核壳型Co-Pt纳米粒子的氧还原电催化性能

采用两步化学还原法制备不同壳层厚度的核壳型Co-Pt纳米粒子。采用X射线衍射光谱(XRD)、X射线光电子能谱(XPS)及透射电镜(TEM)技术表征催化剂的结构和组成,用旋转圆盘电极动电位扫描法测试其对氧还原反应的催化性能。结果表明:核壳型Co-Pt纳米粒子直径约30 nm;相对于Pt/C,Co-Pt/C具有更高的电催化氧还原活性和抗甲醇性,催化剂随着Pt壳层厚度的增加氧还原活性增大,抗甲醇能力逐渐降低。随着甲醇浓度的增加,氧还原起始过电位增大,峰电流密度减小。     

微结构对纳米碳纤维氧阴极还原性能影响

在制备微结构可控纳米碳纤维基础上,研究纳米碳纤维微结构对氧气电催化还原反应(oxygen reduction reaction,ORR)性能的影响.利用化学还原法合成了Pt电催化剂,研究了纳米碳纤维微结构对Pt/CNFs电催化剂电催化性能的影响.研究发现,相对于基于活性炭的电催化剂,载于纳米碳纤维的电催化剂具有较高的ORR活性;同时,基于板式纳米碳纤维的电催化剂表现出最高的ORR活性.     

不同电极基体对K2FeO4充放电循环性能的影响

采用三电极体系法研究银网、铂网和泡沫镍等不同电极基体的阳极极化行为,探讨不同电极基体对 K_2FeO_4电极充放电性能的影响规律．结果表明,K_2FeO_4具有一定的可充性,但其充放电性能与电极基体的析氧电位有很大关系．电极基体的析氧电位低于K_2FeO_4的氧化还原电位时,K_2FeO_4电极基本充不上电;而当电极基体的析氧电位与K_2FeO_4的氧化还原电位相近,K_2FeO_4电极只能部分充电．     

纳米金修饰电极上苯二酚的电催化及分析应用

利用恒电位沉积方法将HAuCl4直接还原成纳米金并沉积到玻碳电极表面。制备了对苯二酚异构体具有不同电催化作用纳米金修饰电极。在PBS缓冲溶液中,通过循环伏安法研究了苯二酚异构体及其混合物在纳米金修饰电极上的电化学行为,结果表明。苯二酚异构体在纳米金修饰电极上具有不同的电化学性质。对苯二酚和邻苯二酚在纳米金修饰电极上出现峰型良好的氧化还原峰,而间苯二酚几乎不产生氧化还原峰。比较对苯二酚和邻苯二酚在纳米金电极的的氧化还原峰。两者峰电位有较大区别,相互之间没有干扰,据此建立同时测定苯二酚混合物中的对苯二酚和邻苯二酚分析方法。     

核壳型Ni-Pt纳米微粒的氧还原电催化性能

应用化学还原两步法制备了壳层厚度不同的Ni-Pt核壳型纳米粒子,并用XRD,XPS,TEM,SEM技术表征了微粒的表面元素组成和物理结构,用动电位扫描法考察了该纳米粒子对氧还原反应的电催化活性。实验结果表明,合成的Ni-Pt微粒为球形核壳结构纳米粒子,外直径平均值约30 nm,Ni核直径约17 nm,Pt壳层厚度约8 nm;核壳Ni-Pt/C相对Pt/C具有更高的电催化氧还原活性和抗甲醇性,电催化氧还原活性和抗甲醇能力随Pt壳层厚度改变有明显变化,变化的规律呈火山形,核壳Ni-Pt/C催化性能随Pt壳层厚度改变的机理符合"d电子调变效应"机理。     

考虑故障短路电流分布的纳米碳纤维材料接地特性

为分析非金属材料接地网的电气性能和热稳定性能,提出一种纳米碳纤维接地材料半径的等效方法及地网性能评估方法。首先建立纳米碳纤维接地网评估流程,然后从导体截面积选择与等效、入地短路电流的计算及其对接地参数计算的影响、地电位升高幅值、地电位分布这4个方面分析纳米碳纤维接地网的安全评估方法,并从接触电位差、跨步电位差、地电位升高幅值等角度对比分析纳米碳纤维接地材料与传统金属接地材料的散流性能。研究结果表明:纳米碳纤维材料应用于变电站地网是可行的,并可为非金属材料大型接地网性能评估提供参考。     

