陆相断陷湖盆断裂构造对沉积体系及砂体的控制作用研究——以济阳坳陷孤北～桩海地区沙河街组(Es4～Es1)和东营组(Ed)为例

陆相断陷盆地是世界上重要的含油气盆地类型之一,我国东部大陆及沿海分布着约230个各具特色的中、新生代陆相断陷盆地,是世界上最大的陆相含油气盆地集中分布区.陆相断陷盆地在其沉积演化过程中,断裂构造对断陷湖盆内沉积体系和砂体发育具有明显的控制作用.第一,对断陷盆地而言,盆缘断裂控制着盆地的样式.第二,盆缘断裂控制着断陷湖盆内坡折断裂带的形成,为沉积提供了潜在的空间和充填动力.第三,影响着物源的碎屑供给,进而控制着沉积体系类型,砂体成因类型及时空演化和分布特征.所以,深入研究陆相断陷湖盆断裂构造,对沉积体系及砂体的控制作用具有重要的实际意义和理论价值.     

试论短周期幕式构造沉降对陆相断陷盆地高频沉积旋回的控制

近年来,在构造背景稳定的海相地层中,基于米兰科维奇旋回控制下的高频旋回逐渐成为进行地层精细划分、定年和探讨盆地演化的重要手段,并被逐渐尝试着应用到陆相断陷盆地中。但陆相断陷盆地为构造盆地,断裂构造理论以及大量地表、地下的构造、沉积现象都表明,在高频旋回沉积过程中可能存在着短周期幕式构造沉降的影响,这就使得在陆相断陷盆地中应用米兰科维奇旋回理论必须要考虑和去除这种影响。     

南襄盆地泌阳断陷下第三系陆相层序地层

泌阳断陷历经中生代小型拉分盆地、早第三纪断陷盆地和晚第三纪坳陷盆地等３个盆地原型的演化、叠合过程,形成了３个盆地充填序列及其所包含的３个构造层序。泌阳断陷下第三系（即构造层序Ⅱ）为湖盆沉积充填主体,其可划分为７个层序组,各层序组具特定的沉积体系配置关系。作为泌阳断陷油气勘探主要目的层段的下第三系核桃园组可进一步划分为１２个层序。其中,核三上段包括跨时分别为１．０８、１．４０、１．０２Ｍａ的３个陆相层序,由南往北呈现冲积扇—扇三角洲—湖泊—三角洲的沉积体系空间配置。泌阳断陷下第三系层序地层年代框架模式清晰地显示了断陷湖盆成盆演化史、沉积充填史及其陆相层序时空展布特征。     

陆相断陷盆地层序类型与构造特征

本文通过对中国东部古近纪-新近纪陆相断陷盆地层序地层的研究表明：陆相断陷盆地存在着同生断裂坡折带、同沉积构造挠曲坡折带两种基本坡折类型和无坡折的平缓地貌,由此决定了陆相断陷盆地有三种基本的层序类型,这就是同沉积断裂坡折型层序——A型层序;同沉积构造挠曲坡折型层序——B型层序;无坡折的平缓型层序——C型层序。这三种层序在纵向上有规律的叠置组合就构成了盆地层序充填序列。断陷盆地层序的充填序列一般为C→A→B→C型,但也可发育成其他类型如A→B→C型或B→C型。同沉积断裂坡折型层序和同沉积构造挠曲坡折型层序的低位域砂体和高位域扇三角洲成藏条件优越、地震剖面易于识别是隐蔽油气藏勘探的主要目标。     

汾河裂谷晋中盆地内第四纪沉积序列与沉积环境恢复

晋中盆地是位于汾渭地堑系中部的新生代陆内断陷沉积盆地,研究晋中盆地第四纪的沉积序列对于进一步认识该盆地区域构造和区域气候环境变化具有重要意义。为查明晋中盆地第四纪沉积序列结构、研究揭示晋中盆地第四纪沉积环境及演化,通过构造岩相学方法,对晋中盆地地表和钻孔内第四纪沉积物和沉积环境进行了研究。结果表明:晋中盆地清徐地区地表第四纪沉积序列结构为盆地内部沱阳组河床相和河漫滩相-盆地边缘汾河组河流相—盆山过渡带峙峪组河流相、汾河组冲积扇相及马兰组风积相-基岩山地（盆地外围）二叠系浅海相。钻孔岩芯内第四纪沉积序列结构为下更新统浅湖相和滨湖相—中更新统浅湖相和河流相—上更新统河流相和冲积扇相—全新统冲积扇相。研究认为晋中新生代陆内断陷盆地内沉积序列和演化结构为早更新世陆相湖盆沉积环境—中更新世萎缩湖泊环境—晚更新世强烈萎缩的湖泊和河流环境—全新世再度沉降的陆相湖盆;陆相湖盆从中心向山地沉积环境分带为湖泊沉积环境—河流和湖泊沉积环境—冲积扇沉积环境（盆地边缘出山口区）。盆山过渡带地区上更新世沉积物错位现象与同沉积活动断裂有关,断裂活动性揭示了晋中盆地阶梯式断陷成盆的动力学机制。这些研究成果为区域气候环境变化和晋中盆地区域构造研究提供了新证据,也为太原市城市群建设中工程场址的选择提了供参考。      

