管饲要素营养在食管癌全程治疗中的特殊地位

食管鳞癌是我国高发恶性肿瘤之一, 主要病理解剖为病变段食管梗阻, 营养障碍及其引起的一系列病理生理改变是影响治疗安全实施和长期生存的主要因素, 及时纠正营养障碍是治疗的主要组成部分。局部晚期食管鳞癌的理想治疗手段是全身治疗后手术切除, 仅短期重视术后营养支持, 忽视术前治疗时营养跟进, 漠视术后吞咽康复和营养及体质量管理是食管癌临床存在的突出问题。笔者就管饲要素营养在食管癌全程治疗中的特殊地位进行详细阐述, 旨在为其规范化管理提供参考。     

食管鳞癌DNA和RNA测定与预后的关系

从１９８８年６月～１９９５年８月,我们采用流式细胞技术对６２例术后随访患者的样本进行了ＤＮＡ和ＲＮＡ含量测定,探讨食管鳞癌ＤＮＡ和ＲＮＡ含量与预后的关系,为临床治疗和评估预后提供依据。１材料与方法１．１样本６２例样本均为我院手术切除的食管鳞癌石蜡包埋...     

内镜下黏膜多环套扎切除术治疗食管癌前病变和食管早癌的近期疗效和安全性分析

目的探讨内镜下黏膜多环套扎切除术（EMBL）治疗食管癌前病变和早癌的近期疗效和安全性。方法回顾性分析2012年1-11月在复旦大学附属中山医院内镜中心接受EMBL治疗的21例食管癌前病变和早期食管癌患者的临床资料,总结治疗效果及术后并发症发生情况。结果21例患者均顺利完成EMBL术。手术时间（21．0±8．3）min。术后无皮下气肿、纵隔气肿、气胸及迟发性出血病例。2例患者术后1个月出现食管创面狭窄,经气囊扩张术后症状缓解。术后病理示：中度不典型增生1例,中-重度不典型增生2例,重度不典型增生10例,原位癌2例,早期鳞癌6例。除1例早期鳞癌患者因癌灶距离切缘仅1mm,遂追加开胸食管癌根治术外,其余患者切缘均阴性。随访期间未见复发病例。结论EMBL术可有效治愈食管癌前病变和早期食管癌,具有微创、安全、操作简单的优点。     

小儿食管碱烧伤瘢痕狭窄的外科治疗

目的　探讨小儿食管碱烧伤瘢痕狭窄采用回结肠代食管手术治疗的适应证和术后并发症的处理。方法　采用胸骨后径路、回结肠代食管术治疗小儿食管碱烧伤瘢痕狭窄 13例。　结果　 13例均无术中和术后死亡。术后发生颈部吻合口瘘 2例 ,吻合口狭窄 3例。随访 11例 ,随访时间 2 3～ 4 0个月 ,平均 3 6个月 ,除 1例偶有呕吐外 ,其余10例进食和生长发育均正常。　结论　采用回结肠代食管术治疗小儿食管碱烧伤瘢痕狭窄是一种有效的方法。     

75例食管癌切除食管胃左颈部吻合术的诊治

目的 总结食管癌手术行食管胃左颈部吻合术的治疗经验。方法 分析最近12年来75例食管癌的临床资料、病理结果,对切除并全部人工食管胃左颈部吻合的手术方式的优点,术后并发症的防治进行讨论。结果 术后近期未出现吻合口瘘及乳糜胸,死亡3例,病理提示鳞癌64例、腺癌9例、未分化癌2例,随访1年生存率86.7％,3年生存率60％,5年生存率37.7％,有3例术后10年存活至今。结论 食管癌应早期诊断,早期手术,食管癌切除术后食管胃左颈部吻合术是一种并发症少、病灶切除彻底、操作方便的手术方式。     

胸段食管鳞癌的多学科综合治疗

食管癌患者就诊时大多已为中晚期,第七版UICC食管癌新分期Ⅲ期以上肿瘤单纯手术切除往往疗效不满意,系统性的多学科治疗至关重要.越来越多的证据表明术前同期放化疗是最为有效的诱导治疗方式,可使肿瘤降期并提高根治性切除率;针对食管鳞癌中常见的多组、多野淋巴结转移患者,术前诱导化疗不失为可行的选择.对于已根治性手术切除的局部进展期肿瘤,术后辅助放疗或有助于弥补手术清扫范围的不足以加强局控;术后辅助化疗的作用亦有待进一步深入研究.胸段食管鳞癌与西方国家常见的食管下段腺癌有本质的不同,需要积累更多的前瞻性临床研究,以形成适合我国食管癌患者的综合治疗模式.     

