风成沉积物磁组构与中国黄土区第四纪风向变化

通过对黄土高原几个剖面黄土样品磁化率各向异性的初步研究，发现了风成沉积物中的磁组构特征，且它的形成受沉积作用控制并与黄土高原形成时的古风场有关，即风成沉积物磁化率椭球体主轴方向及各轴比值与磁性颗粒分布排列方式亦即与空气动力条件相关．阐明了风成沉积物磁组构形成机制及其与古风向的关系，提出一种能够定量研究黄土高原形成时古风场的方法，为研究黄土高原形成演化和第四纪以来气候变化提供了基础数据．     

长江中游砂山沉积物磁组构特征及其指示的古风场

本文通过对新发现的江西九江新港砂山剖面沉积物磁化率各向异性测量和磁化率椭球体主轴的统计分析,揭示了该风成砂剖面磁组构参数在不同层位的变化特征,获得了古风向特征及其演变规律.(1)整个时期内该区的主导风向为NW-SE和NNW-SSE向,但在不同时期风向和风力强度又有所不同,变化最为剧烈的时期是砂2层,风向发生了根本性的改变,由原来的NW-SE为主,变为NE-SW向为主,且该阶段沉积环境相对比较稳定;(2)砂2、砂5、砂6层具有较大P、F、L和较小的q值,说明在其形成时气候最为寒冷,冬季风的风力最强、风速比较稳定,这与野外观察到的在这几层中大型板状斜层理发育,砂层粒度较粗,黏土含量较少的结果一致;(3)晚更新世末期长江中游的风成沙丘广泛发育,表明该时段是长江中下游地区气候最干冷、风力作用最强的时期,有着与北方沙漠—黄土区相类似的气候环境;(4)研究表明,AMS主轴的等面积赤平投影法和玫瑰花图,可以用来分析古风向的变化规律,是一种简易有效的方法.     

青藏高原更新世黄土磁化率和磁性地层与高原重大气候变化事件

对甘孜详细的黄土磁性地层学研究表明, 甘孜黄土底部的年龄大约在1.13 Ma, 在0.95~0.92和0.65~0.5 Ma期间有两次显著的气候事件. 它们共同说明青藏高原大气环流在约1.13 Ma产生了显著的变化, 青藏高原进入冰冻圈; 在0.65~0.5 Ma左右青藏高原冰川作用可能达到最盛.     

由空间大地测量得到的太平洋板块现今构造运动与板内形变应变场

推导了板块的弹性运动方程.根据太平洋板块(PCFC)上空间大地测量的观测结果，建立了PCFC的弹性运动模型，该模型与板块实际运动状态的符合程度明显地优于刚体运动模型.研究表明：PCFC现今旋转的角速度比过去3Ma的平均值大0037°/Ma；在PCFC内部存在明显的水平形变，在15°S以北和2045°E以西地区存在一致的向西形变，北西与南西方向的形变速率分别为08～35 mm/a与10～34 mm/a；在板块的东南区存在一致的向东形变，北东与南东方向的形变速率分别为15～18 mm/a与28～91 mm/a.PCFC内部水平应变场的空间变化是有规律的，在PCFC的西北部，主压应变轴为NW-SE方向，主压应变率大于主张应变率；在PCFC的东南部，主压应变轴为NE-SW方向，主张应变率大于主压应变率；PCFC的东南边界是扩张边界，边界附近的主张应变率最大（平均为151×10-9/a），主张应变轴基本上与洋中脊的扩张方向一致；PCFC的西北边界是俯冲边界，边界附近的主压应变率最大（平均为075×10-9/a），主压应变轴基本上与太平洋板块的俯冲方向一致.     