CoTMPyP在氧电还原中的催化性能

用较简化的步骤合成CoTMPyP,并以紫外可见光谱对产物进行表征.循环伏安法和旋转环盘电极法用于研究该配合物的电化学行为及对氧还原的催化性能.发现Co(Ⅱ/Ⅱ)TMPyP~(5+/4+)电对具有较可逆的氧化还原性质,在0.05MH_2SO_4溶液介质中氧化还原电位约为0.28V(vs.SCE),比报道的FeTMPyP和CoTHOEPyP等的为正.CoTMPyP的存在使氧还原的峰电位正移了约0.4V,催化作用遵循EC再生机理.氧的还原沿着分别生成H_2O和H_2O_2的平行途径进行.随着电位的负移,产物中水的比例提高,这可由氧同CoTMPyP的配位作用加以解释.     

乙烷氧化脱氢制乙烯纳米Sm2O3催化剂的研究

采用XRD，TEM，BET，C02—TPD，02—TPD和催化剂性能评价等方法对溶胶—凝胶法制备的纳米Sm2O2的物相、颗粒度、比表面、碱性、吸附活化氧物种的能力和催化剂的ODE性能进行了表征和评价，并与常规Sm2O2进行了比较．实验结果表明，纳米Sm2O3催化剂具有较佳的低温ODE反应性能，在500—600℃的温度范围内，纳米Sm203的乙烷转化率和乙烯选择性均优于常规Sm202，其原因主要与纳米催化剂体系具有较大比表面，较多的表面缺陷位，较弱的碱性和不同于常规催化剂体系的物相结构并因此更有利于吸附和活化氧物种等因素有关．采用高温原位显微Raman光谱对纳米Sm2O3上ODE反应活性氧物种的表征结果表明，02^2-是Sm203催化刑上ODE反应的活性氧物种．     

源于核-壳结构普鲁士蓝/聚吡咯的铁氮共掺杂碳材料及其高效的氧还原性能

燃料电池阴极氧还原反应十分缓慢,通常需要贵金属催化剂加快反应速率。目前,燃料电池阴极氧还原催化剂主要为铂及其合金纳米颗粒,但由于其成本高,自然资源有限,稳定性差,难以大规模应用。基于过渡金属与氮共掺杂的碳材料可作为氧还原反应有效且廉价的候选催化剂,受到了广泛的关注。本文研究以普鲁士蓝纳米颗粒为模板,在其表面原位聚合吡咯,得到核-壳结构的普鲁士蓝/聚吡咯纳米颗粒,再以该纳米颗粒为前驱体,经过高温裂解制备铁氮共掺杂碳纳米颗粒(Fe-N-CNPs-X,X代表高温裂解温度)。Fe-N-CNPs-X催化剂粒径约为80 nm,Fe-N-CNPs-900催化剂在碱性电解质溶液中显示出优异的氧还原催化活性:-0.17 V电位下即可产生明显的氧还原电流,接近Pt/C催化剂的峰电位(-0.15 V);起始还原电位和半波还原电位(E_(1/2))分别为-0.03 V和-0.11 V,极限电流密度为4.90 mA/cm~2,与Pt/C的起始还原电位(-0.02 V)和半波还原电位(-0.10 V)以及极限电流密度(4.86 mA/cm~2)相当;与商业Pt/C催化剂相比,Fe-N-CNPs-X催化剂具有更优的稳定性和甲醇耐受性。上述研究结果为铁氮共掺杂碳材料的实际应用奠定了基础。     

