温石棉尾矿活化产物制备纳米SiO_2实验研究

为了减少温石棉尾矿的大量丢弃而造成环境污染与资源浪费,以青海芒崖温石棉尾矿的活化产物为原料,采用碳化法制备纳米二氧化硅,研究Na2SiO3溶液浓度、碳化时间、碳化温度、碳化终点pH值及表面改性剂用量对纳米SiO2形成的影响。采用X射线衍射、X射线荧光光谱分析及扫描电镜对制备的纳米SiO2样品的物相、化学成分及颗粒形貌进行表征。结果表明:当Na2SiO3溶液浓度为0.6 mol/L、碳化时间50 min、反应温度为70℃、碳化终点pH值为8.5左右、表面改性剂质量分数为0.6%时,可制备出粒度为50 nm左右的球状无定形纳米SiO2,且w(SiO2)=99%,同时,纳米SiO2的转化率达77%以上。     

纳米二氧化硅的制备及应用

以Na2SiO3.9H2O为原料,浓H2SO4为酸试剂,采用化学沉淀法制备纳米二氧化硅,讨论Na2SiO3浓度、搅拌速度、pH值、分散剂Na2SO4和表面活性剂聚乙二醇等因素对产物特性的影响,并用红外光谱、透射电镜、扫描电镜和X射线衍射等分析手段对二氧化硅纳米颗粒进行结构和形貌表征。利用本体聚合法制备了聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯-纳米二氧化硅复合材料,研究纳米二氧化硅颗粒对聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯材料力学性能的增强作用以及透光度的影响。结果表明:二氧化硅纳米粒子呈球形,粒径在50~100 nm范围内、分布均匀、呈无定形;填充纳米二氧化硅的复合材料的冲击强度和弯曲强度明显提高。     

纳米微晶纤维素对白炭黑／天然橡胶复合材料性能的影响

采用硫酸酸解微晶纤维素（MCC）的方法制备了纳米微晶纤维素（NCC）,并将其作为填料部分替代白炭黑（SiOz）,制备了纳米微晶纤维素一白炭黑／天然橡胶（（NCC—SiO。）／NR）复合材料。结果表明,NCC的加入在保持SiO2增强NR基本力学性能的同时,使压缩永久变形由11．4％下降到5．9％,压缩疲劳生热则由19．9...     

电子显微镜对纳米SiO2/NR复合材料结构的分析

控制制备工艺条件,利用Na2SiO3.9H2O与HCl在助剂作用下,先制备纳米SiO2乳液,然后再将其与天然胶乳共混共凝制备纳米SiO2/NR复合材料。采用SEM、TEM分析研究不同工艺条件下制备的纳米SiO2粒子的表面结构及粒径大小和纳米SiO2/NR复合材料的拉伸断面。结果表明,本方法制备的纳米SiO2粒子的粒径在25 nm~40 nm之间,其在NR基体中分散均匀,复合材料具有较好的综合力学性能。     

丙烯酸改性氢氧化镁晶须的制备及研究

以MgCl2·6H2O为原料,氨水和氢氧化钠为混合沉淀剂,丙烯酸为表面改性剂,制备了高纯度的纤维状纳米氢氧化镁晶须.研究了丙烯酸的加入量,反应温度及氢氧化钠溶液的浓度对产物分散性、结晶及产率的影响,同时对产物进行SEM,TEM以及XRD分析.结果表明:控制氯化镁浓度为2mol/L,氢氧化钠溶液的浓度为2.2mol/L,丙烯酸的添加量为3%(质量分数),反应温度为10℃,在此条件下,制备出了长度在50～150nm,直径在8～15nm的高纯纳米氢氧化镁晶须.     

纳米SnO_2/SiO_2复合材料的制备及其对H_2气敏性研究

采用锡粒氧化法合成纳米二氧化锡(SnO2),并以KH-550为改性剂,对纳米二氧化锡进行表面化学修饰,制得SnO2/SiO2复合材料,研究了不同条件下制得的SnO2/SiO2复合材料对H2的气敏性能。实验结果表明较佳的SnO2/SiO2复合材料制备工艺条件为:室温条件下,改性剂与纳米二氧化锡质量百分比为9%,在甲苯溶剂中反应3h。制备的SnO2/SiO2复合材料对1000ppm H2的气体灵敏度为37.506。     

CeF3掺杂增强纳米晶Si光致发光强度的研究

真空蒸发SiO粉末,在Si(100)基体上制备SiOx薄膜,后续氮气中1100 ℃退火制备镶嵌在SiO2基体中的纳米晶Si体系(nc-Si/SiO2),然后将该样品放入真空室,在其上沉积CeF3薄膜,不同温度下热处理使Ce3+扩散到nc-Si附近,实现对纳米晶Si的掺杂.通过改变CeF3薄膜厚度调节掺杂浓度,在一定的掺杂浓度下纳米晶Si的光致发光强度明显改善,激发光谱证实荧光增强机制是Ce3+通过强耦合过程对纳米晶Si的能量传递.     

