珠江口盆地白云凹陷东北部断裂发育特征及其控油气作用

珠江口盆地白云凹陷东北部具有“内气外油”的分布特点,断裂在油气运聚成藏过程中起到了重要作用。本文主要依据地震资料解释成果,分析断裂发育特征,定量评价断裂输导性能,并结合钻探结果探讨断裂对油气运聚成藏的影响。白云凹陷东北部主要发育NWW向和近EW向正断层,在剖面上表现为铲式和板式形态。根据断裂对油气运聚成藏的影响,划分出油源断裂和控圈断裂。油源断裂在成藏期的活动速率达到20～40 m/Ma,在珠江组下段的断层泥比率多大于50%,而且断面正压力超过了泥岩的极限抗压强度,有利于油气沿断裂发生运移。控圈断裂的活动速率一般都小于20 m/Ma,在珠江组下段的断层泥比率都大于95%,而且断面正压力都小于泥岩的极限抗压强度,侧封性能良好。白云凹陷东北部表现出油气差异聚集成藏的特点,远源反向控圈断裂下盘高效封堵聚集原油,而天然气则主要发生近源聚集。     

利用油柱高度研究仓储层中油的运聚状态——以沾化凹陷为例

在研究网毯式油气成藏体系仓储层基本特征的基础上,以油气二次运移理论为基础,通过对仓储层中油的运移动力和运移阻力分析,计算仓储层油运移的临界油柱高度,来研究仓储层运移或聚集油的砂体厚度,判断仓储层内油的运聚状态,结果表明:(1) 当仓储层的砂体厚度大于临界油柱高度时,仓储层可以起到输导油的作用,当仓储层的砂体厚度小于临界油柱高度时,仓储层不能运移油,起聚集油的作用;(2) 临界油柱高度的值不是绝对的,它受孔隙度、埋深等因素的影响,三者之间有相互补偿的关系,临界油柱高度与孔隙度呈负相关关系,与埋深呈正相关关系.通过对临界油柱高度的计算,研究一定埋深下仓储层砂体的厚度和物性的变化,可以判断仓储层内油的运聚状态,确定仓储层起输导油气还是聚集油气的作用,这对于寻找他源次生隐蔽型油气藏,具有一定的指导意义.     

超压盆地油气地质条件与成藏模式——以莺歌海盆地为例

超压沉积盆地分布广泛,对油气勘探具有重要意义。超压盆地具备良好的油气成藏条件:超压地层不仅是有利的生油层,亦是有效的封盖层;异常高压流体活动改善储层物性,控制圈闭形成与分布;超压流体活动形成断层、裂缝,改善油气运移输导网络,为油气运移提供了动力。通过研究提出了超压盆地漏斗状网毯式油气成藏模式,指出高压底辟体是超压盆地油气成藏之核心,油气在高压驱动下沿漏斗状输导体系运移到底辟体上覆低势区成藏。     

下刚果—刚果扇盆地断裂特征及其对油气成藏的影响

下刚果—刚果扇盆地油气资源丰富、油气成藏条件优越。但由于受到盐岩的活动及区域构造应力场的作用,形成了复杂的断裂系统。此文系统分析了下刚果—刚果扇盆地的断裂特征及其对油气成藏的影响,研究认为该区平面上主要发育5个断裂带,纵向上主要发育上下两套断裂系统。断裂的形成和演化可分为三个期次,相对应可将断层分为三个级别的断层。断层的形成机制主要有盐活动及盐构造、重力滑脱作用以及古地貌格局。烃源岩的排烃时间与第三期断层活动时间相匹配,非常有利于油气沿断层进行垂向和斜侧向运移。分析认为研究区主要发育沿断阶带—碳酸盐岩运聚成藏模式、沿断层垂向运聚成藏模式以及沿盐下砂体—盐窗和Focus点运聚成藏模式共三种成藏模式。断层封堵较好,油源断层高度决定了油气运移高度和油气田规模,直接控制着油气的分布层系及规模。研究成果可指导研究区或类似地区的油气勘探。     

渤海海域石东斜坡带“双断-接力”油气运移模式及勘探实践

为厘清斜坡带油气运移、聚集、成藏等科学难题,高效指导斜坡带油气勘探,通过综合分析石臼坨凸起东部斜坡区的石油地质特征,提出了"双断-接力"油气运移模式。边界断裂活动性、断面形态及启闭性控制油气由凹陷向凸起垂向运移,并在凸起斜坡区沿新近系馆陶组横向运移,馆陶组顶面形态控制油气横向运移方向;切脊次级断裂控制油气最终聚集成藏。基于QHD33-1S油田区的264个已钻砂体统计,控制砂体成藏的切脊次级断裂(A类断裂),均位于油气优势运移路径上,且断层活动性50 m、切入馆陶组构造脊的规模在4 km以上。勘探实践证实,位于油气优势运移路径上、A类断裂控制下的构造和构造-岩性圈闭是油气成藏的有利区。     

