铸铁拘束试件的拘束度计算及铸铁焊缝裂纹倾向定量评定

本文提出了一种试件拘束度分级可调的铸铁焊缝拘束裂纹定量新方法，采用有元元方法对铸铁试件拘束度进行了计算，并做了实测验证，应用本试验方法测定了石墨形态对铸铁焊缝裂纹倾赂的影响。     

铸铁拘束试件的拘束度计算及铸铁焊缝裂纹倾向定量评定

本文提出了一种试件拘束度分级可调的铸铁焊缝拘束裂纹定量试验新方法、采用有限元方法对铸铁试件拘束度进行了计算，并做了实测验证。应用本试验方法测定了石墨形态对铸铁焊缝裂纹倾向的影响。     

拘束焊T形接头的拘束长度与面外拘束力

合理采用拘束焊与反变形工艺措施，能有效地消除焊接残余变形。但是由于焊接结构应力场的复杂性，使得精确计算拘束力、拘束长度和反变形量值很困难。研究表明，T形接头的角变形沿焊缝长度方向是变化的。在短焊缝情况下，可以近似认为角变形为常数。拘束焊时，焊缝与近缝区材料处于塑性状态，而距焊缝较远处的材料仍处于弹性状态。作者应用弹塑性弯曲梁理论提出了一种消除焊接T形接头角变形的面外拘束力计算模型，计算了临界拘束长度、极限拘束力与反变形的量值，并通过试验验证了计算方法的有效性。该方法可以推广应用于长焊缝的情况。     

拘束焊问题的数值计算

采用有限元法对拘束焊进行模拟分析，验证了拘束焊控制残余角变形的有效性，通过对大量不同厚度钢板的拘束焊问题的研究，总结出了拘束力和拘束长度与板厚之间的简单关系，以便指导实际工程生产。     

强拘束状态下的高强合金钢的焊接

针对转炉托圈上的耳轴与耳塞强拘束状态下的高强合金钢的焊接，进行了焊接性能分析，并制定了可行的焊接工艺。实践表明，焊后能满足使用性能要求。     

缝隙型焊接试件拘束应力的分析

缝隙型裂纹是一种最接近实际焊接结构受力状态的试件，研究其焊缝拘束应力的计算具有普遍的意义，本文以热弹塑性有限元分析计算作基础，建立了焊根间隙收缩曲线的数学模型，结合Ｓｌｉｔ试件拘束度的分布函数，首次提出了一个描述Ｓｌｉｔ试件拘束度与拘束应力关系的计算公式，计算与试验结果证明它能比较真实地反映实际焊接接头的应力水平，有重要的实用价值。     

Numerical simulation and experimental verification of the restraint intensity of pipeline girth welding joint

The restraint intensity (RI) of the pipeline girth welding joint was investigated using finite element method and experimental method to predict the cold cracking susceptibility of pipeline steel. The distribution of RI along the girth weld was investigated to study the influence of welding position on the RI. Subsequently, the effects of outer diameter (OD) and wall thickness of pipeline on the RI were studied with ABAQUS software. The results show that the RI is almost independent of welding position. The RI increased with the increasing wall thickness but decreased with the increasing OD. A prediction model of RI was developed based on the effects of the OD and the wall thickness. It has been found that the predicted RIs were in good agreement with the experimental values. The maximum fractional error between the predicted RI and the experimental values was just about 10%. It was indicated that the errors were mainly caused by the heterogeneous of the weld bead.     

Measuring laser weldability of aluminium alloys using controlled restraint weldability test

Abstract

Al–Mg–Si alloys are known to be highly susceptible to solidification cracking. Weldability results of laminated AA6061-T6 plates are presented in this paper when welded in full penetration keyhole mode using a 1030 nm, 10 kW Yb:YAG disk laser welding source with different welding conditions. Making use of the controlled restraint weldability (CRW) cracking test, a boundary has been established between crack and no crack conditions for different preloads. The originality of the CRW test is the cross-shaped test coupon that partitions the pre-stress unequally along the welding path. The CRW is proven capable of ranking the solidification cracking behaviour of weld metals deposited under different welding conditions.     

环肋圆柱壳的肋骨环焊缝焊接拘束度计算方法

针对环肋圆柱壳圈的圆柱壳体与环肋肋骨角焊缝的焊接拘束度的计算问题,采用薄壳理论,通过确定圆柱壳圈在承受均匀环向分布力时的径向位移函数,从而确定角焊缝拘束度计算的解析解.结果表明,决定拘束度的尺寸因素是壳圈厚度h与壳圈半径R的比值,并且拘束度与该比值的1.5次方成正比.壳圈长度对拘束度有影响,度量壳圈长度的尺寸标志量是壳圈厚度和半径的几何平均值即(Rh)^0.5.随着壳圈长度的增大,拘束度增大,但存在极限值.即壳圈长度L>5(Rh)^0.5时,可按长壳圈计算拘束度;当壳圈长度L<2(Rh)^0.5时,壳圈的拘束度与壳圈的长度成正比.     

