groups. The surface energy of OA‐graft‐PMHS (35.07 mN/m) was similar to those of PMHS (35.62 mN/m) and polyoctadecyl acrylate (36.57 mN/m), and lower than that of MAA‐graft‐PMHS (43.50 mN/m). © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 2008