吉林省舒兰盆地第三系沉积与聚煤特征

舒兰第三系含煤盆地是受依－伊地堑控制形成的半地堑式线型盆地,充填有古新世－中新世地层,其地层构造格架,沉积特征均具典型的陆相断陷盆地特点。盆地沉积经历了初始断陷－裂陷扩大－萎缩等８个构造沉积演化阶段。含煤地层主要为舒兰组,具有湖前和湖后两个聚煤期。聚煤环境主要为河流洪积平原的三角洲,扇前湿地环境。     

陆相裂谷盆地构造沉积学特征:以松辽盆地伏龙泉断陷为例

构造沉积学不仅强调大地构造背景条件对盆地演化的控制作用,同时还注重盆地内部的构造特征与沉积充填特征之间的控制及响应关系研究。陆相裂谷盆地发育过程中,构造作用强烈,盆地沉积充填过程复杂,进行构造沉积学研究对揭示盆地构造沉积演化过程具有重要意义。以大量地震、钻测井资料为基础,结合大地构造背景资料,研究松辽盆地伏龙泉断陷发育过程中的构造、沉积演化特征,分析构造活动与沉积作用之间的响应及控制关系,并由此讨论半地堑陆相湖盆的沉积充填演化规律及其控制因素。研究表明,在伏龙泉断陷盆地演化过程中,早期的火山岩隆起对盆地初始裂陷期形态具有明显的影响作用;边界断层的分布及其生长速率特征则对盆地结构演化过程起着首要的控制作用。盆地裂陷期,研究区古气候环境比较稳定,构造因素是控制该陆相裂谷盆地地层序列与沉积特征的首要因素;断裂发育特征决定了盆地的古地貌特征,而盆地的古地貌特征直接影响着盆地内部的沉积充填类型与沉积体系展布格局;区域构造抬升与断块掀斜是该半地堑盆地内部发育不整合面的主要因素。在陆相裂陷盆地的构造沉积特征研究中,构造沉积学显示出了其必要性与适用性,有利于在揭示构造沉积现象的同时,合理解释其地质成因。     

孙吴—嘉荫盆地沾河断陷构造变形及其对沉积作用的制约

为了揭示孙吴—嘉荫盆地的构造特征、构造变形及其对沉积作用的制约,本文对沾河断陷的地震剖面进行了精细地质解释和相应的研究工作。沾河断陷为孙吴—嘉荫盆地的一个一级构造单元,自白垩纪开始主要经历了2个构造变形阶段：下白垩统宁远村组—淘淇河组上段下部沉积时期为NW—SE向伸展作用阶段,形成NE向大型犁式正断层及由其控制的箕状断陷,盆地连续接受沉积,断陷的沉降中心始终位于控陷正断层上盘靠近断层的部位,断陷盆地的规模与沉积范围随着控陷断层规模和断距的增大逐渐扩展,盆地具有裂谷盆地的性质;下白垩统淘淇河组上段上部—新近系孙吴组沉积时期为NW—SE向挤压作用阶段,形成反转构造、断层传播褶皱和走滑构造。在反转作用过程中,早期伸展断陷受到强烈改造,不仅在断层上盘靠近断层的部位形成大型反转背斜,而且使远离控陷断层的断陷缓坡带发生旋转式隆升,盆地的沉降中心迁移到盆地中间部位;随着反转背斜的隆升速率逐渐大于断陷缓坡带的隆升速率,盆地的沉降中心也逐渐向盆地的NW侧迁移,盆地绝大部分区域的沉降速率、沉积速率始终大于隆升速率,地层是连续沉积的,不存在沉积间断。仅在永安村组—鱼亮子组沉积时期,反转背斜带较高部位的隆升速...     