2A12T4铝合金焊接时拘束条件对热裂纹的影响

采用一种简便有效的热裂纹试验方法,在普通刚性焊接夹具上研究了拘束力和拘束距离对2A12T4铝合金焊接热裂倾向的影响.结果表明,保持拘束距离不变,随着拘束力的增加,焊接热裂纹率逐渐减小,当拘束力到达一定值后,热裂纹率趋于稳定;保持拘束力不变,随着拘束距离增加,焊接热裂纹率呈增加趋势.夹具对工件的拘束条件主要是通过影响焊件的回转变形程度和焊缝区金属的冷却收缩速度来影响焊接热裂倾向.

Abstract：

A simple and effective experimental method was adopted to investigate the effects of restraint force and restraint distance on hot cracking tendency during welding of 2A12T4 aluminum alloy on the common rigid welding fixture. Experimental results show that, under the condition of keeping restraint distance unchanged, the rate of hot cracks decreases gradually with increase of restraint force and finally well reaches a stable value when the reatraint force is great enough. Keeping the restraint force unchanged, the rate of hot cracks increases with increase of restraint distance. The influence of restraint condition on tendency of hot cracking through effecting the extent of externally-expanded deformation of weldtnent and the cooling speed of metals in and around the weld.     

焊后热处理对拘束焊焊缝金属冲击韧性与断裂韧性的影响

针对DH36钢厚板拘束焊焊接接头进行了620 ℃ × 2 h的焊后热处理，测试了热处理前后焊缝金属的冲击韧性和断裂韧性，对比分析冲击韧性与断裂韧性的差异，同时研究了焊后热处理的影响及其韧化机制. 结果表明，焊态下焊缝金属的冲击韧性良好，而断裂韧性较差；焊后热处理后，冲击韧性没有明显变化，但断裂韧性显著上升，平均CTOD值由0.123 mm显著升高至0.707 mm. 一方面，焊后热处理引起位错密度降低，位错缠结显著减少，细小碳化物析出并球化，有利于韧性的改善；另一方面，焊后热处理可消除大厚板拘束焊产生的应变时效局部脆化现象，提高断裂韧性. 由于冲击韧性与断裂韧性测试结果存在较大差异，采用单一温度的冲击韧性评估拘束焊焊缝金属的韧性与结构安全性可能存在风险.     

Weldability evaluation of high tensile plates using GMAW process

High tensile plates, SAILMA-450 high impact (HI) (yield strength, 45 kg/mm² minimum; ultimate tensile strength, 57 kg/mm² minimum; elongation, 19% minimum; Charpy impact energy 2.0 kg.m at −20 °C minimum) were successfully developed at the Steel Authority of India Ltd., up to 32 mm plate thickness. Since then the steel has been extensively used for the fabrication of impellers, bridges, excavators, and mining machineries, where welding is an important processing step. The present study deals with the weldability properties of SAILMA-450 HI plates employing the gas metal arc welding process and carbon dioxide gas. Implant and elastic restraint cracking tests were conducted to assess the cold cracking resistance of the weld joint under different welding conditions. The static fatigue limit values were found to be in excess of minimum specified yield strength at higher heat input levels (9.4 and 13.0 kJ/cm), indicating adequate cold cracking resistance. The critical restraint intensities, K _cr, were found to vary between 720 and 1280 kg/mm², indicating that the process can be utilized for fabrication of structures involving moderate to low restraint intensities (200 to 1000 kg/mm²). Lamellar tear tests conducted using full thickness plates at heat input levels ranging from 10 to 27 kJ/cm showed no incidence of lamellar tear upon visual, ultrasonic, and four-section macroexamination. These tests were repeated using machined plates, such that the midthickness of the plates (segregated zone) corresponded to the heat affected zone of the weld. No cracks were observed, indicating good lamellar tear resistance of the weld joint. Optimized welding conditions were formulated based on these tests. The weld joint was subjected to extensive tests to assess the physical properties and soundness of the weld joint. The weld joint exhibited good strength (64.7 kg/mm²) and impact toughness (5.7 and 3.5 kg.m at −20 °C for weld metal and heat affected zone properties. Crack tip opening displacement (CTOD) tests carried out for parent metal, heat-affected zone, and weld metal resulted in δm values of 0.41, 0.40, and 0.34 mm, respectively, which indicates adequate resistance to cleavage fracture. It was concluded that the weld joint conforms to the requirements of SAILMA-450 HI specification and ensures a high integrity of the fabricated products.