纳米磁性四氧化三铁的制备及表征

采用化学共沉淀法制备了纳米磁性Fe3O4粒子.选用NH3@H2O作为沉淀剂,加入到Fe2+和Fe3+的混合溶液中,制得了纳米磁性Fe3O4粒子.考察了Fe2+和Fe3+溶液浓度、沉淀剂的浓度、Fe2+/Fe3+/OH-、温度及搅拌速度等因素对产物粒径及性能的影响,并对其进行了初步的性能表征.     

不同形貌CuO纳米粒子的制备与性能

采用CuSO4.5H2O、Cu(NO3)2、(CH2)6N4和NaOH为原料,采用沉淀法分别制备纤维状CuO纳米粒子和纺锤状CuO纳米粒子,用透射电镜和X射线衍射仪对产物的大小﹑形貌和组成进行表征;按质量比为9∶1的比例将黑索金分别与纤维状CuO纳米粒子和纺锤状CuO纳米粒子混合,对样品进行热失重测试分析,根据黑索金热分解温度的变化来衡量催化剂的活性。结果表明,采用沉淀法制备CuO纳米粒子时,反应温度、终点pH值对产物形貌有显著影响;不同形貌的CuO纳米粒子对黑索金的分解催化作用效果不同。     

制备条件对纳米TiO2-石棉尾矿酸浸渣复合材料光催化性能的影响

为了提高纳米TiO2的稳定性,以TiCl4为前驱体,采用水解沉淀法在石棉尾矿酸浸渣表面负载纳米TiO2,制备纳米TiO2-石棉尾矿酸浸渣复合材料,并以罗丹明B为模拟降解物,研究水与酸浸渣质量比、反应液pH、反应时间等因素对复合材料光催化性能的影响,采用X射线衍射仪和扫描电子显微镜对复合材料进行表征。结果表明:在水与石棉尾矿酸浸渣的质量比为30∶1,pH为6,反应时间为1.5 h的优化条件下制备的复合材料,经800℃煅烧2 h后对罗丹明B的降解率为90.5%;复合材料呈现疏松多孔的松散形态,复合材料中纳米TiO2的平均晶粒度为20.9 nm。     

Formation of TiO2 nano-fiber doped with Gd3+ and its photocatalytic activity

Titanium dioxide (TiO₂) nano-fibers doped with Gd³⁺ were synthesized by two-step synthesis method. The formed fibers were visualized from transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD). The results showed that the average diameter of the TiO₂ nano-fibers was 60–80 nm and the length of fibers was in the range of 6–7 μm. The TiO₂ nano-fibers doped with Gd³⁺ heat treated in glycerol solvent had smaller crystal size than those without heat treatment. However, the size of TiO₂ nano-fibers decreased with increasing the heating temperature. The results obtained in the photocatalytic degradation of methyl orange indicated that the photocatalytic activity of the TiO₂ nano-fibers doped with Gd³⁺ appeared a little reduction relative to that of TiO₂ nanopowders.     

Chitosan based nanofibers,review

Chitin and chitosan are natural polymers with a huge potential in numerous fields, namely, biomedical, biological, and many industrial applications such as waste water treatment due to the fact that they can absorb and chelate many metal cations. Electrospinning is a growing field of research to produce submicron fibers with promising applications in biomedical fields like tissue engineering scaffolds and wound healing capabilities. Both chitin and chitosan polymers were found to be hard to electrospun, however, many researchers manage to produce nano-fibers using special solvents; for example, 90% acetic acid was found to reduce the surface tension making electrospinning feasible. Mixtures of organic acids were also experimented to produce homogenous and uniform fibers. Bigger attention was given to electrospinning of their soluble derivatives such as dibutyryl and carboxymethyl chitin. More derivatives of chitosan were investigated to produce nano-fibers such as hexanoyl, polyethyleneglycol, carboxymethyl, and a series of quaternized chitosan derivatives. The obtained nano-fibers were found to have much better qualities than normal chitosan fibers. Several polymer blends of chitin/chitosan with many commercial polymers were found to be amenable for electrospinning producing uniform beads free fibers. The review surveys the various approaches for successful electrospinning of chitin, chitosan, their derivatives, and blends with several other polymers.     

Preparation and electrochemical properties of carbon nanofiber composite dispersed with silver nanoparticles using polyacrylonitrile and beta-cyclodextrin

A simple one-step method was used for preparing the beta-cyclodextrin/polyacrylonitrile (PAN) nanofibers deposited with silver nanoparticles by electrospinning and followed by the reduction of the Ag+ ions. The nano-composite fibers were stabilized at 280 degrees C in air and activated at 800 degrees C for 1 h in steam/N2. The structures of nano-composite fibers were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, and X-ray diffraction analysis (XRD). The electrochemical behaviors of the composite of carbon nano-fibers were investigated by cyclic voltammetry and charge/discharge tests.     

