微血管减压术治疗原发性三叉神经痛的临床分析

目的 探讨原发性三叉神经痛微血管减压术手术疗效及相关因素,总结手术体会.方法 回顾我科实施微血管减压术的67例原发性三叉神经痛患者,结合年龄、病程、临床分型、压迫血管类型、近期预后等因素进行临床分析.结果 67例患者术后疼痛均完全缓解,无后期并发症.结论 三叉神经微血管减压术是针对三叉神经痛发病机制的有效治疗措施,目前成为首选治疗方法.     

三叉神经痛合并高血压病2例报告并文献复习

目的探讨原发性三叉神经痛合并高血压病的发病机制、诊疗方法。方法手术治疗2例患者,并结合文献分析术中所见、手术疗效及随访结果。结果手术确认男性患者三叉神经根及延髓左腹侧受血管压迫,行显微血管减压术。女性患者仅给三叉神经根减压,术后患者疼痛均消失,血压恢复正常。结论左侧延髓受压迫、疼痛刺激,均可导致交感神经系统过度兴奋,引起高血压病的发生。锁孔下显微血管减压术是三叉神经痛合并高血压病有效的治疗方法。     

家族性原发性颅神经疾病一例报告并文献复习

目的 报告家族性原发性颅神经疾病1例,并对其病因学及治疗学进行探讨. 方法1例家族性原发性颅神经疾病,调查其三代共有5例原发性颅神经疾病患者,包括了三叉神经痛、面肌痉挛、舌咽神经痛等7侧(根)颅神经病变,其中3例采用手术治疗.结果 患者A,右三叉神经痛发病10年后行右三叉神经周围支撕脱术,术后疼痛好转,随访10年至患者去世未再发生严重发作.患者B,右三叉神经痛发病10年后行右三叉神经根显微血管减压术及感觉根选择性部分切断术,术后疼痛消失,随访14年未复发;5年前出现左三叉神经痛,2004年10月行左三叉神经根显微血管减压术,术后疼痛消失,随访44个月未复发.患者C,右舌咽神经痛10年,曾行显微血管减压术及舌咽神经根、迷走神经根丝选择性部分切断术等3次手术,前2次手术无效,第3次手术后有效,半年后出现右三叉神经痛,行右三叉神经根显微血管减压术后治愈.患者D,左面肌痉挛7年,未手术.患者E,右三叉神经痛1年,未手术.结论 家族性原发性颅神经疾病罕见.原发性颅神经疾病出现家族性泛发病例可能与后颅窝容积小、后循环解剖变异、颅神经高易感性、血管迂曲硬化延长等异常发生率高有关,可用颅神经进或出脑干区血管压迫学说解释其病因.颅神经根显微血管减压术可作为首选外科治疗方法.     

显微血管减压术治疗原发性三叉神经痛的临床分析(附110例报告)

目的 探讨原发性三叉神经痛的病因及显微血管减压术治疗的手术技巧.方法 回顾分析从2003年11月到2007年1月本组施行微血管减压手术的110例三叉神经痛病例.结果 110例患者中,术中发现有血管压迫者107例,术后疼痛完全消失105例(95.4%),4例明显减轻,部分缓解1例.平均随访35个月,复发1例,经再次手术后治愈.结论 三叉神经根显微血管减压术治疗原发性三叉神经痛疗效好,安全可靠,对神经的损伤小,应作为原发性三叉神经痛患者的首选治疗方法.     

