球磨-转喷微注法制备纳米Al2O3颗粒/Al(7075)复合材料的组织及磨损特性

采用球磨-转喷微注相结合的新工艺制备纳米Al₂O₃颗粒(Al₂O_3p)/Al(7075)复合材料,设计一种转喷微注装置,该装置能将连续、微量的纳米Al₂O_3p注入到Al熔体中。观察纳米Al₂O₃增强相对Al(7075)基体合金材料微观组织的影响,并测试Al(7075)基体和纳米Al₂O_3p/Al(7075)复合材料的磨损特性。对纳米Al₂O_3p/Al(7075)复合材料和Al(7075)基体在不同载荷(15 N、25 N和35 N)下的磨损特性进行对比研究。结果表明:球磨-转喷微注法制备的纳米Al₂O_3p/Al(7075)复合材料晶粒较小,且增强相在基体中分布均匀且结合良好;随着载荷增大,纳米Al₂O_3p/Al(7075)复合材料磨损量的上升趋势慢于Al(7075)基体。载荷为35 N时,纳米Al₂O_3p/Al(7075)复合材料的磨损量较Al(7075)基体少,磨屑尺寸较小,其耐磨性能明显改善,这主要得益于纳米Al₂O_3p的支撑作用和材料的细晶强化作用。      

Turbomilling: A Processing Technique for Advanced Ceramics

Turbomilling, an innovative grinding technology developed by the U. S. Bureau of Mines in the early 1960's for delaminating filler-grade kaolin clays, has been expanded into the areas of particle size reduction and material mixing. An all-polymer version of the turbomill, originally called an attrition grinder, has been used to process advanced ceramic powders such as SiC, Si₃N₄, TiB₂, and Zr0₂. Autogenous milling in which the milling media and the material being milled are of similar composition, results in a high-purity powder. The turbomill has also been used for intimate mixing of high surface area powders and whiskers. Components for a TiN/AlN/Al₂O₃ composite mixed in the turbomill were homogeneously mixed and the sintered composites had higher strengths than samples prepared with dry ball milled powders. Other researchers have found that SiC whiskers were deagglomerated and uniformly dispersed in a SiC whisker reinforced alumina composite mixed in the turbomill.     

Synthesis and characterization of Zn/Al2O3 nanocomposite by mechanical alloying

In this study, fabrication and characterization of zinc-based metal matrix nanocomposite reinforced by Al₂O₃ particles was investigated. Aluminum and zinc oxide powder mixture was milled in a planetary ball mill in order to produce Zn/Al₂O₃ nanocomposite. The structural evaluation milled and annealed powders studied by X-ray diffraction, SEM observation and hardness measurement. The zinc crystallite size estimated with broadening of XRD peaks by Williamson-Hall formula. The zinc oxide was found to react with Al through a rapid self-sustaining combustion reaction process. As a result a zinc matrix composite reinforced by Al₂O₃ particulate was formed. The microhardness value of produced nanocomposite powder was about 350 HV which was 10–15 times higher than the microhardness of pure zinc (20–30 HV).     

复合氧化物的设计合成及其NH3-SCR催化性能研究

以两种表面活性剂Brij-35和P123作为介孔结构造孔剂, 通过水热晶化法, 制备多种活性组分V₂O₅、WO₃、CuO和Al₂O₃共负载的ZrO₂-TiO₂(ZT)基介孔复合氧化物催化剂V₂O₅-WO₃-CuO-Al₂O₃/ ZrO₂-TiO₂(简称VWCuAl/ZT)。研究结果表明, 活性组分均匀分散于介孔载体中, 该复合催化材料针对NO的NH₃-SCR催化反应中, 相比于浸渍法制备的非介孔I-VWCuAl/ZT和商用催化剂V₂O₅-WO₃/TiO₂(V-W/Ti)表现出优异的低温催化活性和稳定性, 可以在较宽温度范围(200℃~500℃)内实现NO的高效催化还原。     

组元配比对球磨固态燃烧式反应和扩散型反应的影响

采用搅拌式高能球磨机研究了不同铝含量的Al/CuO球磨固态燃烧反应和Al-Cu及Al-Cu-Al2O3扩散型反应。结果表明：理想配比的Al/CuO的反应孕育期最短,偏离这一配比,孕育期延长,反应由整体燃烧式逐渐过渡到渐进燃烧式完成;球磨强度扩大以燃烧式进行的组元配比范围;当铝含量超过理想配比中的比例,随Al含量增加,反应由单一的还原反应向还原＋合成复合反应模式转化,反应产物为平衡组织,依次为Cu Al2O3、CuoAl4 Al2O3、CuAl2 Al2O3、Al(Cu) Al2O3;而球磨Al-Cu和Al-Cu-Al2O3体系的反应以扩散方式进行,产物是非平衡组织。     