由多孔型阳极氧化铝制备纳米氧化铝纤维

利用磷酸溶液浸渍具有独特的六边形结构和组成的多孔型阳极氧化铝(PAAO), 获得了带状、棒状、管状等不同形貌的纳米氧化铝纤维. 用扫描电镜(SEM)、能谱仪和透射电镜(TEM)等手段对其形貌和组成进行了分析. 结果表明, 纳米氧化铝纤维是在阳极氧化铝的多孔层形成的, 且在浸渍过程中阻挡层和多孔层表现出完全不同的溶解趋势. PAAO孔壁的特殊结构和组成上的差异造成的择优溶解是不同形貌纳米氧化铝纤维形成的主要原因.     

PS/PAN嵌段共聚物静电纺纳米纤维及其衍生物的吸附性

通过静电纺丝技术制备PS/PAN嵌段共聚物纳米纤维毡,主要研究制备过程中PS/PAN浓度、电压、收集距离等对PS/PAN纳米纤维形貌、尺寸的影响,分析静电纺PS/PAN纳米纤维毡及其水解衍生物对镍、铅离子和阳离子染料的吸附性。结果表明,合适电纺条件为PS/PAN嵌段共聚物浓度8%、电压20kV、收集距离10cm;PS/PAN嵌段共聚物纳米纤维毡水解衍生物对镍、铅离子和阳离子染料有较好的吸附性。     

Catalytic Functions of Metal Nanoparticles on Polymerization of Acetylene

New spiral nano-fibers were synthesized by a polymerization process of acetylene with metal nanoparticles as catalysts which were prepared by a hydrogen arc plasma method. The microstructures, conductive property of the nano-fibers and the effects of different nanoparticles(catalysts) on the microstructures of the fibers were studied.     

Aspect ratio requirements for nanotube-reinforced, polymer–matrix composites

A fiber’s efficiency in a short-fiber composite can be accurately solved by shear-lag methods, which can account for fiber geometry, an imperfect interface (or interphase), and extend to low volume fractions. Such an analysis was used to evaluate the aspect ratio requirements for single-walled nanotubes (SWNT) in a polymeric composite and contrast it to conventional fibers. The aspect ratio requirements are indistinguishable among all stiff fibers, except at low volume fractions where stiffer fibers require higher aspect ratios. The required aspect ratio decreases significantly at higher volume fractions. A scaling effect in the interphase term implies the interphase is more important for nano-fibers than for larger fibers. If the interface between nano-fibers and the matrix is not excellent, those fibers will not provide effective reinforcement. The most promising SWNT composites should use higher volume fractions and focus on systems where the fiber can stiffen the matrix in the interphase region.     

海藻酸纤维对水溶液中Cu2+的吸附性能研究

以海藻酸钠为原料,通过湿法纺丝制备了海藻酸纤维,研究了水溶液中Cu2+的浓度、吸附时间、pH值以及纤维用量对海藻酸纤维吸附性能的影响,并对等温吸附模型进行了分析.结果表明,海藻酸纤维对Cu2+的吸附速率比较快,在10min基本达到吸附平衡;pH在4.5～5.5时纤维吸附作用最大,Cu2+浓度越高纤维吸附容量越大,纤维加入量越大Cu2+平衡浓度越低;Freundlich吸附等温式能较好的描述海藻酸纤维对Cu2+的平衡吸附过程.     

熔体静电纺丝法制备微纳米纤维的探索

分别选用低熔体流动速率(2g/10min)的低密度聚乙烯(LDPE)料和高熔体流动速率(1400g/10min)的熔喷专用聚丙烯(PP)料,在自行研制的熔体静电纺丝装置上进行实验.所得纤维平均直径分别为5.44μm和1.06μm,纤维直径分布均匀,表面光滑;在PP纤维中出现了大量几百纳米的纤维,最小直径为190nm;在自制的高效率熔体静电纺丝装置上,纺出微米级的PP纤维,平均直径为4.57μm,纺丝效率约为4g/h,与一般静电纺丝相比,产量得到显著提高.     

常压干燥制备疏水性SiO_2-玻璃纤维复合气凝胶及表征

以正硅酸乙酯(TEOS)和甲基三乙氧基硅烷(MTES)为复合硅源,玻璃纤维为增强体,采用溶胶-凝胶和常压干燥工艺制备出疏水性SiO2-玻璃纤维复合气凝胶。利用N2吸附脱附、扫描电镜、高分辨透射电镜、红外光谱、接触角、热重-差热分析及力学测试等手段表征复合气凝胶,并分析预处理玻璃纤维时的盐酸浓度及浸泡时间对复合气凝胶密度的影响。结果表明:当玻璃纤维的预处理条件为2.5mol/L盐酸浸泡0.5h时,制备得到的SiO2-玻璃纤维复合气凝胶表观密度最低,为0.12g/cm3,孔径主要分布在2~50nm,疏水角为142°,热稳定性温度高达500℃,抗压强度为0.05MPa,弹性模量为0.5MPa。