磷化铝缓释剂在农户储粮中的熏蒸杀虫试验

农户储粮长期单一地使用着防虫磷保护剂,随着各种害虫抗药性的产生,形成了高剂量的残留。同时现阶段在我国广大农村,农户储粮占国库储粮的三分之一多,笔者从事农村储粮工作多年,农村储粮的损失远远不止15％,在粮食生产及储藏整个过程中的损失,有的高达30％。有的农户只重视产后数量根本不注意储藏中的损失浪费,他们对如何保管好粮食知之甚少。因此,应尽快开     

农户粮食产后前端储藏环节减损对策研究（网络首发、推荐阅读）

近年来，随着我国城镇化水平的不断提升，农业人口加快向城市转移，农户储粮的数量规模呈现明显下降趋势，但每年因农户储藏不当造成的粮食产后损失问题依然突出。以稻谷品种为例，主要针对我国农户粮食产后前端储藏环节的特点、损失率、损失原因等方面问题进行了深入调查分析。研究发现：目前我国农户储粮数量规模逐渐减少、但总量规模依然较大；农户储粮目的多用于口粮和饲料用粮、少量为等待更佳售粮时机；农户储粮的数量规模存在区域差异性，主要表现为主产区高于产销平衡区和主销区；我国农户粮食储藏环节的损失率总体呈下降趋势，农户间储藏损失率有明显差异；由于农户储藏设施简陋、储藏管理不当、科学储藏意识淡薄、储藏技术欠缺等原因造成鼠害、霉变和虫害损失较大，其中以鼠害损失最为严重。基于此，提出了针对性的减损治理对策建议。     

辽宁农村储粮现状与对策

调查辽宁农村农户储粮方式和粮食产后损失途径与损失率,引导农民尽快适应市场经济条件下的粮食流通体制,提出依靠科学技术指导安全储粮,降低损失.研究农户安全储粮对策,使农民增产增收.     

关爱农村储粮工作

正我国国库储粮水平已处于世界先进行列,但农村储粮是个薄弱环节。据有关科研单位和专家测算,由于农户家庭储粮设施简陋、粮食装卸运输抛撒遗漏、过度或粗放式加工,我国每年造成的粮食损失至少在700亿斤以上,相当于2亿人1年的口粮。其中,由于农户储粮装具简陋,保管技术水平低,受     

太仓市农户稻谷储藏损失调查

通过2008年全国农户储粮损失调查,详细了解苏州地区农户的储粮方法和设施、稻谷的产后损失及储藏损失情况,并提出适合本地区减少储粮损失的对策,做好＂粮食银行＂工作是最佳方法。     

华北平原农村储粮技术优化集成

根据在华北平原三省(河南省、河北省、山东省)"十五"国家科技攻关重大项目"粮食丰产科技工程"核心示范区的调研,针对目前农户储粮存在的普遍问题,提出农村储粮实用技术优化集成、农户储粮推荐装具和农户储粮中适用的化学药剂,这对提高我国农村储粮整体水平,提高农民的生活水平,为国家粮库提供高品质粮源,增强我国粮食的国际竞争力具有重要的意义。     

我国农村储粮问题探索

1 农村储粮损失状况由于我国农村储粮条件差,加上缺乏科学储粮知识,储粮损失巨大。1984～1985年,国家粮食局成都粮食储藏科学研究所(原名商业部四川粮食储藏科学研究所)对全国8个省17个县70个乡的农村储粮情况进行了详实的调研,撰写了约4万字的《农村储粮     

鄂中地区农户安全储粮方法综述

加快推进农村粮食产后减损安全保障工程,提高农户科学储粮水平,减少农户储粮损失,增加了粮食产量,提高了农民收入,保证了国家粮食安全。对鄂中地区农户安全储粮方法进行了综述,供同行借鉴。     

农村储粮基本知识与实用技术

做好农村储粮工作,普及农村储粮知识和实用技术,减少粮食产后损失,是关系到国家粮食安全,关系到农村千家万户切身利益的大事.文章紧密结合广大农村实际情况,把农村储粮基本知识、具体防治措施和切实可行的实用技术通俗、系统地加以阐述,既可供粮食部门向农户宣传、培训之用,又可作为广大农民的科普读本.     