大别山核部石鼓尖同构造花岗岩的变形与侵位:对造山带构造体制转换的启示

石鼓尖岩体位于大别山核部天堂寨地区,为片麻理化石英二长岩.岩体磁组构分析显示,磁面理主体倾向SE,倾角较大,85%采样点的倾角介于40°~90°之间,与岩体的片麻理产状一致.岩体磁线理在东南部走向为NWW-SEE向,在岩体中部和北部,磁线理走向皆为NE-SW向.在岩体中部,磁线理向SW倾伏,北部磁线理向NE倾伏,磁线理倾角中等.磁化率各向异性度P值介于1.065~1.532之间;形态参数T介于0.005~0.694之间;弗林图解(F-L图解)显示K值均小于1,磁组构分析表明岩体是在SE-NW向挤压应力环境下侵位.石英C轴组构分析表明,岩体受到SE-NW向挤压应力,变形温度在400~500℃之间.显微构造显示岩石具有接近固态的变形组构特征,属同构造岩体变形组构.结合岩体磁组构、显微构造和石英C轴组构,指示石鼓尖岩体侵位冷凝成岩与区域NE向构造为同期,属同构造侵入岩体.石鼓尖岩体U-Pb定年结果表明,岩体锆石U-Pb年龄为(141±2.3)Ma,代表岩体侵位结晶年龄.综合分析认为,石鼓尖岩体侵位冷凝成岩时大别造山带仍然处于挤压环境,造山带由挤压向伸展转换的时间应该在141 Ma之后,岩体侵位时大别造山带的构造演化已受控于滨太平洋构造域.而邻近的天堂寨等巨大岩基则是伸展环境的产物.     

青藏高原一次地闪放电过程的分析

利用成像率为1000 幅/s的高速摄像系统和快、慢电场变化仪以及宽带干涉仪系统等探测仪器在青藏高原那曲地区所观测的地闪资料，对一次地闪回击及其之前的持续时间较长的云内放电过程进行了分析.结果表明：地闪先导前的云内放电过程发生于雷暴云下部正电荷区和中部负电荷区之间；云中部负电荷区距离地面的高度为28～45 km；闪电的起始放电发生区域距离地面的高度为10～17 km；初始流光在云外发展时具有很大的水平分量和较多的分支；梯级先导的速度为1×105 m/s，在向地面发展时出现较大的弯曲；首次回击放电过程与低海拔地区没有差异，通道中的峰值电流有241 kA；继后回击相对较弱.     

青藏高原东北缘地壳S波速度结构与泊松比及其意义

利用甘肃地震台网16个台站记录的远震资料，采用最大熵谱反褶积方法，得到了各个台站的接收函数. 采用接收函数扫描法和线性反演方法对研究区的壳幔结构进行了研究，这两种接收函数方法得出的结果具有很好的一致性. 青藏高原东北缘地壳厚度变化剧烈，祁连块体为50～55 km、柴达木块体和河西走廊为45 km左右（合作台除外），由北向南，Moho界面呈中央下凹的准对称状. 研究区地壳VP/VS介于166～185（σ=0215～0294，均值0254），其均值接近或略低于全球平均值；S波速度结构可见壳幔过渡带具有明显的突跳，结合其他地球物理学证据，推断该区可能不存在岩浆底侵作用和地壳部分熔融现象. 该区地壳VP/VS值与地壳厚度呈反相关关系，推断该区地壳的主要组成成分以中酸性岩石为主，其45～55 km厚的地壳可能主要是通过上地壳的叠置形成的.     

青藏高原东缘新生代早期古应力环境:来自四川盆地西南缘磁组构的记录

四川盆地西南缘紧邻龙门山褶皱冲断带(青藏高原东边界)南段.该地区的新生代早期红层沉积记录了青藏高原东缘的隆升历史及构造演变.本研究选取四川盆地西南缘芦山地区古新统—下渐新统名山组—芦山组地层剖面为研究对象,利用磁组构方法,结合前人对研究区古地磁及构造变形的研究,恢复了该地区新生代早期的古应力方向.本研究获取了548块样品的磁组构数据,这些磁组构的磁面理与层面平行,产状校正后磁线理呈NE-SW方向(39°/219°),K₃主轴方向相对集中(为120.9°±1.3°),为弱应变背景下平行层缩短之前初始变形磁组构类型,主要形成于地层成岩阶段,未受到后期褶皱等构造变形的强烈改造.本研究认为芦山剖面磁组构结果记录了研究区新生代早期的构造变形信息:新生代早期龙门山褶皱冲断带南段及川西南盆地受NW-SE向的最大主应力控制.该地区新生代晚期及现今应力场与新生代早期一致,可能继承了新生代早期的应力体制,暗示龙门山作为青藏高原的东边界可能在新生代早期已经形成.     