原发性三叉神经痛微血管减压治疗体会

目的探讨微血管减压术在原发性三叉神经痛治疗中的效果。方法回顾性分析经微血管减压术治疗的36例原发性三叉神经痛患者的临床资料。结果 35例患者术后1周内疼痛明显缓解,1例疼痛轻度改善。术后分别电话或门诊随访3月至2年,32例疼痛完全消失;3例疼痛明显改善,但需结合小剂量药物控制;1例术后一个月左右复发。除1例怀疑有短暂性脑脊液鼻漏外无其它手术相关并发症。结论微血管减压术是原发性三叉神经痛的理想治疗手段,手术病例严格选择(有典型症状,且术前MRI颅底薄层增强扫描提示痛侧三叉神经根部有血管紧密接触),术中判定责任血管、解除压迫、充分且适当减压三叉神经是保证疗效的关键。     

原发性三叉神经痛的病因及显微血管减压治疗(附91例临床分析)

目的探讨原发性三叉神经痛病因及显微血管减压治疗的手术技巧。方法回顾性分析显微血管减压术治疗的91例原发性三叉神经痛病例资料。结果三叉神经入脑干区有血管压迫者89例。术后疼痛立即消失或显著减轻者78例,1周内明显减轻者11例。随访3~48个月(平均32个月),疼痛消失86例(94.5%),明显缓解、服得理多能够控制满意者5例,无复发病例。结论三叉神经入脑干区血管压迫是原发性三叉神经痛的常见病因。显微血管减压术是有效的治疗方法。准确判定责任血管并采取适当材料及方法使入脑干区减压是提高有效率,减少复发的主要措施。     

原发性三叉神经痛微血管减压术的手术配合

目的 总结125例微血管减压术治疗原发性三叉神经痛的手术配合经验.方法 术前对125例原发性三叉神经痛的患者进行术前访视,有针对性地做好心理护理,术前充分准备手术所需要的器械、物品,术中密切配合手术,严密观察病情变化,及时采取相应措施,术后及时回访病人.结果 125例微血管减压术的病人中,121例术后疼痛消失,4例疼痛改善不明显,后经射频治疗疼痛消失,未发生护理并发症,全部治愈出院.结论 三叉神经微血管减压术是治疗原发性三叉神经痛的有效方法,良好的心理护理、周密的术前准备、密切的术中配合是手术顺利进行的重要保证.     

微血管减压术治疗原发性三叉神经痛46例

目的探讨微血管减压术治疗原发性三叉神经痛的的临床疗效。方法回顾性分析2011年9月至2013年3月经微血管减压术治疗的46例原发性三叉神经痛患者的临床资料。结果术中发现46例患者三叉神经均存在血管性压迫,责任血管为单根者共40例,其中动脉压迫34例、静脉压迫6例;多根责任血管者6例。术后疼痛完全消失39例（84．8％）,疼痛明显缓解7例（15．2％）。结论微血管减压术是原发性三叉神经痛的理想治疗手段,术前充分的影像学检查、慎密的手术计划、明确责任血管、适当的减压材料、充分的减压三叉神经以及娴熟的显微手术操作技巧是保证疗效的关键。     

三叉神经感觉根切断术治疗非典型三叉神经痛的疗效研究

目的探讨三叉神经感觉根切断术治疗非典型三叉神经痛的效果。方法回顾性分析57例于2013-2016年期间在我科行三叉神经微血管减压术或三叉神经感觉根切断术治疗的非典型三叉神经痛患者的临床表现、术中所见、手术疗效。结果 57例患者中,单纯行微血管减压术33例,19例患者术后疼痛症状立刻消失,14例术后疼痛症状未明显好转,其中7例患者为改善症状在之后接受了三叉神经感觉根切断术;行三叉神经感觉根切断术24例,19例患者术后疼痛缓解或消失。结论三叉神经感觉根切断术治疗非典型三叉神经痛的疼痛症状效果好于单纯三叉神经微血管减压术,但该手术仍存在术后患者不可逆的面部感觉减退的问题。     