海拉尔盆地及盆缘露头区典型构造样式及变形序列

通过野外系统地质调查和实测地质剖面研究,在海拉尔盆地内部及其周边地区识别出盆地基底大型伸展变形带、盆地伸展构造和盆地挤压构造3类构造样式。其中:盆地基底大型伸展变形带包括额尔古纳韧性剪切带和嵯岗构造片麻岩带;盆地伸展构造样式以海拉尔市北部日军要塞堑垒、断阶构造、追踪张性断层和灵泉露天煤矿大型正断层为代表;盆地挤压构造样式以头站旅店逆冲断层、灵泉露天煤矿断褶带、伊敏露天煤矿顶厚褶皱和大型同沉积褶皱为代表。在构造样式形成时代研究的基础上,结合前人地震剖面解释成果,认为海拉尔盆地由老至新至少经历了6期重要的构造变形事件,即晚侏罗世—早白垩世早期盆地基底大规模伸展、下白垩统铜钵庙组沉积期强烈断陷、下白垩统南屯组沉积后挤压反转、大磨拐河组二段—伊敏组沉积期伸展拗陷、伊敏组沉积之后至上白垩统青元岗组沉积之前强烈挤压、青元岗组沉积期同沉积挤压。6期变形事件由老至新组成了海拉尔盆地较为完整的变形序列。     

松辽盆地北部古龙地区登娄库组沉积与构造演化耦合关系研究

为明确松辽盆地北部古龙地区登娄库组沉积与构造演化的耦合关系,本文利用古龙地区的地震、钻井、测井和岩心等资料,通过古龙地区登娄库组的构造演化特征、层序地层格架和沉积特征综合研究,对古龙地区登娄库组构造演化对沉积充填特征的控制作用进行分析,结果表明,古龙地区登娄库组沉积时期为断坳转换期,可进一步划分为断陷盆地萎缩阶段早期和晚期、坳陷盆地孕育阶段早期和晚期4个构造演化阶段,分别对应4个三级层序(Sq1-Sq4); 古龙地区登娄库组主要发育冲积扇、扇三角洲、湖底扇、河流相、辫状河三角洲、浅水三角洲、湖泊沉积等沉积体系; 登娄库组构造演化控制着沉积充填演化,各构造演化阶段沉积体系分布特征及沉积演化模式具有明显的差异性,即沉积充填特征与构造演化过程具有良好的耦合关系。具体表现为:断陷盆地萎缩阶段早期(Sq1)和晚期(Sq2)下部地层受断陷作用控制,沉积充填特征符合陆相断陷湖盆沉积演化模式; 断陷盆地萎缩阶段晚期(Sq2)上部、坳陷盆地孕育阶段早期(Sq3)和晚期(Sq4)地层具有坳陷层序地层特征,其中萎缩阶段晚期(Sq2)上部和坳陷盆地孕育阶段早期(Sq3)属于坳陷盆地"河流-浅水三角洲"沉积模式; 坳陷盆地孕育阶段晚期(Sq4)发育干旱背景下的坳陷湖盆"洪水-河漫湖"沉积模式。     

Wavelength-dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectrometric determination of Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in komatiites

Komatiites are mantle-derived ultramafic volcanic rocks. Komatiites have been discovered in several States of India, notably in Karnataka. Studies on the distribution of trace-elements in the komatiites of India are very few. This paper proposes a simple, accurate, precise, rapid, and non-destructive wavelength-dispersive x-ray fluorescence (WDXRF) spectrometric technique for determining Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in komatiites, and discusses the accuracy, precision, limits of detection, x-ray spectral-line interferences, inter-element effects, speed, advantages, and limitations of the technique. The accuracy of the technique is excellent (within 3%) for Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th and very good (within 4%) for Y. The precision is also excellent (within 3%) for Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th. The limits of detection are: 1 ppm for Sc and V; 2 ppm for Cr, Co, and Ni; 3 ppm for Cu, Zn, Rb, and Sr; 4 ppm for Y and Zr; 6 ppm for Nb; 10 ppm for Ba; 13 ppm for Pb; and 14 ppm for Th. The time taken for determining Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in a batch of 24 samples of komatiites, for a replication of four analyses per sample, by one operator, using a manual WDXRF spectrometer, is only 60 hours.     