庙西南凸起馆陶组油气差异成藏规律

针对庙西南凸起馆陶组主要成藏砂体类型与油气富集程度的差异,分析油气运聚条件及其对油气成藏的影响,总结差异成藏规律。研究表明,油田区为多断阶"脊—断"接力式油气运聚模式,油气先沿馆陶组底部区域砂岩输导脊向高部位断阶区横向运移,再由"通脊"断裂将油气分配至浅层聚集成藏。增压应力的分布与强度是影响油气运移与保存的关键,控制主要成藏砂体类型与油气富集程度。增压区利于油气保存而不利于油气运移,以厚砂体成藏为主;弱增压区、亚增压区利于油气运移但不利于油气保存,主要为薄砂体成藏。构造低部位弱增压与高部位增压型断块运移与保存条件最优,油气最为富集。同一断块内部,"脊—断"条件控制不同井区的油气丰度,"通脊"断裂切至输导脊的构造位置越高、在输导脊上累计错动面积越大,该区域的油气丰度也越高。这种油气差异成藏规律有效指导了庙西南凸起馆陶组的高效评价,同时为类似地区的油气勘探提供了重要参考价值。     

油气运移足迹的表象及意义

浅层不能生成油气,浅层成藏要有沟通深层油气源的断层,油气沿断层由深层运移至浅层的过程中可能留下足迹,足迹在地震剖面上有多种表象。统计足迹的表象特征,分析油气运移足迹的成因机理,是研究浅层油气成藏的有效手段。气烟囱等油气运移足迹的识别方法,是在生产中总结出并不断得到验证的经验,对生产有很好指导作用。     

南海北部珠江口盆地西区文昌B凹陷油气运聚成藏模式

以南海北部珠江口盆地西部文昌B凹陷构造沉积演化分析为基础,以不同构造带和含油气层系油气成藏特征为依据,将文昌B凹陷及周缘油气运聚成藏模式划分为南部陡坡带扇三角洲骨架砂岩近源垂向运移的古近系断层圈闭聚集成藏模式、南部陡坡带断裂+砂岩垂向运移的新近系背斜圈闭聚集成藏模式、北部缓坡带骨架砂岩近源侧向运移的古近系地层超覆圈闭聚集成藏模式及北部凸起区骨架砂岩+断裂长距离侧向运移的新近系背斜圈闭聚集成藏模式4种类型。在此基础上进一步分析了不同类型油气成藏模式的"源-汇-聚"等油气运聚成藏特征,指出了不同类型油气藏形成与分布的主控因素。同时,根据不同类型油气藏分布富集规律,对文昌B凹陷及周缘有利勘探目标进行了评价预测并经钻探获得了证实,取得了较好勘探成效。     

济阳坳陷潜山油藏形成机理与成藏模式

在对济阳坳陷古生界潜山分布和油藏类型分析的基础上,通过对几个地区典型油气藏的解剖,研究了潜山油藏的成藏机理和成藏模式。综合分析认为潜山的成藏条件与所处的区域应力场环境、油气源条件、油气运移通道、反向断层的封堵及储集空间密切相关。依据潜山位置与烃源岩系接触关系及运移通道特征,把济阳坳陷潜山油藏成藏模式可归纳为它源（自源）-断块式潜山成藏模式、它源（自源）-褶皱式潜山成藏模式和它源-残丘式潜山成藏模式3种基本类型,分别论述了其基本特征、油气藏类型及典型实例,这对类似地区潜山的勘探具有理论和实际指导意义。     

断层面形态对中浅层石油运移影响的模拟实验研究

为认识中浅层油气成藏特征,在东营凹陷中浅层油气成藏地质研究基础上,利用二维模型模拟了不同断面形态的情况下,断层对中浅层石油运移和聚集的影响。研究结果表明：(1)在幕式(非稳态)充注条件下,断层面的形态对中浅层石油的运移路径和方式构成重要的影响,S形断层面最有利于断层上、下盘砂层油的充注,这时油在砂层中的运移速率较大,而凹形断层面则有利于断层下盘砂层油的充注,凸形断层面有利于断层上盘砂层油的充注;(2)越陡、弯度越少的断层面越有利于油的运移,即通常所认为的凸形断层面对油气运移起到发散作用,凹形断面起到油气运移汇集作用从模型试验中得到证实。     