CocorePdshell/C核壳型纳米粒子电催化氧还原性能

应用胶体粒子模板法制备不同壳层厚度的CocorePdshell纳米电催化剂。TEM、XRD和EDS证实,CocorePdshell纳米粒子基本为球形,面心立方晶型(fcc)Pd成功包覆在纳米金属Co的表面,其中,Co1Pd2纳米粒子平均直径约10 nm且粒径分布较窄。动电位、交流阻抗、循环伏安及原位傅里叶变换红外反射光谱等电化学测试结果表明:与Pd/C相比,CocorePdshell/C纳米粒子对氧还原反应(ORR)的活性有明显的提高,甚至接近于Pt/C;抗甲醇能力非常优异,对甲醇氧化几乎无活性;不同壳层厚度催化剂中,以Co1Pd2/C催化剂的活性最高,在0.5 mol/L H2SO4中氧还原峰电流密度可达175.5 mA/mg,比Pt/C的要高出20 mA/mg。     

氮掺杂石墨烯凝胶的制备及其氧还原催化性能

以氧化石墨烯为原料,采用水热法合成出具有三维网络结构的氧化石墨烯凝胶,并与氨气在高温下反应制得具有三维多孔结构的氮掺杂石墨烯凝胶(N-G-F)。通过SEM、TEM、BET、XPS等分析手段对N-G-F的形貌结构及组成进行了系统表征,使用旋转圆盘电极测试了其对氧还原反应的催化活性。结果表明,N-G-F的氧还原反应具有高起始电位(-0.1 V)、四电子转移的反应特征和高的动力学电流密度(9.1 m A/cm2),高于商业化Pt-C的电催化性能。     

ZIF-derived Co–N–C ORR catalyst with high performance in proton exchange membrane fuel cells

Metal and nitrogen-doped carbon (M-N-C) materials have been considered as the most promising non-precious metal oxygen reduction (ORR) catalysts to replace expensive Pt catalysts. Due to high Fenton catalytic activity of Fe element and the resulting instability, Co-based N–C (Co–N–C) catalysts without Fenton catalytic activity should be a worthier ORR catalyst being explored. Although the high ORR activity of Co–N–C catalyst has been demonstrated in aqueous half-cell tests, their performance under PEMFC working condition is still far away from that of state-of-the-art Fe–N–C catalysts. In this study, a high-performance Co–N–C catalyst was synthesized by one-step pyrolyzing Co-doped ZIF-8 (zeolitic imidazolate framework-8) particles in-situ grown on the high-surface-area KJ600 carbon black with high electronic conductivity. The resulting Co–N–C catalyst exhibited high intrinsic ORR activity, fast mass transfer rate and high electronic conductivity, and thus yielded a remarkable peak power density of 0.92 W cm^-2 in H₂–O₂ PEMFC, which is comparable to state-of-the-art Fe–N–C catalyst. This strategy is helpful to synthesize highly active M-N-C ORR catalysts with improved mass transfer and electric conductivity.     

高压匀质处理对纳米纤维素自聚集特性及气凝胶结构的影响

 木材细胞壁的重要组成部分是许多直径在纳米尺度、具有高长径比、高比表面积和丰富表面基团的纤维素分子聚集体。基于“自下而上”的思想,利用层层分离法从木粉中分离出纳米尺度的基元纤丝。首先,通过化学和超声预处理并结合高压匀质处理的方法从木材中分离制备出纳米纤维素（CNF）;然后,通过冷冻干燥的方法将CNF 进一步组装加工成纳米纤维素气凝胶。研究发现,超声结合匀质的方法,可得到均匀纤丝化的CNF,具有低直径尺寸分布（纤丝直径为1～3 nm）和高长径比特征,但氢键作用的影响使得单根纤丝又易重构为簇、带状的聚集体形式。随着CNF 溶液浓度的增大,所形成的气凝胶密度增大,孔隙度降低,结构由以纤维为主,转变为纤丝交织的片层结构。本研究所得的气凝胶可广泛应用于包装、生物医药、吸附材料等领域。     

Surface modifications of Pt-based atomically ordered nanoparticles to improve catalytic performances for oxygen reduction reaction

Bimetallic platinum-cobalt (Pt–Co) nanostructure catalysts represent superior catalytic performances for oxygen reduction reaction (ORR). In a variety of Pt–Co catalyst structures, atomically ordered structure catalysts show excellent catalytic performances in the ORR. In this work, for promoting their catalytic performances, atomically ordered PtCo nanoparticles (PtCo/C) with carbon supported were successfully prepared by an improved impregnation method and annealing. Then, the ordered PtCo/C catalysts have been significantly improved by doped with ultralow amount of Au and Cr transition metal. The physical and electrochemical test results demonstrate the Cr–PtCo/C and Au–PtCo/C catalysts have superior catalytic performances including mass activity and stability compared to commercialized Johnson Matthey (JM) Pt/C, which was the result of the modified electronic properties of Pt surface and atomically ordered structure. The presence of Au and Cr enhances the stability of PtCo/C catalysts. This work represents a simple way to promote the catalytic performances of the atomically ordered catalysts.     