川滇地块古新统宁蒗组磁组构特征及构造意义

对川滇地块程海断裂附近的宁蒗地区古新统宁蒗组地层进行了详细的磁组构研究,沿战河-西布河布置了22个采点(钻取287块样品),综合分析表明研究区内存在四种磁组构类型,分别为初始变形磁组构和铅笔状磁组构以及介于上述两者之间的两种过渡型磁组构.研究区西侧(采点1—9)K1轴优势方向为近NNE-SSW方向,东侧(采点13—22)K1轴优势方向则为近S-N向,K1轴方向的突然变化可能与研究区内的隐伏断层活动有关.另外,磁组构也可以很好判断断层所夹持块体之间的相对旋转运动.将两组K1轴优势方向经过旋转校正之后,发现研究区内中-晚始新世时古应力方向为近E-W向,该应力方向主要与新生代印欧碰撞有关.此外,E-W向的古应力场明显不同于现今的近S-N向的应力场方向,这可能与印欧碰撞后青藏高原从前期的挤压缩短阶段进入到后期的E-W向伸展阶段有关.     

聂拉木地区高喜马拉雅岩石磁组构及其构造含义

利用岩石磁化率量值椭球体与岩石构造应变椭球体的共轴性，在缺乏岩性标志层的高喜马拉雅结晶基底（聂拉木地区）进行岩石磁组构研究，进而研究喜马拉雅造山带的变形期次和过程.磁组构特征表明：磁化率各向异性度P在樟木镇北1km处的片岩最高为172，在康山桥南1km处最低，为113；百分率各向异性度H在1182%～4507%之间；磁性线理L在102～109之间,磁性面理F在106～160之间,磁性面理F比磁性线理L发育；磁化率椭球体的形状因子T在019～076之间，磁化率椭球的扁率E在104～149之间，磁化率椭球体的形状为一压扁椭球；樟木镇北1km到肉切村，平均最小磁化率主轴方向D3为S－N（除聂拉木北1km的MA9外），大多数样品最小磁化率主轴方向倾角I3＞51°，最高达726°，局部发育有拉长形磁化率量值椭球体.本文研究结果表明，聂拉木地区早期经历强烈的韧性变形，推测可能是一条巨大的右旋逆冲韧性变形带，晚期构造掀斜.     

合肥盆地构造热演化的裂变径迹证据

运用裂变径迹分析方法,探讨分析了合肥盆地中新生代的构造热演化特征. 上白垩统和古近系下段样品的磷灰石裂变径迹（AFT）数据主体表现为靠近部分退火带顶部温度(±65℃)有轻度退火,由此估算晚白垩世至古近纪早期合肥盆地断陷阶段的古地温梯度接近38℃/km,高于盆地现今地温梯度(275℃/km).下白垩统、侏罗系及二叠系样品的AFT年龄(975～25Ma)和锆石裂变径迹(ZFT)年龄(118～104Ma)均明显小于其相应的地层年龄,AFT年龄－深度分布呈现冷却型曲线形态,且由古部分退火带、冷却带或前完全退火带及其深部的今部分退火带组成,指示早白垩世的一次构造热事件和其随后的抬升冷却过程. 基于AFT曲线的温度分带模式和流体包裹体测温数据的综合约束,推算合肥盆地早白垩世走滑压陷阶段的古地温梯度接近67℃/km. 径迹年龄分布、AFT曲线拐点年龄和区域抬升剥蚀时间的对比分析结果表明,合肥盆地在早白垩世构造热事件之后的104Ma以来总体处于抬升冷却过程,后期快速抬升冷却事件主要发生在±55Ma.     

首都圈地壳网格化三维结构

通过对首都圈地区不同时期的18条深地震测深(DSS)测线资料的重新统一处理,形成采样网格密度为025°×025°×（2～5）km的速度网格化数字地壳;通过对三维数据的可视化,得到了首都圈地壳不同走向、不同圈层的截面图像;从不同的视角、不同的方面探讨了控制首都圈地壳的北部燕山隆起、西南部太行隆起和东南部裂陷盆地等三大地质单元的构造特征以及接触带张家口-渤海断陷带的构造性质,进一步研究首都圈地壳内部结构构造与灾害性地震的孕发机制的关系.     

