Flavonoids in Onion Cultivars (Allium cepa L.)

ABSTRACT: Total phenol and flavonoid contents were analyzed by HPLC coupled with a diode array detector in 5 traditional onion cultivars from Tenerife (Guayonje, San Juan de la Rambla, Carrizal Alto, Carrizal Bajo, and Masca) and a commercial cultivar (Texas Early Grano 502). Five quercetin chemical species (isoquercetin, quercetin diglucoside, quercetin monoglucoside 1, quercetin monoglucoside 2, and free quercetin) and kaempferol were identified and quantified in the onion samples. Quercetin monoglucoside 1 and quercetin diglucoside were the major flavonoids accounting for 80% of the total quercetin content. The mean quercetin monoglucoside 1: quercetin diglucoside ratio (QMG/QDG) was 1: 2.2. There were differences between the onion cultivars in the cases of total phenol, quercetin diglucoside, isoquercetin, QMG/QDG ratio, and kaempferol. The Texas cultivar had a higher QMG/QDG ratio and a higher kaempferol content than the traditional cultivars. The correlation study showed significant correlations between the analyzed phenolic components.     

Mineral and trace element concentrations in cultivars of tomatoes

The concentrations of minerals (P, Na, K, Ca and Mg) and trace elements (Fe, Cu, Zn and Mn) were determined in 167 tomato samples belonging to five cultivars (Dorothy, Boludo, Dunkan, Dominique and Thomas) produced on the island of Tenerife. The contribution to the intake of minerals and trace elements was in general low, with special emphasis on the contributions of K and Mg. The cultivar, cultivation method, period of sampling and region of production in the island influenced the concentrations of minerals and trace elements of the tomatoes. Trace elements seemed more influenced by the cultivar than the minerals, and the cultivation method affected mineral contents more than trace element contents. The period of sampling had an important influence on the mineral and trace elements. Many correlations were observed between the minerals and trace elements studied. Applying discriminant analysis, the tomato samples tended to be classified according to the cultivation method, period of sampling and region of cultivation.     

Intrinsic variability of mineral composition of chickpea (Cicer arietinum,L.)

The influence of genetic biotype on the mineral composition of chickpea was studied. Experimental design included 37 cultivars of both Desi and Kabuli biotypes cultivated under the same climatic and agronomic conditions in order to exclude the variability of the results due to environment and genotype × environment interaction effects. The biotype, as source of variance in mineral composition, was a significant factor in explaining differences between Ca, Mg and K contents. Cu, Fe, Mn, Na and Zn contents did not show differences between biotypes. According to data previously published, differences may be explained by differences in the coat thickness and composition between biotypes. Two homogeneous subgroups of chickpea cultivars were identified, one having relatively high calcium contents and the other having relatively high iron contents.     

RESEARCH NOTE: A COMPARISON OF THE CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF ZANDER (SANDER LUCIOPERCA) LIVING IN DIFFERENT LAKES OF TURKEY

In the present work, the proximate compositions, minerals and trace element contents of zander ( Sander lucioperca ) caught from two lakes (Beyşehir Lake and Seyhan Dam Lake) of Turkey were compared. There were significant differences between moisture and lipid contents, although there were no statistically significant differences between crude protein and ash contents. The mineral and trace elements determined were Na, K, Ca, P, Mg, Zn, Cu, Fe, Pb and Se. Although Na and Fe contents of zanders in two different lakes were different from each other ( P <  0.01), we found no statistically significant differences in terms of Mg, Ca, P, Cu, Pb, Se, Zn contents ( P >  0.01). Among the minerals analyzed, K was the highest followed by P, Ca, Na and Mg. The most abundant trace elements were Zn, Fe, Cu, Se followed by Pb, and these elements were below the limits proposed by Turkish Food Codes for human consumption in the meat of zander.

PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS

This present study includes information about the nutritional value of zander, which lives in the fresh water lakes of our country and of which people are fond and is being exported. The comparison of the proximate, mineral and trace element contents of the same species which are caught in two different lakes has been made. In the scope of human nutrition, in accordance with the minerals which have got much importance, it involves useful information about what the position of this fish is, and whether it contains any risk due to trace elements. Furthermore, concerning this subject, it will also light the way for studies to be made in the future.     

Mineral composition in four varieties of avocado (Persea gratissima, L.) from the island of Tenerife

The contents of macroelements (Na, K, Ca, Mg, and P) and microelements (Fe, Cu, Zn, Mn, and B) of four varieties of avocado obtained and consumed in the island of Tenerife, Canary Islands, have been determined. The samples mineral contents of the different avocado varieties showed significant differences. Thus, the concentration levels of Ca, Mg, and Mn are higher in the Hass variety; those of K, Fe, and Zn, in the Orotava variety; those of Na and B in the Hass and Fuerte varieties; that of P in the Arona and Hass varieties; and that of Cu in the Arona and Fuerte varieties. The area of origin of Hass avocado also influences the mineral content of the samples: those from the north of Tenerife show higher contents of K, Ca, P, Fe, Cu, Zn, and B, and those from the south, of Na, Mg, and Mn.     