微血管减压术治疗原发性三叉神经痛

目的提出微血管减压术是治疗原发性三叉神经痛的最佳手术方式。方法报告了12例原发性三叉神经痛患者行微血管减压术,其中11例发现三叉神经入脑干区动脉压迫神经根,将压迫血管与神经根分离,在其间植入纤维蛋白海绵或聚四氟乙烯片维持分离状态,术后除1例疼痛减轻外,其余疼痛完全缓解,另1例术中未发现责任血管,但在神经根远侧段发现有粘连,将粘连松解,使神经根游离。结果所有患者术后疼痛减轻或缓解,所有病例无并发症。结论微血管减压术治疗原发性三叉神经痛是去除病因的手术方式,对已行微血管减压术后复发的患者再次行微血管减压术亦可获得满意疗效,作者还认为,神经内镜辅助微血管减压术顺应了当今微侵袭外科的趋势,将有望被更多地用来治疗原发性三叉神经痛。     

Diagnostic Difficulties and Treatment Implications

Summary: Differentiation between types of epileptic seizures has been aided in recent years by the introduction of intensive neurodiagnostic techniques and the development of increasingly detailed classification systems. Paradoxically, these developments have not simplified the task of matching the appropriate antiepileptic drug to a particular seizure type. It is reasonable to assume that anticonvulsant drugs will have different effects on different types of seizures, but faulty, circular reasoning can enter the picture if one also assumes that responses of seizures to different drugs signify different seizure types. There are several examples of differential diagnoses that can fall prey to this problem, including the diagnosis between partial seizures with secondary generalization and generalized tonic-clonic seizures, and the diagnosis between complex partial seizures and absence seizures with automatisms, among others. Considerations of etiology in future classification systems can further complicate the problem: should one then choose an anticonvulsant drug on the basis of individual seizure type or on the basis of the type of epilepsy? Ramifications of this issue extend even to the drug approval process. Official sanction is not given for use of a drug for a seizure type not included in the original efficacy studies, even if later scientific evidence shows that seizure type to be related to a type that is included. New trials must be undertaken. These problems arise from how we choose to classify seizures.     

Cognitive Dysfunction Associated with Antiepileptic Drug Therapy

Summary: Epilepsy is frequently associated with cognitive dysfunction. However, the reasons for this correlation are unclear. Possible influential factors include patient age; duration, frequency, etiology, and type of seizures; hereditary factors; psychosocial issues; and antiepileptic drug (AED) therapy. Whereas many of these factors are beyond the physician's control, AED therapy is one element that can be addressed in treatment decisions by recognizing the potential cognitive effects of particular AEDs. For example, phenobarbital impairs memory and concentration; phenytoin affects attention, problem solving ability, and performance of visuomotor tasks. In contrast, carbamazepine may affect concentration, while valproate would appear to have minimal effects on cognition. Moreover, cognitive effects of AEDs are amplified with coadministration of multiple anticonvulsants (polytherapy). A review of studies on the cognitive effects of monotherapy with AEDs, as opposed to those of polytherapy, provides evidence that drug-related cognitive dysfunction can be reversed if patients are switched to a simpler therapeutic regimen. Future research should be directed toward developing reliable measures for assessing and monitoring cognition, and understanding the particular cognitive side effects of each AED. Physicians also need to revise their opinions about which side effects are "tolerable" for epileptic patients.     

Hepatic Considerations in the Use of Antiepileptic Drugs

Summary: Virtually all of the major antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) can cause hepatotoxicity, although fatal hepatic reactions are rare. The mechanisms, incidences, and risk profiles for such reactions differ from drug to drug. With carbamazepine and phenytoin, hepatotoxicity may be due to drug hypersensitivity. Although the profiles of patients at risk have not been well-defined for these two antiepileptic drugs, it would appear from reports in the literature that older adolescents and adults are at higher risk than children of developing serious or fatal hepatotoxicity. Once hepatotoxicity develops, mortality rates are 10–38% with phenytoin and 25% for carbamazepine. The risk profile for valproate fatal hepatotoxicity has been more clearly defined. Those at primary risk of fatal hepatic dysfunction are children under the age of 2 years who are receiving multiple anticonvulsants and also have significant medical problems in addition to severe epilepsy. The risk is considerably lower for patients over the age of 2 years on valproate monotherapy. In contrast to the risk profile with other AEDs, adults receiving valproate as monotherapy have the lowest risk of hepatotoxicity. Fatal hepatic dysfunction coincident with valproate may be the result of aberrant drug metabolism. Concomitant use of AEDs that induce microsomal P450 enzymes (e.g., phenytoin and phenobarbital) may enhance the production of a toxic metabolite, and hence the greater risk of hepatotoxicity with polypharmacy.     