农村储粮基本知识与实用技术(二)

做好农村储粮工作,普及农村储粮知识和实用技术,减少粮食产后损失,是关系到国家粮食安全,关系到农村千家万户切身利益的大事。文章紧密结合广大农村实际情况,把农村储粮基本知识、具体防治措施和切实可行的实用技术通俗、系统地加以阐述,既可供粮食部门向农户宣传、培训之用,又可作为广大农民的科普读本。     

Efficacy of metal silos and hermetic bags against stored-maize insect pests under simulated smallholder farmer conditions

Pesticide-free hermetic grain storage is an environmentally-benign alternative to synthetic pesticides, currently being used in many countries. However, in some African countries knowledge gaps exist on the effectiveness of hermetic maize storage, particularly where the Larger Grain Borer (LGB), Prostephanus truncatus occurs. Trials simulating African smallholder farmer conditions were conducted at two sites in contrasting agro-ecological zones in Zimbabwe for up to 12 months during the 2013/14 storage season. There were two hermetic treatments: metal silos and hermetic bags; and two non-hermetic treatments: a registered synthetic pesticide and untreated control, in polypropylene bags. Two modes of infestation: natural and combined (natural plus artificial) were used as factors. Treatments were arranged in a completely randomised design and stored in ordinary rooms. Hermetic treatments were significantly superior (P < 0.001) to non-hermetic treatments in preserving germination, controlling insect population development, suppressing maize grain damage, controlling grain dust production and consequently limiting weight loss during storage. Hermetic bags were more effective than non-hermetic treatments in reducing storage losses despite the plastic liners having multiple insect-induced perforations of more than 300 holes per plastic liner at termination. However, there were no significant differences between metal silos and hermetic bags regardless of the mode of infestation. There was strong correlation between total insect population per kg and: percentage grain damage, percentage weight loss, and grain dust which indicate the importance of controlling insect pest development during storage to reduce losses. Results show that hermetic storage can be an effective pesticide-free alternative to synthetic pesticides in reducing grain storage losses under smallholder farming conditions, even where LGB occurs.     

农户口粮稻谷自然通风干燥仓储藏实验

针对农户口粮稻谷储存损失的实际情况,结合东北地区生态储粮特点,研制了一种适合农户口粮稻谷储存的彩钢板组合式双层自然通风干燥仓,并进行了稻谷实仓储藏实验。结果表明,该粮仓机械性能稳定,防霉、防鼠、防潮及自然干燥降水效果显著,能很好地保证稻谷品质,有效降低农户储粮损失,为农户科学储粮提供了技术支撑。     

析影响熏蒸杀虫效果的原因及解决的对策

储粮害虫对粮食安全保管与储存造成很大损失,通过分析影响熏蒸杀虫效果的原因及解决的对策,以切实减少或避免储粮害虫造成的损失,提高储粮害虫防治水平。     

适应干旱地域环境的粮食储存——一种西澳大利亚地下储粮方式探析（网络首发、推荐阅读）

将粮食进行地下贮存是一种极其悠久的粮食存储方式,地下准低温且密闭隔绝空气,为粮食长久贮存提供了可抑制虫害的储藏环境。通过对西澳大利亚一种经过农民现场实验过的地下粮食储藏方式的介绍,呈现具有地域性的地下储粮具体做法与技术路径,为进一步研究我国地下储粮提供案例支撑。     

防霉剂在储粮中的应用研究进展

粮食在储藏期间因霉变而导致的损失一直备受关注,减少粮食储存损失是确保国家粮食安全极为重要的环节。防霉剂的开发与利用是解决粮食霉变的一个有效途径。对粮食霉变的原因,防霉剂的分类及其在储粮中的应用效果评价方法等方面进行了概述,并就生物源防霉剂在目前储粮中的应用存在的问题,提出了建议。     

Predicting soybean losses using carbon dioxide monitoring during storage in silo bags

The rapid increase of the overall grain production of Argentina resulted with a storage capacity deficit in permanent structures of 40–50 million tons, and this context favored the rapid adoption of the silo bag technology. Silo bag allows differing grain selling from harvest time, taking advantage of the seasonal price changes and, hence, improving farmers’ income. However, storing grain in silo bag could be risky if inadequate planning, handling or monitoring is implemented. Thus, the objective of this article was to develop a prediction model for soybean losses in silo bag storage based on monitoring CO₂ concentration and other sensible variables. During 2013, an experiment was conducted in 13 soybean silo bags placed at farms and grain elevators in Balcarce area, South East of Buenos Aires province, Argentina, since May to December. Grain samples were collected and grain quality was evaluated. Storage variables, such as moisture content and interstitial atmosphere gas composition were also recorded, and at the end of storage, physical grain losses were quantified for each silo bag (kg of spoiled grain not commercialized). The results showed that there was not generalized quality loss in any silo bag, but localized losses were observed. These losses occurred due to water entrance in the silo bag through openings which resulted in spoiled grain from 140 to 4320 kg, representing from 0.07% to 2.16% in a 200 ton silo bag. Next, a correlation to predict grain losses was developed, which considered grain moisture and a predictor related to the CO₂ concentration at the silo bag closing end as independent variables. This correlation explained 73% of the grain losses variability, allowed to model different levels of losses, and was consistent with biological concepts.     