添加La_2O_3对搅拌摩擦加工制备Ni/Al复合材料组织和性能的影响

采用搅拌摩擦加工(FSP)方法在Al基体中添加微米级Ni粉及(Ni+La_2O_3)混合粉末,制备Ni/Al及(Ni+La_2O_3)/Al复合材料。采用SEM、EDS及XRD对复合区微观结构及相组成进行分析,采用室温拉伸试验对Ni/Al、(Ni+La_2O_3)/Al复合材料力学性能进行了测试。结果表明:Ni/Al复合材料中主要成分为Al、Al3Ni和Ni粉团聚物,Ni粉团聚物尺寸粗大,形貌呈壳-核结构,核为团聚的Ni,壳为Al3Ni增强相层;La_2O_3对Al-Ni原位反应有较大影响,能够强化Al-Ni原位反应,生成更多增强相;La_2O_3阻碍了Ni粉的相互吸附和聚拢行为,从而减少了团聚现象;(Ni+La_2O_3)/Al复合材料的抗拉强度可以达到186 MPa,与Al基体(抗拉强度72 MPa)、纯Al FSP(抗拉强度90 MPa)、Ni/Al复合材料(抗拉强度144 MPa)相比,其抗拉强度分别提高了158%、107%、29%。     

掺杂纳米SnO_2-Al_2O_3/Cu新型电触头复合材料的制备及耐磨性能

为满足低压电器对于高品质电触头材料的迫切需求,同时保护稀缺资源、降低电触头成本,采用粉末冶金工艺制备了掺杂纳米SnO_2-Al_2O_3/Cu新型电触头复合材料,并对其电导率、硬度及耐磨性能进行了研究。结果表明:复烧与冷变形工艺均可显著提高复合材料的烧结质量、密度、电导率与硬度。随着纳米Al_2O_3及掺杂纳米SnO_2颗粒的总含量增加,掺杂纳米SnO_2-Al_2O_3/Cu电触头复合材料的硬度与耐磨性能表现出了相同的变化规律,即先升高后降低。当纳米Al_2O_3及掺杂纳米SnO_2颗粒的总含量为0.80wt%时,复合材料的硬度与耐磨性能均达到最优;而当纳米Al_2O_3及掺杂纳米SnO_2颗粒的总含量保持0.80wt%不变时,随纳米Al_2O_3颗粒的含量增加,掺杂纳米SnO_2-Al_2O_3/Cu电触头复合材料的硬度与耐磨性能改善;当掺杂纳米SnO_2颗粒的含量为0时,复合材料的耐磨性能达到了最优。因此较之掺杂纳米SnO_2颗粒,纳米Al_2O_3颗粒对掺杂纳米SnO_2-Al_2O_3/Cu电触头复合材料的耐磨性能有更显著的提高作用。     

原位自生纳米Al2O3/Al-Zn-Cu复合材料的力学性能

将纳米ZnO粉末和Al粉球磨后冷压成Al-ZnO预制块,然后将其加到Al-Zn-Cu熔体中进行Al-ZnO原位反应,制备出纳米Al₂O₃颗粒增强Al-Zn-Cu基复合材料。能谱面扫描分析和透射电镜观察结果表明,复合材料由纳米Al₂O₃颗粒和Al₂Cu析出相两种颗粒/析出相组成。纳米Al₂O₃颗粒通过异质形核和晶界钉扎,细化了Al-Zn-Cu合金晶粒组织和Al₂Cu析出相。原位纳米Al₂O₃颗粒的生成提高了基体合金的拉伸性能,轧制+热处理使Al₂O₃/Al-Zn-Cu复合材料的拉伸强度比相同处理的基体合金提高约100%,总伸长率提高约98%。     

CNTs添加对Cu-Al2O3复合材料耐电弧侵蚀性能的影响

Cu-Al₂O₃复合材料具有优异的传导性能和力学性能,在耐磨材料领域具有广阔的应用前景。为进一步提升电摩擦条件下复合材料的耐电弧侵蚀性能,本文采用内氧化法与粉末冶金法相结合制备了不同碳纳米管(CNTs)含量的CNTs/Cu-Al₂O₃复合材料,观察了CNTs/Cu-Al₂O₃复合材料中增强相的分布及其与基体界面结合情况,研究了添加不同含量CNTs对Cu-Al₂O₃复合材料传导性能和力学性能的影响,重点探究了CNTs/Cu-Al₂O₃复合材料的耐电弧侵蚀机制。结果表明：原位生成的纳米Al2O3颗粒钉扎位错及对CNTs分布具有调控作用,使CNTs弥散分布在铜基体中。与Cu-Al₂O₃复合材料相比,CNTs/Cu-Al₂O₃复合材料燃弧时间和燃弧能量明显降低,波动更平稳。在电弧侵蚀过程中,...     