Oil migration through preferential petroleum migration pathway (PPMP) and polycyclic faults: A case study from the Shijiutuo Uplift,Bohai Bay basin,China

The Shijiutuo uplift is an oil enriched uplift in the offshore Bohai Bay Basin. Petroleum migration is a key factor for oil enrichment in Neogene reservoirs far away from the hydrocarbon kitchen. In this article, an integration of geological, geophysical and geochemical analyses are employed to investigate the petroleum migration and accumulation on the Shijiutuo uplift. Hydrocarbons in the QHD32-6 and QHD33 oilfields are mainly originated from the third (E₂s₃) and first (E₂s₁) member of the Shahejie Formation. The shallow traps have significant contributions of late-stage E₂s₁-derived oil. Lateral petroleum migration is a major mechanism forming large oilfields on the Shijiutuo uplift. The large oilfields have multiple hydrocarbon kitchens, multiple source rocks, and numerous preferential petroleum migration pathways (PPMPs). Once petroleum arrives at the structural highs on the Shijiutuo uplift through the Guantao Formation (N₁g) carrier-beds, neotectonic faults cutting through Guantao (N₁g) and Minghuazhen (N₁m^L) formations could serve as effective conduits for vertical petroleum migration. Neotectonic faults have experienced polycyclic fault activities. Fluid inclusions indicate episodic hydrocarbon charging. Crude oils display duplex properties of biodegradation and non-biodegradation, which is strong evidence for multiple and episodic oil charging on the Shijiutuo uplift. Finally, episodic petroleum charging along polycyclic neotectonic faults causes the late-stage E₂s₁-derived oils to occur in the shallow reservoirs.     

南堡凹陷4号构造带蛤坨断层特征与油气成藏关系

南堡凹陷4号构造带断裂发育,既发育沟通烃源岩的深断裂,也发育沟通浅层圈闭的次级断裂。综合利用地震、测井、岩性等资料分析断层的空间展布,计算蛤坨断层的生长指数和断层泥比率（SGR）,分析断层的活动性、封堵性,评价其输导性能,并结合其与烃源岩生排烃期的匹配关系研究断裂与油气运移、聚集的关系及控制规律。在典型油气藏剖面解剖的基础上,建立了4号构造带油气运聚成藏模式。     

Structural regime and its impact on the mechanism and migration pathways of hydrocarbon seepage in the southern Gulf of Suez rift: An approach for finding new unexplored fault blocks

A Natural active oil seepage occurs at the intersection of the NW-oriented rift coastal fault and a NE-oriented cross fault which bound the southwest dipping Little Zeit tilted fault block at the southwestern side of the Gulf of Suez, Egypt. Detailed surface geological mapping followed by subsurface mapping using aeromagnetic, seismic and borehole data of Ras El Ush oilfield (the nearest oil field to the seepage) provide a reliable hydrocarbon migration pathway model of the area.The proposed model suggests that hydrocarbons migrated upward at the intersection of a NE-oriented and the NW-oriented rift coastal faults where they found their way to the surface. The Nubia Sandstone occurs south of Ras El Ush oilfield in a trap door structure and probably entrapped some of the migrating hydrocarbons while a probable oil-water-contact at −1000 m which resulted into the migration of hydrocarbon through the damage zone of the northeast fault.The original oil in place of the predicted reservoir is estimated to be more than 47.5 MMBO which encourages the design makers for more investigation of this reservoir to increase its certainty and putting it in the plan of the future investments.     

渤海渤中A区断层差异输导及控藏作用分析

渤中A区位于渤海海域的渤南低凸起北部斜坡带,前期勘探重点为潜山与古近系,而新近系的含油气性日益引起重视.从油气输导体系研究入手,明确了断层垂向输导油气是新近系成藏的关键,通过断层样式、断层活动性的分析,认为背形负花状构造及断层活动差异共同控制新近系差异成藏,并指示构造脊部位是油气优势的运移方向.另外,利用分形几何学原理,对研究区断层分形特征进行研究,构造脊部位断层分形分维数值较高,表明构造脊部位油气运移效率较高,佐证了常规方法的论断且对断层输导体系进行半定量-定量的评价.近期钻井在构造脊部位的新近系有良好发现,证实了断层输导分析的正确性.     