Comparative performance of five hermetic bag brands during on-farm smallholder cowpea (Vigna unguiculata L.Walp) storage

Cowpea (Vigna unguiculata L. Walp) grain is an important source of protein for smallholder farmers in developing countries. However, cowpea grain is highly susceptible to bruchid attack, resulting in high quantitative and qualitative postharvest losses (PHLs). We evaluated the performance of five different hermetic bag brands for cowpea grain storage in two contrasting agro-ecological zones of Zimbabwe (Guruve and Mbire districts) for an 8-month storage period during the 2017/18 and 2018/19 storage seasons. The hermetic bag treatments evaluated included: GrainPro Super Grain bags (SGB) IVR™; PICS bags; AgroZ® Ordinary bags; AgroZ® Plus bags; ZeroFly® hermetic bags. These were compared to untreated grain in a polypropylene bag (negative control) and Actellic Gold Dust® (positive chemical control). All treatments were housed in farmers’ stores and were subjected to natural insect infestation. Hermetic bag treatments were significantly superior (p < 0.001) to non-hermetic storage in limiting grain damage, weight loss and insect population development during storage. However, rodent control is recommended, as rodent attack rendered some hermetic bags less effective. Actellic Gold Dust® was as effective as the hermetic bags. Callosobruchus rhodesianus (Pic.) populations increased within eight weeks of storage commencement, causing high damage and losses in both quality and quantity, with highest losses recorded in the untreated control. Cowpea grain stored in Mbire district sustained significantly higher insect population and damage than Guruve district which is ascribed to differences in environmental conditions. The parasitic wasp, Dinarmus basalis (Rondani) was suppressed by Actellic Gold Dust® and all hermetic treatments. All the hermetic bag brands tested are recommended for smallholder farmer use in reducing PHLs while enhancing environmental and worker safety, and food and nutrition security.     

Mapping of maize storage losses due to insect pests in central Mexico

Postharvest grain storage are a major problem in Mexico, influencing the economy, livelihoods, and food security of most farmers. At present, very limited information is available on postharvest maize losses and the associated insect pests in Mexico. Therefore, the objective of this study was to quantify and map maize storage losses in Central Mexico (State of Mexico) to analyze the effects of major pests in the different regions and to provide useful data to policymakers and local stakeholders. The study was conducted with 120 farmers dispersed across all regions of maize production in the State of Mexico. Storage losses were quantified using standardized maize samples that harvest, stored for a year, and sampled periodically. These data, together with geographic coordinates, were integrated into a geographic information system (GIS) to generate maps of maize storage damage and weight losses. The resulting maps show that in the southern region of the State of Mexico the standardized samples exhibited the highest maize losses after a one-year storage period, with an average of 76% loss and 100% grain damage, followed by the northern region, with an average of 18% loss and 52% damage. The eastern region reported 10% loss and 16% damage, whereas the Central region showed 5% loss and 14% damage. The main storage pests identified displayed localized geographic distributions, with the maize weevil, Sitophilus zeamais, being mainly localized in the South, the larger grain borer, Prostephanus truncatu, in the East and North, and the angoumois grain moth, Sitotroga cerealella, in the Northeast and Central regions. Thus, these maps are robust tools that will help towards improving storage facilities and increasing food security for small-scale farmers.     

An experimental approach to estimating the value of grain moisture information to farmers in Bangladesh

In the developing world grain storage losses are high and in humid areas inadequate grain drying is often a source of storage problems. Farmers and traders depend on traditional grain moisture estimation methods which are subject to a wide error margin. Grain storage decisions could be improved if farmers and traders had a low cost grain moisture meter that fit their needs. The goal of this study was to determine the desired grain moisture meter functionality and to estimate the value of grain moisture measurement for small holder farmers and for small-scale grain traders, using Bangladesh as a case study. This study was based on interviews with 140 randomly selected Bangladeshi rice farmers in 2016 and 2017, discussions with millers at 30 rice mills and a voucher based moisture meter sales program. It shows that except for rice kept for seed and home consumption, most Bangladeshi farmers sell their rice shortly after harvest to satisfy cash needs and to eliminate storage risks. They say that they would store more rice on-farm if they had better storage methods including cost-effective grain moisture testing. Survey results show that the average farm storage loss was 52 kg or 563 Taka (US$6.78) annually. Using experimental economics methods, farmers were given the opportunity to purchase a probe type grain moisture meter through vouchers with a range of prices. Twenty three of the 140 of the participants (i.e. 16%) purchased at an average of price of 374 Taka (i.e. US$4.67). No farmer purchased a voucher price over 800 Taka (US$10.00). Those who purchased moisture meters had larger farms and produced more rice than those who did not exercise the voucher. They were also younger on average, have more education and more off farm income than non-purchasers.     

米厂风机的高效运行分析

高效率优质风机对降低碾米厂运作成本,节约能源是非常重要的。用理论与数据的方式探讨了风机对碾米厂提高经济效益的作用。