Magnetostratigraphy of the late Cenozoic Laojunmiao anticline in the northern Qilian Mountains and its implications for the northern Tibetan Plateau uplift

The uplift process of the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau holds the key to understand the dynamic mechanisms of continental crust shortening and mountain-building and to test the relationship between the Tibetan uplift and tectonic-climatic coupling and environmental im-pacts[1―4].However,there are still many debates in the process and mechanism of how the Tibetan Plateau uplifted to the present configuration.Among various approaches to solve these key questions,dating of the Cenozoic stratigraphy …     

下扬子天目山盆地火山岩锆石LA-ICP-MS定年及地质意义

天目山盆地是下扬子江南隆起带保存较完整的中生代火山盆地,中生代火山岩系岩性自下而上主要为流纹岩-英安岩-安山岩。对盆地内黄尖组下段流纹岩和英安岩分别进行了锆石 LA-ICP MS定年,分别获得了133．6±1．5 Ma（MSWD＝0．73）和135．0±2．1 Ma（MSWD＝0．78）的锆石U-Pb年龄,指示天目山盆地黄尖组火山岩时代为早白垩世。天目山盆地火山活动起始时间和长江中下游地区晚中生代火山活动基本一致,说明江南隆起带和长江中下游地区在早白垩世均处于强烈拉张环境。     

The thermal history and uplift process of the Ouxidaban pluton in the South Tianshan orogen: Evidence from Ar-Ar and (U-Th)/He

The uplift and exhumation process in the Tianshan orogen since the late Paleozoic were likely related to the preservation of ore deposits. This study involved reconstructing the whole tectonic thermal history of the Ouxidaban pluton in central South Tianshan Mountains based on hornblende/plagioclase Ar-Ar and zircon/apatite(U-Th)/He methods. The thermal history and uplift process of central South Tianshan Mountains since the late Paleozoic were analyzed according to the results of previous works and cooling/exhumation rate features. The hornblende yields a plateau age of 382.6±3.6 Ma, and the plagioclase yields a weighted mean age of 265.8±4.9 Ma. The Ouxidaban pluton yields weighted mean zircon(U-Th)/He age of 185.8±4.3 Ma and apatite(U-Th)/He age of 31.1±2.9 Ma, respectively. Five stages of tectonic thermal history of South Tianshan Mountains since the late Paleozoic could be discriminated by the cooling curve and modeling simulation:(1) from the latest Silurian to Late Devonian, the average cooling rate of the Ouxidaban pluton was 7.84°C/Ma;(2) from the Late Devonian to the latest Middle Permian, the average cooling rate was about 2.07°C/Ma;(3) from the latest Middle Permian to the middle Eocene, the cooling rate decreased to about 0.68°C/Ma, suggesting that the tectonic activity was gentle at this time;(4) a sudden increase of the cooling rate(5.00°C/Ma) and the exhumation rate(0.17 mm/a), and crustal exhumation of ~1.83 km indicated that the Ouxidaban pluton would suffer a rapid uplift event during the Eocene(~46?35 Ma);(5) since the middle Eocene, the rapid uplift was sustained, and the average cooling rate since then has been 1.14°C/Ma with an exhumation rate of about 0.04 mm/a and an exhumation thickness of 1.33 km. The strong uplift since the Cenozoic would be related to a far-field effect from the Indian and Eurasian plates' collision. However, it was hysteretic that the remote effect was observed in the Tianshan orogenic belt.     

Tectonic uplift and sedimentary evolution of the Jiuxi Basin in the northern margin of the Tibetan Plateau since 13 Ma BP

Sediments shed from the northern margin of the Tibetan Plateau, the Qilian Mountains, are widely deposited in the foreland basin, the Jiuxi Basin, archiving plenty of information about the mountain surface uplift and erosion history. The Laojunmiao section, 1960 m thick, representing the upper sequence of the Cenozoic basin sediments, is paleomagnetically dated to about 13-0 Ma BP. Detailed sedimentary study of this sequence has revealed five sedimentary facies associations which determine four stages of sedimentary environment evolution. They are: (I) the half-deep lake system before 12.18 Ma BP, (II) the shallow lake system between 12.18 and 8.26 Ma BP, (III) the fan delta dominated sedimentary system in dry climate between 8.26 and 6.57 Ma BP, and (IV) alluvial fan system since 6.57 Ma BP. The associated mountain erosion and uplift are suggested to have experienced three phases, that is, tectonic stable (13-8.26 Ma BP), gradual uplift (8.26-<4.96 Ma BP), and rapid intermittent uplift (>3.66-0 Ma BP). The uplift at ∼3.66 Ma BP is of great importance in tectonics and geomorphology. Since then, tectonic uplift and mountain building have been accelerated and become strong intermittent. At least three significant tectonic events took place with ages at <1.80-1.23, 0.93-0.84 and 0.14 Ma BP, respectively. Thus, the uplift of the northern Tibetan Plateau is a complex process of multiple phases, unequal speed and irregular movements.