20vol%体积分数纳米Al2O3颗粒增强铝基复合材料的高温压缩性能

为提高铝基材料的高温力学性能以满足其在573 K以上用于航空航天装备结构件的性能需求,采用高能球磨结合真空热压烧结工艺制备了体积分数高达20vol%的纳米Al₂O₃颗粒(146 nm)增强铝基复合材料,对其微观结构和高温压缩性能进行了研究。结果表明：纳米Al₂O₃颗粒均匀分散于超细晶铝基体中,且复合材料完全致密;该复合材料具有优异的高温压缩性能：应变速率为0.001/s时,473 K时压缩强度高达380 MPa,即使673 K时依然高达250 MPa,比其他传统铝基材料提高至少1倍;通过对其流变应力进行基于热激活的本构模型拟合可以发现,该复合材料具有高的应力指数(30)和表观激活能(204.02 kJ/mol)。这是由于高体积分数纳米颗粒能够有效钉扎晶界,并与铝基体形成热稳定的界面结合,显著提高复合材料的组织热稳定性,而且在变形过程中与晶界有效阻碍位错运动,显著提高复合材料的热变形门槛应力(在473～673 K时为190.6～328.4 MPa),其热变形过程可以由亚结构不变模型进行解释。     

Study of the densification of a nanostructured composite powder: Part 1: Effect of compaction pressure and reinforcement addition

Al/Al₂O₃ composite coating was prepared by plasma spraying and characterized by XRD and SEM. Some thermal–mechanical properties of the composite coating including thermal diffusivity, microhardness, fracture toughness and sliding wear rate were measured. The results showed that the Al/Al₂O₃ composite coating, compared with Al₂O₃ coating, exhibits denser structure and developed splat interface. The coexistence of Al metal phase and Al₂O₃ ceramic phase effectively increased the fracture toughness and thermal diffusivity of composite coating, in spite of the slight decrease in microhardness. Furthermore, the wear resistance of Al/Al₂O₃ composite coating is superior to that of Al₂O₃ coating.     

Synthesis of MoSi2–Al2O3 nanocomposite by mechanical alloying

MoSi₂–Al₂O₃ nanocomposite was synthesized by mechanical alloying (MA) of MoO₃, SiO₂ and Al powder mixture. The structural evolution of the powders was studied by X-ray diffraction (XRD). Both β-MoSi₂ and -MoSi₂ were obtained after 3 h of milling. The spontaneous formation of β-MoSi₂ during milling proceeded by a mechanically induced self propagating reaction (MSR), analogous to that of the self propagating high temperature synthesis (SHS). After 70 h of milling the β-phase transformed to -phase. The crystallite size of -MoSi₂ and Al₂O₃ after milling for 100 h was 12 and 17 nm, respectively. Residual Mo and Si in the 3 and 70 h milled samples formed β-MoSi₂ and Mo₅Si₃ during heating at 1000 °C, respectively.     

Microstructures, densification and mechanical properties of TiC–Al2O3–Al composite by field-activated combustion synthesis

Dense TiC–Al₂O₃–Al composite was prepared with Al, C and TiO₂ powders by means of electric field-activated combustion synthesis and infiltration of the molten metal (here Al) into the synthesized TiC–Al₂O₃ ceramic. An external electric field can effectively improve the adiabatic combustion temperature of the reactive system and overcome the thermodynamic limitation of reaction with x < 10 mol. Thereby, it can induce a self-sustaining combustion synthesis process. During the formation of Al₂O₃–TiC–Al composite, Al is molten first, and reacted with TiO₂ to form Al₂O₃, followed by the formation of TiC through the reaction between the displaced Ti and C. Highly dense TiC–Al₂O₃–Al with relative density of up to 92.5% was directly fabricated with the application of a 14 mol excess Al content and a 25 V cm⁻¹ field strength, in which TiC and Al₂O₃ particles possess fine-structured sizes of 0.2–1.0 μm, with uniform distribution in metal Al. The hardness, bending strength and fracture toughness of the synthesized TiC–Al₂O₃–Al composite are 56.5 GPa, 531 MPa and 10.96 MPa m^1/2, respectively.     