高压微波消解法测定醋酸纤维过滤器采集的微尘粒子中的砷镉钴铬铜铁锰镍铅钒锌

最新的流行病学研究表明,空气中较高浓度的悬浮细颗粒可能对人类的健康有不利的影响。根据该项研究显示,由于心脏病、慢性呼吸问题和肺功能指标恶化而导致死亡率的升高与细尘粒子有关。这些研究结果已经促使欧盟于1999年4月出台了限制空气中二氧化硫、二氧化氮、氧化氮、铅和颗粒物含量的法案(1999/30/EC),对各项指标包括对可吸入PM10颗粒的浓度提出了新的限制性指标。PM10颗粒是指可以通过预分级器分离采集的气体动力学直径小于10μm的细颗粒。目前研究的兴趣重点逐步偏向PM2.5这些更细微颗粒物,PM2.5这种颗粒物对健康有明显的不利影响。在欧盟指令2008/50/EC中,对PM10和PM2.5都提     

Isotopic systematics of He,Ar, S,Cu, Ni,Re, Os,Pb, U,Sm, Nd,Rb, Sr,Lu, and Hf in the rocks and ores of the Norilsk deposits

This paper reports the first results of a study of 11 isotope systems (³He/⁴He, ⁴⁰Ar/³⁶Ar, ³⁴S/³²S, ⁶⁵Cu/⁶³Cu, ⁶²Ni/⁶⁰Ni, ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr, ¹⁴³Nd/¹⁴⁴Nd, ^206–208Pb/²⁰⁴Pb, Hf–Nd, U–Pb, and Re–Os) in the rocks and ores of the Cu–Ni–PGE deposits of the Norilsk ore district. Almost all the results were obtained at the Center of Isotopic Research of the Karpinskii All-Russia Research Institute of Geology. The use of a number of independent genetic isotopic signatures and comprehensive isotopic knowledge provided a methodic basis for the interpretation of approximately 5000 isotopic analyses of various elements. The presence of materials from two sources, crust and mantle, was detected in the composition of the rocks and ores. The contribution of the crustal source is especially significant in the paleofluids (gas–liquid microinclusions) of the ore-forming medium. Crustal solutions were probably a transport medium during ore formation. Air argon is dominant in the ores, which indicates a connection between the paleofluids and the atmosphere. This suggests intense groundwater circulation during the crystallization of ore minerals. The age of the rocks and ores of the Norilsk deposits was determined. The stage of orebody formation is restricted to a narrow age interval of 250 ± 10 Ma. An isotopic criterion was proposed for the ore-bearing potential of mafic intrusions in the Norilsk–Taimyr region. It includes several interrelated isotopic ratios of various elements: He, Ar, S, and others.     

硅酸盐中铁、锰、钛、钙、钾、磷、硅、铝、镁、钠、锶、铷、钡的X-射线荧光光谱定量测定

本文介绍样品经四硼酸锂熔融制成玻璃小饼。采用Lachance模式和理论a系数来校正元素间的效应,由3080E型X-射线荧光谱仪和DF-350B数据处理系统完成硅酸盐中十三个项目的测定。     

硅酸盐类样品中硅、铁、铝、钛、锰、钙、镁、钾、钠和磷的x射线荧光光谱测定

本文拟定了一种以熔融法制备样片,用X射线荧光光谱测定硅酸盐类样品中Si、Fe、Al、Tj、Mn、Ca、Mg、K、Na、P等元素的分析方法。在对不同靶材X光管和分光晶体实验对比的基础上,选择了最佳的测量条件。该法具有快速、准确,测量范围广,检测限低,价格便宜等优点。经过近百个各种类型标样或管理样品的分析对比表明,本法不仅适用于硅酸盐类岩石样品的分析,还适用于铁矿、铝土矿、碳酸盐类岩矿样品以及水泥、耐火材料等样品的分析。     

Viscous, cohesive, non-Newtonian, depositing, radial slurry flow

Mining induced subsidence can significantly affect mining costs where major surface facilities and natural environment need to be protected. Overburden grout injection is a technology used to control coal mine subsidence by injecting the mine waste material extracted from the coal back into the inter-burden rock during longwall mining. The flowing slurry is here categorised as a nonlinear viscous cohesive (Bingham plastic) fluid. During longwall mining the grout slurry is pumped into the separated beds of the rock mass through a central vertical borehole, which is drilled deep into the inter-burden rock strata above the coal seam. However, a blockage can occur in the injection system when the slurry velocity falls below a certain critical threshold velocity, indicating a material phase change from cohesive-viscous to cohesive-frictional. In situ field injection tests through boreholes have been simulated at a smaller scale at the CSIRO laboratory in Brisbane by pumping the slurry through a radial disk (gap = 4 mm) from its centre. Laboratory experiments indicate a general, nonlinear, cohesive, viscous, frictional model for shear behaviour of the slurry, in which the material shear parameters are functions of the disk radial distance. Complete dimensional and dimensionless analytical solutions have been developed based on an approach related to Bingham–Herschel–Bulkley fluid mechanics. The derived formulae include relations for minimum pump pressure, local pressure and pressure gradient, wall shear stress, volume rate, velocity and velocity gradient. The theoretical results match the experimental measurements. The experiments covered slurries with maximum particle sizes of 0.5 to 2 mm with about 50% being larger than 100 µm. The viscosities at the various solids concentrations were measured with a standard torsion viscometer. This study differs from the previous research in several distinct aspects, namely, consideration of the variable shear parameters rather than fixed values, inclusion of total nonlinear behaviour, and implementation of a friction function to mimic behaviour of the deposited and consolidating stiff slurry, which can cause a significant pressure rise as a result of the increased shear resistance.     