西藏不同地区畜产品中矿质元素的含量测定及比较分析

摘 要：目的 分析西藏不同地区畜产品中矿质元素的富集规律。本研究以西藏4个地市（拉萨、林芝、日喀则、山南）162份畜产品为研究对象。方法 采用微波消解-电感耦合等离子体质谱法 (Inductively-coupled plasma-mass spectrometry,ICP－MS) 法测定西藏4地市畜产品样品中的Na、Mg、K、Ca、Mn、Fe、Sr、Cu、Zn、Se、Cd、Pb、Cr、As、Hg等15种矿质元素含量。对其所含重金属元素进行测定分析,同时分析不同地区畜产品中矿质元素含量的差异性。结果 各元素均呈良好的线性关系, 相关系数在0.9968~0.9999,畜产品中15种矿质元素检测方法的检出限为0.0000067~0.0638 mg/kg。不同地区畜产品中矿质元素的含量为 K、Na、Mg较高,Ca、Zn、Fe、Cu次之,具有潜在生理毒性的重金属Cd、Pb、Cr、As、Hg含量较低。由4地市畜产品重金属元素检测结果得出,林芝和山南的畜产品中均未检出Cd;日喀则的畜产品中均未检出总As;拉萨和日喀则畜产品中Cd、总Hg均超标。矿物质中由矿质元素含量检测可知,含量最高的常量元素是K,含量均明显高于其它矿质元素,含量最高的微量元素是Fe,。此外,日喀则的畜产品中Mn元素含量均远高于其他它地市。并对不同地区畜产品中矿质元素含量进行分析,明确西藏不同地区畜产品中矿质元素含量的差异。结论 西藏不同地区畜产品中矿质元素含量存在一定差异性。     

Mineral composition of the banana (Musa acuminata) from the island of Tenerife

The content of major (Na, K, Ca, Mg and P) and minor elements (Fe, Cu, Zn, Mn and B) in bananas consumed on the island of Tenerife, Canary Islands, has been determined. Significant differences were observed in the mineral contents of the banana samples, with higher K, Mg, P, Fe, Cu, Zn and B levels in the banana grown in north Tenerife and a higher Ca content in the banana originating in the south of the island. Differences between these mineral contents and the fruit reported in the literature have been established and a comparison has been carried out with diverse food composition tables. The banana is shown to contribute to the recommended daily requirements of K, Mg, Cu and B.     

Contribution to the study of avocado honeys by their mineral contents using inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry

Avocado honey samples were analyzed by inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometric. First, the botanical origin of the honeys was confirmed by melissopalynological analysis. Twenty-four minerals were quantified for each honey sample. The elements Al, Ba, Ca, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, K, Li, Mg, Mn, Na, Ni, P, Pb, S, Se, Si and Zn were detected in all samples; seven elements were very abundant (Ca, K, Mg, Na, P, S and Si), six were not abundant (Al, Cu, Fe, Li and Zn) and 11 were trace elements (As, Ba, Cd, Co, Cr, Mo, Ni, Mo, Pb, Se, Sr and V).     

不同产地太子参中化学成分分析

目的：研究不同产地太子参中化学成分。方法：采用原子吸光光谱法测定微量元素Cu、Fe、Zn、Mn、Ca、Mg、Se、Co的含量;紫外分光光度法测定多糖、皂苷的含量;GC-MS分析鉴定挥发性提取物。结果：贵州施秉产太子参中Fe、Mn、Mg、Ca、Co和皂苷含量最高;福建柘荣产太子参中Zn和Se含量最高、浙江磐安产太子参中Cu和多糖含量最高、挥发性化合物组分之间没有较大差异,但各组分含量因产地不同而有一旦差异,浙江磐安产太子参鉴定出29种,贵州施秉产太子参鉴定出28种,福建柘荣产太子参鉴定出25种挥发性化合物。结论：太子参化学成分及含量受种植环境和品种类型的影响,贵州具有适宜太子参生长的土壤和气候。     

Mineral composition of frozen green asparagus

The contents of macroelements (Ca, Mg, Na, K y P) and trace elements (Cu, Fe, Zn and Mn) of frozen green asparagus were determined by atomic absorption spectrometry to investigate the possible changes during 45 and 90 days frozen storage at –18 °C. A significant decrease of mineral concentrations was observed at 45 days of frozen storage. After 90 days, modifications were not observed, except for Cu and P concentrations. The asparagus thickness factor resulted in significant differences in the Cu, Fe, Zn, Ca and K contents. Frozen storage time involved smaller percentages of mineral retention in the <11 mm spear for Ni, Ca, Mg, K and P, and, for the rest of mineral elements, the frozen storage effect was similar for both thicknesses (<11 mm and >14 mm). The highest mineral concentration was found in the apical portion or tip of green asparagus, except for Mn, Cr and K. Mineral retention percentages after frozen storage time were similar in both portions (apical and basal) of the spear.     