A novel bimetallic RuFe nanocluster to enable highly efficient oxygen reduction in zinc-air batteries

Zinc-air batteries (ZABs) have the advantages of high energy density and safety but their large-scale application is hindered by sluggish kinetics of four-electron aqueous O₂ redox reactions. Widely used Ruthenium (Ru)-based catalysts possess intrinsic oxygen evolution catalytic activity but suffer from insufficient oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) performance. Herein, to optimize the ORR activity of Ru-based catalyst, an iron (Fe)-coordinated, bimetallic RuFe cluster is constructed and homogeneously dispersed within nitrogen (N)-doped carbon layers (denoted as RuFe@NC). Benefitting from the optimized ORR activity and more active site exposure, the RuFe@NC exhibits superior ORR activity with a half wave potential (E_1/2) of 0.88 ?V higher than that of Pt/C (0.82 ?V). Accordingly, the RuFe@NC-based ZAB outperforms the Pt/C ?+ ?IrO₂-based device, presenting a reduced polarization of 0.7 ?V and an enhanced cycling lifetime of 50 ?h at 10 ?mA ?cm^?2. Moreover, the optimized structural design ultralow Ru loading (0.013 mg_Ru cm^?2) overcomes the cost barriers and demonstrates its high practicality. This bimetallic RuFe nanocluster opens a new way for future design of more efficient and stable catalytic systems.     

通过合金和去合金过程制备一种海绵状的纳米多孔铂以及对氧的电催化还原

采用一种简易的方法制备了海绵状的球形纳米多孔铂,首先是用循环伏安法在玻碳电极上电沉积得到铂铜合金,然后在浓硝酸中刻蚀合金去掉铜．用到场发射扫描电镜、X射线光电子能谱、X射线衍射和循环伏安法对其进行了表征．也对制备此种铂催化剂的条件进行了优化．此种铂修饰电极对氧的还原表现出很高的电催化活性,其氧的还原峰电流是相应纳米铂修饰电极的四倍．这种制备海绵状纳米多孔结构的方法以及所得到得到铂修饰电极可能在燃料电池和生物传感器等领域有着很大的应用前景．     

氢燃料电池阴极氧还原反应电催化剂研究进展

氢燃料电池是一种将化学能直接转换为电能的能量转换装置,具有转换效率高、噪声低、无污染、原料多样且用途广泛等优点,但其阴极氧还原反应(oxygen reduction reaction,ORR)动力学缓慢,极大地限制了其大规模应用与发展．因此,研发高效、耐用兼具经济性的ORR电催化剂是当前研究热点之一．在众多科研工作者的努力下,关于ORR电催化剂的研究工作已取得了许多重要突破性进展．本综述系统介绍了ORR反应机制和目前3种主流类别的ORR电催化剂(贵金属、非贵金属、碳基)的研究进展,着重分析了不同催化剂体系的性能与优缺点,并探讨了高性能ORR电催化剂的合成策略及其未来的发展方向．      

Nitrogen-doped graphene nanosheets as high efficient catalysts for oxygen reduction reaction

It is of great significance in exploring alternative catalysts to platinum (Pt)-based materials for oxygen reduction reaction (ORR),because this reaction is invariably involved in various fuel cells and metal-air batteries.We herein reported the nitrogen doped graphene nanosheets (NGNSs) with pore volume of as high as 3.42 m 3 /g and investigated their potential application as ORR catalysts,it was demonstrated the NGNSs featured high activity,improved kinetics and excellent long-term stability for ORR.The NGNSs were successfully used as cathode catalysts of microbial fuel cells (MFCs) and performed even better than the commercial Pt/C (Pt 10%) catalysts at the maximum power output.