Vascular Malformations and Epilepsy: Clinical Considerations and Basic Mechanisms

Summary: Vascular malformations (VMs) are associated with epilepsy. The natural history of the various VMs, clinical presentation, and tendency to provoke epilepsy determine treatment strategies. Investigations have probed the mechanisms of epileptogenesis associated with these lesions. Electrophysiologic changes are associated with epileptogenic cortex adjacent to VMs. Putative pathophysiologic mechanisms of epileptogenesis include neuronal cell loss, glial proliferation and abnormal glial physiology, altered neurotransmitter levels, free radical formation, and aberrant second messenger physiology.     

Carbamazepine Efficacy in Adults With Partial and Generalized Tonic-Clonic Seizures

Summary: Carbamazepine and phenytoin are drugs of choice in initial monotherapy for adult partial and secondarily generalized tonic-clonic seizures. These designations reflect the results of the Veterans Administration Epilepsy Cooperative Study Group of 1985. An earlier comparative study of carbamazepine and phenytoin by Ramsay and associates found both drugs equally effective in controlling new-onset seizures. Among the advantages of carbamazepine is that it causes relatively few cognitive and dysmorphic side effects. Its disadvantages are its unavailability in parenteral formulation and its metabolic autoinduction. The latter must be compensated for by planned dosage increases to maintain therapeutic plasma steady-state levels during the first 2 or 3 months of treatment. Carbamazepine is judged a drug of choice in the treatment of these secondarily generalized tonic-clonic seizures, and the drug of choice in children, adolescents, and women susceptible to the dysmorphic side effects associated with other anticonvulsant agents.     

Etiologic and Preventive Aspects of Epilepsy in the Child–Bridging the Gap Between Laboratory and Clinic

Summary: Four broad categories of basic phenomena are pertinent to developing ways to prevent epilepsy. These include mechanisms of epileptogenesis, ictal initiation and temporary entrainment by the seizure discharge of normally functioning brain, seizure propagation, and control mechanisms that function both to restrain the cascade of epileptic events culminating in a seizure and to arrest the epileptic event and restore the interictal state. In newborns and children, hypoxia-ischemia is a major factor leading to epileptogenesis, and several schemes are proposed to classify, quantify, and prevent hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy. Control mechanisms must be better understood in order to develop prophylactic recommendations for epilepsy, and an experimental model of "kindling antagonism" may increase our understanding of these. Programs of prevention of seizures in children will evolve only if basic researchers and clinicians work productively together to develop an adequate understanding of factors important in epileptogenesis and antiepileptogenic control mechanisms.     

Epilepsy and anomalies of neuronal migration: MRI and clinical aspects

Neuronal migration disorders are the result of disturbed brain development. In such disorders, neurons are abnormally located. In diagnosing these conditions, magnetic resonance imaging is superior to any other imaging technique. This enables us to improve our knowledge of the clinical correlates of neuronal migration. With reference to migrational disorder, a retrospective study of all 303 patients with epileptic seizures referred for magnetic resonance imaging during a 3-year period was performed, 13 patients (aged 12-41, mean age 27) were identified. They represent 4.3% of the entire study group. Of the patients with known epilepsy, 6.7% and of the mentally retarded, 13.7% had migrational disorders. Four patients had schizencephaly as the dominant finding, one was classified as hemimegalencephaly, 2 had isolated heterotopias, and 6 had localized pachy- and/or poly-microgyria. The clinical pictures are complex. Ectopias of grey matter are recognised foci of epilepsy, but from an epileptological and a clinical viewpoint little attention has been given to these disorders. The present study shows that malmigration is not rare in epilepsy patients, especially not in the mentally retarded.     