南极磷虾中氟与矿质元素的分布特征及其相关性分析

应用离子色谱和原子吸收仪测定了南极磷虾各组织中氟和11种矿质元素的含量,并对其进行相关性分析。结果显示,南极磷虾中氟含量为2095．17±8．63mg/kg,组织分布为：外壳〉黾足〉头胸〉肌肉;Mg、Ca、P的含量分别为6771．54±30．22mg／kg,4398．75v25．72mg／kg,4692．11±25．1mg／kg,且组织分布相同;K和Na含量分别为7310．59±35．62mg／kg和9098．50±53．41mg／kg,但组织分布不同;6种微量元素含量依次为Cu〉Zn〉Se〉Fe〉Mn〉Cr,其含量分别为43．59±2．31mg／k昏36．23±2．35mg／kg、3．89±O．21mg／kg、3．51±0．13mg／kg、2．49±0．23mg／kg和0．25±0．02mg／kg。其中只有cu和Mn的组织分布相同;此外,Se含量（3．89±0．21mg／kg）比一般海虾中高出2~4倍。相关性分析表明,氟仅与Mg、Ca、P、Mn、Se呈现明显的正相关,相关系数（酹）分别是0．5675、0．7024、0．7088、O．5792和0．6091,说明南极磷虾中氟的赋存形态与这五种元素息息相关。另外,南极磷虾也是一种提供Se及矿质元素补充的良好食物来源。     

新疆6种辣椒籽中矿质元素测定及聚类分析

目的：分析不同品种辣椒籽中的矿质元素含量,并进行聚类分析,评价其营养价值。方法：采用电感耦合等离子体发射光谱(inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectrometry,ICP-AES)法测定Zn、Cu、Fe、Mn、Ca、Mg、Na、K。结果：辣椒籽中富含多种矿质元素,常量元素K/Na、Mg/Na比值高,微量元素Fe含量最为丰富,Zn、Cu含量相对较少,Zn/Cu比值在2.01～1.36之间;从元素含量的角度进行聚类分析,6个辣椒籽品种可以分为两大类。结论：辣椒籽中矿质元素含量高,具有食品开发的价值。     

Mineral composition of the red and green pepper (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Capsicum annuum</Emphasis>) from Tenerife Island

The content of macroelements (Na, K, Ca, Mg and P) and microelements (Fe, Cu, Zn, Mn and B) in green and red pepper samples consumed on the island of Tenerife, Canary Islands, has been determined. Analysis has shown the influence of the ripening stage on the mineral content of the pepper. Red pepper presents higher K, Mg, P, Fe, Cu, Zn, Mn and B concentration levels than green pepper. There are differences between the values obtained in this study and the values shown in different food composition tables; our results are higher in Na, Ca and Mg, and lower in K and Fe.     

辐照和充氧处理对六堡茶中矿物质含量的影响

使用火焰原子吸收分光光度法,通过测定经不同强度辐照和不同充氧量处理后的六堡茶中钙、镁、锰、锌、铁、铜的含量,研究辐照和充氧处理对六堡茶中矿物质含量的影响。结果表明,辐照和充氧处理对六堡茶中矿物质含量影响较大。较小剂量的辐照有利于提高六堡茶中钙、镁、锌、铁、铜的含量,而大剂量的辐照则有利于提高六堡茶中锰的含量,充氧量对矿物质含量的影响几乎无规律性。总体来说,辐照剂量为8 kGy、充氧量为40%时,有利于使六堡茶中矿物质的含量维持在一个较高的水平。     

Elemental Composition of Various Sour Cherry and Table Grape Cultivars Using Inductively Coupled Plasma Atomic Emission Spectrometry Method (ICP-OES)

Three sour cherry and three table grape cultivars were analyzed using inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry. The elements: Na, K, Ca, Mg, Fe, Cu, Zn, Mn, Cr, Cd, Co, Pb, and Ni were detected in all samples; four elements are very abundant (K, Na, Ca, and Mg), and four are not abundant (Cu, Fe, Mn, and Zn). Five of them are trace elements (Cr, Cd, Co, Pb, and Ni) at <0.1 mg/kg. Among the 13 elements analyzed, potassium was the most abundant element distributed throughout all categories of fruits. Iron was the predominant minor element constituents. Manganese concentration was the highest in table grape cultivars. The accuracy of the results was evaluated by spike recovery tests. Analysis of variance was used to establish the metals with significant difference in mean content between the cultivars from sour cherries and between table grapes. Principal component analysis was used to evaluate the distribution of metals.     