Podoplanin在食管鳞状细胞癌患者中的表达及临床预后:回顾性队列研究

目的分析Podoplanin蛋白在食管鳞状细胞癌(鳞癌)患者中的表达情况,探寻其与食管鳞癌患者脉管内出现瘤栓、淋巴结转移、肿瘤分化及预后之间的关系,为减少食管鳞癌患者肿瘤复发,延长无病生存时间及总生存时间提供临床证据。方法回顾性分析2010年6月至2012年6月我院胸外科经胃镜确诊为食管鳞癌并接受手术治疗、完成随访70例患者的临床资料,其中男39例、女31例,平均年龄63.6岁。脉管瘤栓阳性35例,脉管瘤栓阴性35例。查看术后病理标本,并切取纳入该研究患者的正常食管组织(即距肿瘤边缘5 cm的食管组织)作为对照。结果 Podoplanin在正常食管组织中阳性表达率为34.2%,在肿瘤组织中阳性表达率为62.8%;在脉管瘤栓阳性和阴性的食管鳞癌患者中阳性表达率分别为77.1%、48.6%;在淋巴结转移阳性和阴性的食管鳞癌患者肿瘤细胞内阳性表达率分别为71.9%、23.1%,差异均有统计学意义(P0.05)。肿瘤细胞内Podoplanin表达阴性的食管鳞癌患者平均无病生存期15.2个月,明显长于肿瘤细胞内Podoplanin表达阳性的食管鳞癌患者(P0.05)。结论临床上可将Podoplanin在肿瘤细胞、脉管内的阳性表达作为判断食管鳞癌患者预后的重要参考指标。     

保脾断流术治疗门静脉高压症食管胃底静脉曲张破裂出血的远期疗效观察

目的探讨保脾断流术治疗门静脉高压症食管胃底静脉曲张破裂出血的远期疗效。方法对我院2008~2013年期间所行的保脾断流术患者进行门诊或者电话随访,观察食管胃底静脉曲张缓解、再出血、生存情况及术后远期并发症。结果共完成保脾断流术治疗门静脉高压症食管胃底静脉曲张破裂出血患者32例,围手术期死亡1例。23例患者获得随访,平均随访时间45.5个月(10~81个月),随访期内有7例发生术后再出血,5例死亡,3例新发门静脉血栓,2例发生食管吻合口狭窄。结论保脾断流术在特定的患者中,是一种有效的治疗门静脉高压症食管胃底静脉曲张破裂出血的术式。     

病理N1期胸段食管鳞癌根治术后复发转移危险因素分析

目的 探讨病理N1（pN1）期胸段食管鳞癌患者根治性切除术后复发转移的相关危险因素.方法 回顾性分析2004年1月至2010年12月间在上海市胸科医院接受根治性切除手术且术后病理证实为pN1期的95例胸段食管鳞癌患者的临床病理资料,采用Cox比例风险模型对其术后复发转移的独立危险因素进行多因素分析.结果 95例患者中术后3年内有52例（54.7％）出现复发转移,其中局域性复发42例（44.2％）,血行转移10例（10.5％）.多因素分析结果显示, 肿瘤浸润深度（RR=3.604,P=0.027）、淋巴结转移组数（RR=4.834,P=0.009）、淋巴结转移野数 （RR=5.689,P=0.003）及术后是否接受辅助化疗（RR=1.594,P=0.048）是影响pN1期胸段食管鳞癌患者术后复发转移的独立因素.结论 辅助化疗有助于降低pN1期胸段食管鳞癌患者术后复发转移的概率.对于术前临床评估为多组或多野淋巴结转移者,诱导治疗或可进一步提高治疗效果.     

原发性食管腺癌的外科治疗

目的总结原发性食管腺癌的临床生物学特征和外科治疗经验。方法回顾性分析1980-2000年间外科治疗的43例原发性食管腺癌患者的临床病理资料。结果43例原发性食管腺癌占同期手术治疗的5638例食管癌的0．8％,均行左后外开胸食管胃部分切除、食管胃手工吻合术。肿瘤位于食管胸中段12例,胸下段31例。食管单纯腺癌14例,腺鳞（棘）癌29例。原发性食管腺癌的淋巴结转移率为65．1％,明显高于食管鳞癌的31．6％。食管腺癌的术后1、3、5年生存率分别为81．4％、46．5％和28．2％,低于食管鳞癌。结论原发性食管腺癌好发于食管下段,淋巴结转移率高,预后较食管鳞癌差。外科手术是其首选治疗方法,早诊断、早治疗以及肿瘤的根治性切除是改善预后的关键,合理的综合治疗有助于提高远期疗效。     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A Teaspoon Pump for Pumping Blood with High Hydraulic Efficiency and Low Hemolysis Potential