Carbamazepine Efficacy and Utilization in Children

Summary: Carbamazepine is effective for preventing partial and generalized tonic-clonic seizures in children. Although absence epilepsies are more common in children than adults, an estimated 80% of children with epilepsy have seizure types or epilepsies that are potentially responsive to carbamazepine. The differential diagnosis of ictal staring is an especially important issue in children because absence and atypical absence seizures are more prevalent in children than adults. Age-related pharmacokinetic differences and drug interactions are major considerations in children. On average, children have higher clearance rates of carbamazepine, shorter half-lives, and higher ratios of carbamazepine-10, 11-epoxide to carbamazepine than adults. In addition, children with severe epilepsy are more likely to require multiple-drug therapy, which can lead to complex drug interactions. When carbamazepine is administered along with valproate, drug protein binding interactions can cause intermittent side effects.     

Predisposing and Causative Factors in Childhood Epilepsy

Summary: We review information from large studies of defined populations, examining the role of known factors and especially of prenatal and perinatal factors in contributing to nonfebrile seizure disorders of early childhood. We depend especially, but not exclusively, on the recently completed analyses from the Collaborative Perinatal Project of the National Institute of Neurological and Communicative Disorders and Stroke, the NCPP. About 4% of children in the NCPP who had at least one non-febrile nonsymptomatic seizure by the age of 7 years had a previous seizure during acute neurologic illness, such as meningitis or during the acute illness after trauma. Many such seizures should potentially be preventable. Of children with seizures, 10% had had a neonatal seizure and 13% had had a febrile seizure. Among the hundreds of prenatal and perinatal factors explored as predictors of childhood seizure disorders, the principal predictors identified were congenital malformations of the fetus, cerebral and noncerebral; family history of certain neurologic disorders; and neonatal seizures. In agreement with the British National Child Development Study, labor and delivery factors in the NCPP appeared to contribute very little to childhood seizure disorders. Maldevelopment, rather than damage at birth to an initially intact nervous system, appeared to be the more common mechanism. Most seizure disorders of early childhood remained unexplained by the large set of prenatal and perinatal characteristics examined.     

Classification of methods in transcranial Electrical Stimulation (tES) and evolving strategy from historical approaches to contemporary innovations

Transcranial Electrical Stimulation (tES) encompasses all methods of non-invasive current application to the brain used in research and clinical practice. We present the first comprehensive and technical review, explaining the evolution of tES in both terminology and dosage over the past 100 years of research to present day. Current transcranial Pulsed Current Stimulation (tPCS) approaches such as Cranial Electrotherapy Stimulation (CES) descended from Electrosleep (ES) through Cranial Electro-stimulation Therapy (CET), Transcerebral Electrotherapy (TCET), and NeuroElectric Therapy (NET) while others like Transcutaneous Cranial Electrical Stimulation (TCES) descended from Electroanesthesia (EA) through Limoge, and Interferential Stimulation. Prior to a contemporary resurgence in interest, variations of transcranial Direct Current Stimulation were explored intermittently, including Polarizing current, Galvanic Vestibular Stimulation (GVS), and Transcranial Micropolarization. The development of these approaches alongside Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT) and pharmacological developments are considered. Both the roots and unique features of contemporary approaches such as transcranial Alternating Current Stimulation (tACS) and transcranial Random Noise Stimulation (tRNS) are discussed. Trends and incremental developments in electrode montage and waveform spanning decades are presented leading to the present day. Commercial devices, seminal conferences, and regulatory decisions are noted. We conclude with six rules on how increasing medical and technological sophistication may now be leveraged for broader success and adoption of tES.