火焰原子吸收法测定马齿苋中10种无机元素

目的测定马齿苋中无机元素含量,为其药效学研究及食用开发提供资料。方法利用火焰原子吸收光谱法测定马齿苋中钾、钙、钠、镁、铜、锌、铁、锰、铬、镍的含量。结果马齿苋所含10种无机元素中,钾、钙、镁为宏量元素,其余7种为微量元素。结论本研究为马齿苋的后续研究及进一步开发应用提供数据支持。     

百香果中矿物元素分析

采用高压密封硝化罐消解样品,应用ICP-AES 法测定百香果果汁、果皮、种仁中20 种矿物元素 (Na、K 、C a 、Mg、Z n 、F e 、S r 、Cu 、Co 、Mn、Ge 、S e 、S n 、B a 、A l 、P b 、Hg、As 、C r 、Cd) 的含量,设计正交试验方案,通过方差分析选择最佳的试验操作条件,其回收率在95.0%～104.0% 之间,相对标准偏差小于2.15%。实验结果表明：百香果果汁、果皮、种仁中均含有丰富的Na、K、Ca、Mg、Zn、Fe、Ge等对人体有益的矿物元素,而对人体有害的元素均未检出,营养价值高,极具开发价值。     

Genotypic variation of mineral elements contents in rice (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Oryza sativa</Emphasis> L.)

Mineral nutrition of potassium (K), calcium (Ca), sodium (Na), magnesium (Mg), iron (Fe), zinc (Zn), copper (Cu) and manganese (Mn) are important for human health. The method of inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) was employed to determinate the contents of K, Ca, Na, Mg, Fe, Zn, Cu and Mn in milled rice (Oryza sativa L.) of 274 rice genotypes. The results showed that the visible difference could be found for the contents of eight elements in milled rice among rice genotypes studied. It existed the possibility to select the genotype(s) with abundant of mineral nutrient from the genetic resource. Meanwhile, the contents of mineral elements in brown rice were significantly higher than those in milled rice. The averages of K, Mn and Cu contents of indica rice were significantly lower than those of japonica rice, while no significant difference was found for other five element contents between indica and japonica rice genotypes. The average contents of Na and Cu in non-glutinous rice genotypes were higher than those in glutinous ones, whereas the averages of K and Mn contents in non-glutinous rice genotypes were lower in present experiment. Additionally, the K, Ca and Mg contents of milled rice from white brown rice were significantly higher than those from red brown rice, and Ca content of milled rice from white brown rice was also visibly higher than that from black brown rice. For microelements, significant difference was observed for Zn content between milled rice from red and white brown rice, or between milled rice from red and black brown rice. Some genotypes with abundant mineral nutrient in milled rice had been selected and could be used in rice nutrient breeding.     

Multivariate characterization of table olives according to their mineral nutrient composition

Different commercial presentations of table olives were characterized by their mineral compositions. Cu, Fe, Mn, Zn, Ca, Mg, Na, K, and P were determined. The processing of table olives affects the mineral content of commercial presentations and significant differences (p < 0.05) were found among green (Spanish style), directly brined, and ripe olives. A predictive discriminate analysis showed that the most discriminating elements were Fe, K, Na, Mn, Cu, and P (among styles) and with Ca (among cultivars). A good classification and cross-validation was observed in the case of elaboration styles but discrimination among cultivars was less conclusive. A further analysis of the confusion matrix, according to cultivars, showed that the lower classification efficiency, in this case, was mainly due to misclassification of samples from Manzanilla and Gordal cultivars. The analysis of the confusion matrix can be useful when the assessment of its results is not obvious.     

MINERAL COMPOSITION OF MEDLAR (MESPILUS GERMANICA) FRUIT AT DIFFERENT STAGES OF MATURITY

Abstract The mineral composition of medlar fruit collected (June 15 - October 8) in Turkey at five stages of development was studied. In the fruit, 32 minerals were analyzed and 16 minerals (Al, Ba, Ca, Cu, Co, Fe, K, Li, Mg, Mn, Na, Ni, P, Sr, Ti and Zn) were present at detectable levels. The ripe medlar fruit was richest in potassium (7370 μg/g dry wt), calcium (1780 μg/g dry wt), phosphorus (1080 μg/g dry wt), magnesium (661 μg/g dry wt) and sodium (183 μg/g dry wt). During the fruit development, Al, Ba, Fe, Mn, P, Sr, and Zn were highest in August (unripe fruits) while the concentrations of K, Ca, Mg and Cu gradually decreased throughout development. The ripe medlar fruit is an important source of nutritionally needed minerals and trace elements, in particular Ca, Cu, Fe, K, Mg, Mn, Na and Zn, for human populations in southeastern Europe, Turkey and Iran.