岩石密度和超高压岩石折返速率

在常温常压条件下对中国大陆科学钻CCSD主孔100-3000米岩心样品进行了密度测量,建立了密度连续剖面,并界定了不同超高压岩石的密度值。通过对比高温高压物性实验资料,岩石密度随着退变程度增强而降低,榴辉岩密度变化序列为3.52g/cm3→3.49g/cm3→3.07g/cm3→2.93g/cm3。超高压长英质岩石密度变化序列为3.00g/cm→2.80g/cm3→2.65g/cm3。上述实验资料是讨论不同折返阶段岩石所受浮力的基础,为研究折返速率大小提供了基本参数。本文通过折返板块运动平衡时,上浮力与粘滞力平衡这一关系式,定量研究了大陆俯冲板块的折返速率,认为密度差产生上浮力从而引起折返,温度对板块折返速率的影响最为显著;密度差大小、折返角度、折返板块大小对折返速率也有直接的影响。定量模拟分析表明,在温度高于850℃时,板块的折返速率可以超过100mm/a;当温度降至700℃时,折返速率则低于1.5mm/a。作者认为在折返早期,温度较高,板块快速折返至60-70km榴辉岩相深度;随着传导散热,温度降低,板块以较慢的速率折返至中下地壳。折返速率的估算表明,浮力是板块折返第一阶段(从>100km深部折返至<40km的中下地壳)的主要驱动力。     

Regional distribution of Al,B, Ba,Ca, K,La, Mg,Mn, Na,P, Rb,Si, Sr,Th, U and Y in terrestrial moss within a 188,000 km2 area of the central Barents region: influence of geology,seaspray and human activity

Five hundred and ninety-eight samples of terrestrial moss (Hylocomium splendens and Pleurozium schreberi) collected from a 188,000 km² area of the central Barents region (NE Norway, N Finland, NW Russia) were analysed by ICP-AES and ICP-MS. Analytical results for Al, B, Ba, Ca, K, La, Mg, Mn, Na, P, Rb, Si, Sr, Th, U and Y concentrations are reported here. Graphical methods of data analysis, such as geochemical maps, cumulative frequency diagrams, boxplots and scatterplots, are used to interpret the origin of the patterns for these elements. None of the elements reported here are emitted in significant amounts from the smelting industry on the Kola Peninsula. Despite the conventional view that moss chemistry reflects atmospheric element input, the nature of the underlying mineral substrate (regolith or bedrock) is found to have a considerable influence on moss composition for several elements. This influence of the chemistry of the mineral substrate can take place in a variety of ways. (1) It can be completely natural, reflecting the ability of higher plants to take up elements from deep soil horizons and shed them with litterfall onto the surface. (2) It can result from naturally increased soil dust input where vegetation is scarce due to harsh climatic conditions for instance. Alternatively, substrate influence can be enhanced by human activity, such as open-cast mining, creation of ‘technogenic deserts’, or handling, transport and storage of ore and ore products, all of which magnify the natural elemental flux from bedrock to ground vegetation. Seaspray is another natural process affecting moss composition in the area (Mg, Na), and this is most visible in the Norwegian part of the study area. Presence or absence of some plant species, e.g., lichens, seems to influence moss chemistry. This is shown by the low concentrations of B or K in moss on the Finnish and Norwegian side of the (fenced) border with Russia, contrasting with high concentrations on the other side (intensive reindeer husbandry west of the border has selectively depleted the lichen population).     

NEW SET OF LOW CONCENTRATION STANDARDS FOR LA, CE, SM, YB, LU, Y, SC, V, NB AND TA IN SILICATES

We have developed a set of four synthetic standards for the rare earth and high field strength elements designed for use in the determination of those elements in silicates. The base material is a glass nominally at the eutectic of the MgO-Al₂O₃-SiO₂ ternary system. The nominal doping level was 2 wt% of the elements as oxides. To avoid problems associated with peak interference, the elements were doped in four separate glasses.