Abstract: Virtually all blood pumps contain some kind of rubbing, sliding, closely moving machinery surfaces that are exposed to the blood being pumped. These valves, internal bearings, magnetic bearing position sensors, and shaft seals cause most of the problems with blood pumps. The original teaspoon pump design prevented the rubbing, sliding machinery surfaces from contacting the blood. However, the hydraulic efficiency was low because the blood was able to "slip around" the rotating impeller so that the blood itself never rotated fast enough to develop adequate pressure. An improved teaspoon blood pump has been designed and tested and has shown acceptable hydraulic performance and low hemolysis potential. The new pump uses a nonrotating "swinging" hose as the pump impeller. The fluid enters the pump through the center of the swinging hose; therefore, there can be no fluid slip between the revolving blood and the revolving impeller. The new pump uses an impeller that is comparable to a flexible garden hose. If the free end of the hose were swung around in a circle like half of a jump rope, the fluid inside the hose would rotate and develop pressure even though the hose impeller itself did not "rotate"; therefore, no rotating shaft seal or internal bearings are required.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Is the recovery profile of mivacurium independent of the rate of decay of its plasma concentration in patients with normal plasma cholinesterase activity?

Background: The duration of action of muscle relaxants is poorly correlated to the rate of decay of their plasma concentration. The plasma concentration of mivacurium may rapidly decrease below its active concentration because of the extensive hydrolysis of mivacurium. By inflating a tourniquet on one upper limb for 3 min after the administration of atracurium, mivacurium or vecuronium, we studied the influence of the initial decline of their plasma concentration on their effect. Methods: In 50 patients anaesthetised with thiopental, isoflurane and fentanyl, the effect of bolus doses of 0.15 or 0.25 mg . kg^?1 mivacurium (MIV 15, MIV 25), 0.3 or 0.5 mg . kg^?1 atracurium (ATR 30, ATR 50) and 0.06 or 0.1 mg . kg^?1 vecuronium (VEC 06, VEC 10) were measured on both arms (evoked response of the adductor pollicis to train-of-four stimulation every 12 s), a tourniquet being applied on one arm just before and during 3 min after the muscle relaxant bolus. Results: Tourniquet inflation of 3 min almost abolished the neuromuscular effect of mivacurium. In the vecuronium groups and in the ATR 50 group, tourniquet inflation did not modify the maximum degree of depression of the twitch response. Also, the duration of action of vecuronium was unaffected by the tourniquet. In the ATR 30 group, times to return of the twitch response to 25% (duration 25%) and 75% (duration 75%) of control response were significantly shorter in the cuffed arm, 23 min vs 27 min, and 41 min vs 45 min, respectively. In the ATR 50 group, only duration 25% was significantly shorter in the cuffed arm (41 min vs 45 min). Conclusion: The results suggest that the rate of decline of the plasma concentration of mivacurium is so rapid, that a very low and almost clinically ineffective concentration is present as soon as 3 min after its administration. The results also indicate that the recovery from a mivacurium-induced neuromuscular blockade is not influenced by the rate of decay of its plasma concentration in patients with genotypically normal plasma cholinesterase.     

Membranes in Artificial Organs

Abstract: Membrane processes play a pivotal and enabling role in modern replacement therapy for acute and chronic organ failure and in the management of immunologic diseases. In fact, virtually all contemporary extracorporeal blood purification methods employ membrane devices, and the next generation of artificial organs and tissue engineering therapies are almost certain to be similarly grounded in membrane technology. In this short essay, we comment on the similarities and differences among synthetic membranes and their natural counterparts and also provide a critical overview of the demographics and technology of hemodialysis, hemofiltration, apheresis, oxygenation, and emerging membrane technologies and applications.     

Tissue perfusion in relation to cardiac output during continuous positive-pressure ventilation and administration of propranolol or verapamil

Background : Our objective was to determine whether administration of propranolol or verapamil modifies the hemodynamic adaptation to continuous positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV), in particular the regional distribution of cardiac output (CO).
Methods : General hemodynamics and regional blood flows assessed by microsphere technique (15 (μm) were recorded in 16 anesthetized pigs during spontaneous breathing (SB) and CPPV with 8 cm H₂O end-expiratory pressure (CPPV8) before and after intravenous administration of propranolol (0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.15 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8) or verapamil (0.1 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8).
Results : CPPV8 depressed CO by 25% without shifts in its relative distribution with the exception of a noteworthy increase in adrenal perfusion. Propranolol increased arterial blood pressure, and due to a fall in heart rate, CO dropped by 25%. The kidneys and, to a lesser extent, the splanchic region and central nervous system received increased fractions of the remaining CO at the expense of skeletal muscle flow. Similar patterns were seen during SB and CPPV8 such that the combination of propranolol and CPPV8 depressed CO by 50%. The circulatory effects of verapamil were less evident but myocardial perfusion tended to increase.
Conclusions : The combination of propranolol or verapamil with CPPV does not result in any specific hemodynamic interaction in anesthetized pigs, except that the combined effect of propranolol and CPPV may severely reduce CO.     