     

济阳坳陷新生代构造－热演化历史研究

沉积盆地的热历史是盆地的构造演化研究和油气资源评价及油气成藏的重要参数.本文利用磷灰石裂变径迹和镜质体反射率古温标模拟计算了济阳坳陷70口单井新生代以来的热演化历史，在此基础上分析了济阳坳陷内东营、沾化、惠民和车镇4个凹陷的地温梯度演化特征.研究结果表明，济阳坳陷新生代以来的古地温梯度是逐渐降低的，但在早第三纪时期下降的幅度较大，而在晚第三纪－第四纪则下降的幅度明显较小；济阳坳陷在孔店组沉积时期的地温梯度为540～500℃/km之间，沙河街沉积时期为500～400℃/km，东营组沉积时期为400～385℃/km，晚第三纪时期为385～355℃/km，第四纪以来基本未变.坳陷内4个凹陷的古地温梯度演化存在差异，特别是在早第三纪末期的东营构造运动以后，各凹陷的地温梯度演化差异更加明显.在晚第三纪时期，济阳坳陷各凹陷的地温梯度变化均较小，地温梯度的高低依次为东营凹陷、沾化凹陷、惠民凹陷和车镇凹陷.车镇凹陷的古地温梯度在整个新生代演化历史中均是济阳坳陷最低的.这种地温演化的差异与各凹陷的构造沉降演化史密切相关，同时地温演化差异也导致了各凹陷的烃源岩在生烃门限深度的差异.济阳坳陷的古地温梯度演化特征反映了济阳坳陷由断陷向坳陷的构造演化特征.     

Geomorphic evolution of the Southern Alps,New Zealand

The Southern Alps are the topographic expression of late Cenozoic (<8 Ma ago) uplift of the crust of the leading edge of the Pacific plate in South Island, New Zealand. New fission track data on the basement exposed in the Southern Alps quantify the age, amount, and rate of rock uplift, and in combination with geomorphic parameters permit the construction of a new model of the geomorphic evolution of the Southern Alps. The model emphasizes the development over time and space of rock uplift, mean surface elevation, exhumation of crustal section, and relief. The earliest indications of mean surface uplift are between 4 and 5 Ma ago at the Alpine Fault. Mean surface uplift, which lagged the start of rock uplift, propagated southeastward from the Alpine Fault at a rate of 30 km/Ma. By about 4 Ma ago, exhumation had exposed greywacke basement adjacent to and east of the entire 300 km long central section of the Alpine Fault. At 3 Ma ago, greenschist was exposed in the southern parts of the Southern Alps near Lake Wanaka, and since then has become exhumed along a narrow strip east of the Alpine Fault. The model infers that amphibolite grade schist has been exhumed adjacent to the Alpine Fault only in the last 0·3 Ma. The age of the start of rock uplift and the amount and rate of rock uplift, all of which vary spatially, are considered to be the dominant influences on the development of the landscape in the Southern Alps. The Southern Alps have been studied in terms of domains of different rock uplift rate. At present the rate of rock uplift varies from up to 8–10 mm/a adjacent to the Alpine Fault to 0·8–1·0 mm/a along the southeastern margin of the Southern Alps. This spectrum can be divided into two domains, one northwest of the Main Divide where the present rock uplift rates are very high (up to 8–10 mm/a) and exceed the long-term value of 0·8–1·0 mm/a, and another to the southeast of the Main Divide where the long-term rate is 0·8–1·0 mm/a. A domain of no uplift lies immediately to the east of the Southern Alps, and is separated from them by a 1·0–1·5 km step in the basement topography. We argue that this spatial sequence of uplift rate domains represents a temporal one. The existing models of the geomorphic development of the Southern Alps—the dynamic cuesta model of J. Adams and the numerical model of P. Koons—are compared with the new data and evolutionary model. Particular constraints unrealized by these two earlier models include the following: the earlier timing of the start of rock uplift of the Southern Alps (8 Ma ago); the spatial variation in the timing of the start of rock uplift (8 Ma ago to 3 Ma ago); the lower long-term rock uplift rate (0·8–1·0 mm/a) of the Southern Alps for most of the late Cenozoic; the lag between the start of rock uplift and the start of mean surface uplift; and the patterns of the amounts of late Cenozoic rock uplift and erosion across the Southern Alps.