油气运移聚集的路径与过程模拟

油气在输导中运移聚集的路径主要取决于封盖面的状态、砂体的分布及横向封堵面，位于与油源相接的汇聚路径上的圈闭有利于捕集到油气，发散路径导致油气的散失。在地史、生排烃史计算的基础上，利用计算机来恢复地质历史时期封盖面的空间几何形态，并识别分析运移路径的性质，模拟不同时期油气的运移方向和强度，并最终计算圈闭聚集量，指出油气聚集的有利区带，对指导油气勘探具有现实意义。在辽河滩海地萄应用验证了现有勘探成果,并提出了下一步勘探方向。     

渤海湾盆地南堡凹陷断裂控藏特征研究

南堡凹陷为渤海湾盆地的一个新生代富生烃凹陷,内部断层十分发育,大量的油气藏都围绕断裂分布。根据断裂平面及剖面组合特征,断裂平面组合样式可分为4种：平行状、交织状、梳状和帚状;剖面组合分为3种：复“y”形组合、花状组合及阶梯式组合。根据断裂、砂体及油气藏的分布特征,发现二级和三级生长断层凹面储集厚度较大、且砂体孔渗性较好,是油气运移的主要方向。反向旋转断层组合的断层下盘和同向旋转断层组合的断层上盘是油气聚集的有利部位。但由于断层带的分带性,上诱导裂缝带相对下诱导裂缝带渗透性好。上诱导裂缝带利于油气运移,下诱导裂缝带利于封堵油气,油气的最有利聚集部位为反向旋转断层组合的下盘。     

Hydrocarbon evolution for a north-south section of the South Caspian Basin

A 150 km length, 6-second deep, seismic line across the west central and north parts of the South Caspian Basin was used to construct quantitative dynamical, thermal and hydrocarbon evolution patterns. The depth of the west part of the 2-D section of the South Caspian Basin is almost 30 km. The computer program GEOPETII was used to provide quantitative evolution models. The procedure provided an opportunity to investigate the development dynamics of: excess fluid pressure, porosity retention, rock fracturing, compaction, heat transfer, maturity, generation pressure, kinetic hydrocarbon generation, migration and accumulation, together with solubility effects on hydrocarbon transport. The results suggest that: (i) Temperature is 350–400°C in the deepest part of the section at a depth of 26–29 km; (ii) The highest values of excess pressure nearly twice hydrostatic fluid pressure are in Jurassic and Cretaceous formations in the west part of the section, which has now subsided to a depth of about 20–27 km; (iii) Major oil and gas generation began in the last 10-5 MYBP, the migration in free-phase and in water solution occurring dominantly in the last few million years; (iv) Trapping of hydrocarbons took place mainly, but not exclusively, in the 3–9 km depth interval in the sands of the Productive Series of the Pilocene, embedded in a shale sequence; (v) Oil and gas filling of the shallow reservoirs by oil and gas is on-going today, indicating an extremely high productivity for any reservoir found in the offshore area; (vi) There is overlap with depth of oil and gas reservoirs, and the total amount of hydrocarbons estimated to be trapped is considerable; (vii) The high overpressure expected makes for a drilling hazard, but one which it is worthwhile to overcome if the anticipated oil and gas accumulations are encountered.     

Impacts of the tectonic stress field on natural gas migration and accumulation: A case study of the Kuqa Depression in the Tarim Basin,China

Stress, fluid and temperature are three of the major factors that impact natural gas migration and accumulation. In order to study the influences of tectonic stress field on natural gas migration and accumulation in low-permeability rocks, we take the Kuqa Depression as an example and analyze the evolution of the structure and tectonic stress field at first. Then we study the influences of tectonic stress field at different tectonic episodes on fractures and fluid potentials through the numerical simulation method on the section across the KL2 gas field. We summarize two aspects of the impact of the tectonic stress field on natural gas migration and accumulation. Firstly, under the effects of the tectonic stress field, the rock dilation increases with the added stress and strain, and when the shear stress of rock exceeds its shear strength, the shear fractures are well developed. On one hand, the faults which communicate with the hydrocarbon source rocks become the main pathways for natural gas migration. On the other hand, these positions where fractures are well developed near faults can become good reservoirs for natural gas accumulation. Secondly, because fluid potentials decrease in these places near the faults where fractures are well developed, natural gas can migrate rapidly along the faults and accumulates. The impact of tectonic stress fields on natural gas migration and accumulation allows for hydrocarbon migration and accumulation in the low-permeability rocks in an active tectonic compressive setting.