Volatile anaesthetics reduce adhesion of blood platelets under low-flow conditions in the coronary system of isolated guinea pig hearts

Background : Inhibitory effects of volatile anaesthetics on platelet aggregation have been demonstrated in several studies. However, the influence of volatile anaesthetics on intracoronary platelet adhesion has not been elucidated so far.
Methods : Isolated hearts of guinea pigs were perfused with buffer in the absence or presence of volatile anaesthetics (0.5 and 1 MAC) at constant coronary flow rates of 5 ml/min for 25 min, then 1 ml/min for 30 min and again 5 ml/min for 10 min. Before, during and after low-flow perfusion, a bolus of human platelets was applied into the coronary system. To simulate thrombogenic conditions, 0.3 U/ml human thrombin was infused during low-flow perfusion and reperfusion. The number of platelets sequestered to the endothelium was calculated from the difference between coronary in- and output of platelets. The myocardial production of lactate and consumption of pyruvate and coronary perfusion pressure were also determined.
Results : At a flow rate of 5 ml/min only about 3% of the applied platelets did not emerge from the coronary system, in any group. In contrast, 13.1±1.2% (mean±SEM) of infused platelets became adherent in low-flow perfusion in the control group without anaesthetic. The adherence was reduced with each 1 MAC isoflurane (to 6.2±1.2%), sevoflurane (to 4.4±0.9%) or halothane (to 3.2±1.5%) (each P <0.05 vs. control). Volatile anaesthetic, 0.5 MAC, did not inhibit platelet adhesion to a statistically significant extent in any case. Perfusion pressure and metabolic parameters were not statistically different between the control and the hearts exposed to anaesthetics.
Conclusion : Volatile anaesthetics in a concentration of 1 MAC can reduce the adhesion of platelets in the coronary system under reduced flow conditions. This action does not arise from vasodilation or inhibition of ischaemic stress.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Dilemma of Membrane Biocompatibility and Reuse

Abstract: Numerous articles have been published on the multiple use of dialyzers and on the effect of different reprocessing chemicals and techniques on the dialyzer biocompatibility and performance. The results often appear contradictory, especially those comparing standard biocompatibility parameters. Despite this confusion, a discerning review of the published works allows certain limited conclusions to be drawn. Reprocessing of used hemodialyzers changes the biocompatibility profile of a dialyzer as defined by the parameters complement activation. leukopenia, and cytokine release. The effect of reprocessing depends on the chemicals and reprocessing technique applied and also on the type of membrane polymer being subjected to the reprocessing procedure. Reports of pyrogenic reactions indicate that the flux of the membrane also influences how suitable it is for safe reuse. An increased risk of allergic and pyrogenic reactions appears to be associated with dialyzer reuse. Furthermore, there has been a lack of investigations into the immunologic effect of the layer of adsorbed and chemically altered proteins that remains on the inner surface of reprocessed dialyzers. We conclude that the clinical benefit of dialyzer reuse cannot be generally accepted from a biocompatibility point of view.     

The analgesic effect of racemic ketamine in patients with chronic ischemic pain due to lower extremity arteriosclerosis obliterans

Background : Ketamine in sub-dissociative doses has been shown to have analgesic and phantom-Limb pain, where conventional treatment has often failed. Chronic ischemic pain due to lower extremity arteriosclerosis obliterans often responds poorly to analgesics, and the pain-generating mechanisms are not well understood.
Methods : Eight patients with rest pain in the lower extremity due to arteriosclerosis obliterans were given sub-dissociative doses of 0.15, 0.30, or 0.45 mg/kg racemic ketamine and morphine 10 mg as a 5-min infusion on four separate days in a cross-over, double-blind, randomised protocol. Plasma levels of (S)- and (R)-ketamine and their nor-metabolites were analysed with an enantioselective high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method. Pain levels were evaluated with a visual analogue scale (VAS).
Results : Individual pain levels were highly variable during and after all the infusions but the pooled pain levels showed a dose-dependent analgesic effect of ketamine with a transient but complete pain relief in all patients at the highest dose (0.45 mg/ kg). Side-effects, mainly disturbed cognition and perception, were pronounced and dose-dependent. Morphine 10 mg had an analgesic peak at 20 min and 5/8 patients had complete pain relief. The remaining 3 patients also had high baseline pain scores, indicating a higher analgesic potency for the 0.30 and 0.45 mg/ kg ketamine doses than for morphine 10 mg.
Conclusion : We have demonstrated a potent dose-dependent analgesic effect of racemic ketamine in clinical ischemic pain. Due to a narrow therapeutic window, this analgesic effect is probably best utilised in combination with other analgesics.