EFFECT OF PARTIAL SUBSTITUTION OF Cu IN Al65Cu35BY TRANSITION METAL IN MECHANICAL ALLOYING OF Al65Cu20TM15

Mechanical alloying (MA) of Al-Cu yields a single-phase disordered bcc solid solution in a wide composition range (35-65 at.% Al). In the present work, a systematic effort is made to investigate the effect of partial substitution of Cu with a transition metal (TM) on the identity and sequence of phase evolution in MA in a high-energy ball mill. The ternary elements (Zn, Fe, Cr, Ti, Nb, and Zr) were added maintaining an initial composition of Al₆₅Cu₂₀TM₁₅. While addition of Zn yields nanocrystalline solid solution phases, ternary addition of Fe and Cr, in accordance with the earlier reported studies, leads to formation of quasicrystalline (QC) phases. On the other hand, MA of Al₆₅Cu₂₀TM₁₅with TM=Ti, Nb, and Zr for an appropriate time develops a completely amorphous product under the present set of milling conditions. Thus, the present results indicate that MA of Al₆₅Cu₂₀TM₁₅with Ti, Nb, and Zr is a potential route of synthesizing Al-rich amorphous alloys or nanocrystal dispersed amorphous matrix composite.     

Microstructure of Al2O3 nanocrystalline/cobalt-based alloy composite coatings by laser deposition

Composite coatings, made of nano-Al₂O₃/cobalt-based alloy, produced by a 5-kW CO₂ laser on Ni-based superalloy were investigated. The coatings were examined to reveal their microstructure using optical microscope, scanning electron microscope, transmission electron microscope and X-ray diffraction instrument. The results showed that some equilibrium or non-equilibrium phases, such as γ-Co, Cr₂₃C₆, CoAl₂O₄, Al₂O₃ and ε-Co existed in the coatings. Fine and short dendritic microstructure and columnar to equiaxed transition occurred by adding nano-Al₂O₃ particle. With the increase of nano-materials (1%, mass fraction), fully equiaxed crystallization appeared. These were contributed to that nano-Al₂O₃ particles acted as new nucleation site and rapid solidification of the melted pool. The results also showed inhomogeneous dispersion of nano-Al₂O₃ that resulted in the formation of ε-Co phase in the coatings. The sub-microstructure of the clad was stacking fault. The mechanism of formation of equiaxed grains was also analyzed.     

Preparation of ZnO varistors by solution nano-coating technique

This paper introduces a new method to produce nano-composite powder for the preparation of high performance ZnO varistors. ZnO particles were coated with Bi₂O₃, Sb₂O₃, Co₂O₃, Cr₂O₃ and other additives via liquid nano-coating technique. Then the prepared powder was characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), thermal gravity and differential scanning calorimetry (TG-DSC) and particle size distribution. The results showed that the ZnO composite powder is homogeneously coated and ultrafine. The densification, phase composition and microstructure of ZnO varistors was studied by linear shrinkage, X-ray diffraction (XRD) and SEM, respectively. The preliminary electrical parameters of ZnO varistors showed that the breakdown voltage V_b (1 mA/cm²) and nonlinear coefficient is 5400 V/cm and 50, respectively, much higher than that of conventional ball milling method. This result shows that nano-coating is a promising route to prepare ZnO varistors.     

Mg对原位自生TiB2/Al-4.5Cu复合材料微观组织及力学性能的影响

采用Al-K₂TiF₆-KBF₄混合盐原位自生反应法,制备了不同Mg质量分数的3wt% TiB₂/Al-4.5Cu复合材料。采用SEM、TEM、HM硬度测试和室温拉伸等方法研究了Mg含量和多级热处理对3wt% TiB₂/Al-4.5Cu复合材料微观组织和力学性能的影响。微观组织观察发现:Mg质量分数为3wt%时,经过多级热处理后,TiB₂颗粒的团聚现象明显改善,反应生成的TiB₂颗粒平均尺寸约为130 nm,基体内伴随有大量弥散分布的纳米级颗粒,且α-Al的晶粒尺寸也明显减小。力学测试结果表明:多级热处理后,3wt% TiB₂/Al-4.5Cu复合材料的硬度和抗拉强度随Mg含量的增加而提高,但过量的Mg (≥4wt%)会造成TiB₂颗粒细化效果下降。分析表明:Mg的加入能够降低TiB₂/α-Al界面能,减少脆性相Al₃Ti、Al₂B的生成,并通过反应生成的MgAl₂O₄使界面结构变成TiB₂/MgAl₂O₄/α-Al,从而有效抑制了TiB₂的团聚,改善了TiB₂颗粒与Al液界面的润湿性,提高了形核率,进一步细化了α-Al晶粒尺寸。      

特高压气体绝缘金属封闭开关设备用Al2O3/环氧树脂复合材料的非等温固化动力学及蠕变性能

针对特高压气体绝缘金属封闭开关设备（GIS）用Al₂O₃/环氧树脂（EP）复合材料,采用非等温差示扫描量热（DSC）法研究了Al₂O₃/EP复合材料的固化行为,对其DSC曲线进行分峰处理,利用等转化率方法求得不同反应阶段的表观活化能。根据Málek判据得到Al₂O₃/EP复合材料的固化行为符合的模型类型,并求得不同反应阶段的各个动力学参数及固化动力学方程。利用SEM观察Al₂O₃/EP复合材料的微观形貌,通过动态热力学分析仪（DMA）分析其动态热力学性能和高温蠕变性能,利用时温等效预测了Al₂O₃/EP复合材料的长时蠕变行为。结果表明,DSC热流曲线表现为双峰分布;Al₂O₃/EP复合材料的两个反应阶段的表观活化能分别为35.3 kJ/mol及48.1 kJ/mol,Sestak-Berggren自催化模型能够很好地描述Al₂O₃/EP复合材料体系在不同固化阶段的固化行为。Al₂O₃颗粒均匀分散于树脂基体中,填料的加入使裂纹发生偏转。Al₂O₃/EP复合材料的储能模量（E'）随温度的升高而降低,损耗因子（tanδ）峰值对应的玻璃化转变温度（T_g）为120.03℃。Al₂O₃/EP复合材料的抗蠕变性能随着拉伸应力和温度的增加而减弱,随着时间的延长,其蠕变速率减小。      

纳米Al2O3及酚酞聚芳醚酮改性环氧复合材料性能

通过机械分散技术制备了纳米Al₂O₃ /环氧、酚酞聚芳醚酮/环氧和纳米Al₂O₃/ 酚酞聚芳醚酮/环氧复合材料,并对比研究了其拉伸模量、拉伸强度、断裂性能和热性能。结果表明：纳米Al₂O₃及酚酞聚芳醚酮在环氧树脂中呈均匀的分散状态;纳米Al₂O₃使环氧树脂拉伸模量增加,使拉伸强度先增后降;酚酞聚芳醚酮使环氧树脂拉伸模量略微下降,对拉伸强度影响不明显;纳米Al₂O₃/酚酞聚芳醚酮/环氧三元复配体系的拉伸模量和拉伸强度呈非单调变化的趋势;纳米Al₂O₃和酚酞聚芳醚酮对环氧树脂均有增韧作用,三元复配体系增韧效果更明显,表现出协同增韧效果;高含量纳米Al₂O₃降低了环氧树脂的初始分解温度,而其余填料对环氧树脂热稳定性具有改善作用,填料均使环氧树脂玻璃化转变温度有所降低。     

Bi2O3助熔剂对CaO-B2O3-SiO2/Al2O3玻璃陶瓷复合材料性能的影响

以CaO-B₂O₃-SiO₂(CBS)玻璃粉体和Al₂O₃陶瓷粉体为原料,通过在CBS与Al₂O₃的质量比固定为50:50的玻璃-陶瓷复合材料中添加适量的Bi₂O₃作为烧结助熔剂,探讨了Bi₂O₃助熔剂对CBS/Al₂O₃复合材料的烧结性能、介电性能、抗弯强度和热膨胀系数的影响规律.研究表明:Bi₂O₃助熔剂能通过降低CBS玻璃的转变温度和黏度促进CBS/Al₂O₃复合材料的致密化进程,于880 ℃下烧结即能获得结构较致密、气孔较少的CBS/Al₂O₃复合材料.然而,过量添加Bi₂O₃将使玻璃的黏度过低,从而恶化CBS/Al₂O₃复合材料的烧结性能、介电性能及抗弯强度.当Bi₂O₃的添加量为CBS/Al₂O₃复合材料的1.5wt%时,于880 ℃下烧结即能获得最为致密的CBS/Al₂O₃复合材料,密度为2.82 g·cm^-3,这一材料具有良好的介电性能(介电常数为7.21,介电损耗为1.06×10^-3),抗弯强度为190.34 MPa,0~300 ℃的热膨胀系数为3.52×10^-6 K^-1.