制药工业企业洁净室的清洁与消毒

本从清洁、消毒、灭菌三个方面阐述了制药企业洁净室的卫生工作，详述了紫外线消毒、消毒剂消毒、甲醛消毒、臭氧消毒四种消毒方法的应用并进行了比较。     

二氧化氯应用于空调系统消毒

无菌室的消毒我国的传统方法使用甲醛熏蒸,但甲醛对人体有一定的毒性,局部过多的甲醛会聚合成白色粉末附着在建筑物或设备上.二氧化氯是新一代氯系消毒剂,分子式为ClO2,为无色、无味、无臭、无腐蚀性的透明液体,消毒后快速降解为无害气体,具有环保等特点.我车间试用了该消毒剂后效果良好,替代了甲醛消毒工艺.     

戊二醛及奥硝唑根管消毒疗效观察

自1895年首次将甲醛介绍用于口腔医学以来，甲醛甲酚由于其杀菌消毒作用强，一直为根管治疗消毒之首选药，但鉴于甲醛甲酚在根管内消毒的生物毒性较大，现在国外已基本停止使用。自2004年9月-2005年9月分别采用戊二醛、奥硝唑作为根管消毒药物与甲醛甲酚进行疗效比较。报告如下：     

手术室空气消毒法的改进

传统手术室感染空气消毒多采用甲醛、过氧乙酸（PAA）薰蒸消毒，由于弊多利少，且对工作人员危害较大。2005年我院手术室率先尝试使用2％碱性戊二醛薰蒸消毒（通常用于手术器械的浸泡消毒），至今共使用4031次，消毒后采样合格率均达100％现将改进前采用的PAA、甲醛消毒与改进后采用的2％碱性戊二醛薰蒸消毒进行比较分析。[第一段]     

三种空气消毒法效能及有效时段的观察

目的 :观察室内空气经三种方法消毒后消毒效能及有效时段 ,为医院及公共场所选择更为有效的室内空气消毒剂提供资料。方法 :将三个实验室随机分为三组 ,每组用一种消毒方法消毒后 ,在不同时段同时对各组室内空气采用自然沉降法采样。结果 :三种消毒方法对室内空气细菌都有显著杀灭作用 ,但各消毒方法之间消毒效果维持的时间差异有极显著性。结论 :二氧化氯消毒剂喷雾消毒效果最好 ,消毒效果维持的时间最长 ,其次是过氧乙酸喷雾 ,再次是紫外线照射     

热点话题

消毒卡、三价银离子喷雾、乳铁蛋白等真的可以抵御病毒吗随着各地复工复产有序推进,一批号称可以抵御病毒的商品在网络和实体店热卖,有的打着“高科技”旗号,有的则是人们熟悉的“老面孔”。这些“防毒神器”真的靠谱吗?各方评论山西大学环境科学研究所所长董川:二氧化氯是一种氧化消毒成分,可以杀菌消毒,但前提是要达到一定浓度。     

消毒药剂在抗SARS中的应用

SARS(severeacuterespiratorysyndrome ,严重急性呼吸综合征 ,即传染性非典型肺炎 ,简称“非典”)是由“冠状病毒变异体”引起的一种传染性极强的传染病。尽管科研人员在争分夺秒地研制抗非典药物 ,但到目前为止尚未发现特异性抗非典病毒的药物。因此 ,正确选择和使用消毒药剂 ,对切断非典传播和控制其发生显得更为重要。本文就消毒药剂在这方面的应用介绍如下。1　含氯制剂含氯制剂消耗量较大 ,在消毒剂总耗量中占主导地位。含氯制剂为中国疾病预防控制中心推荐的防非典消毒剂。1 1　二氧化氯　二氧化氯为广谱高效、速效低毒消毒剂 ,能杀…     

甲硝唑碘仿用于感染根管封药疗效观察

目的:通过对比甲硝唑碘仿和甲醛甲酚两种药物对感染根管的消毒作用探讨安全有效的根管消毒药物,方法选取临床感染病例40例,共46颗牙齿,随机分为两组,分别封甲硝唑碘仿和甲醛甲酚,进行临床效果对比分析。结果封甲硝唑碘仿一组疗效明显高于封甲醛甲酚一组,差异具有显著性结论甲硝唑碘仿对感染根管的消毒作用与甲醛甲酚相比更具有优越性。     

乌洛托品用于空气消毒实验

乌洛托品在酸性条件下,加热分解释放甲醛用水杨酸加水共热用于空气消毒与甲醛比较,结果表明,消毒效果确实,适用于野战条件下,偏远地区无菌间的消毒。其优点是安全、方便、重量小、无腐蚀性、便于携带、贮存、运输。     

宫腔镜手术器械消毒与保养体会

宫腔镜技术是一种创伤小、无痛苦、术后恢复快的新技术，随着医疗技术的进步，宫腔镜手术在临床上的应用越来越广泛。官腔镜手术器械直接与内脏器官接触，且官腔镜手术器械品种繁多，结构精细复杂，价格昂贵，其消毒存在一定的问题：（1）宫腔镜、导线等不能用高压蒸汽消毒，长期用甲醛气体熏亦会加速其老化；（2）若防水密封性能欠佳，用化学消毒剂浸泡摄像头时可影响清晰度；     

Regeneration and the mechanism of epidermal tumor promotion

Chemically induced epidermal carcinogenesis is often divided into two stages: initiation, which involves the conversion of some epidermal cells into latent neoplastic cells, and promotion, which allows the evolution of this neoplastic change into the formation of a neoplasm. The hallmark of epidermal tumor promotion is the transformation of the normal epidermis into a hyperplastic epidermis. A major unanswered question about epidermal tumor promotion is whether the epidermal hyperplasia that characterizes promoted skin is a regenerative epidermal hyperplasia resulting from damage produced by the promoter. The opinion currently held is that the epidermal hyperplasia produced by tumor promoters is not simply a regenerative epidermal hyperplasia and possesses characteristics which a regenerative hyperplasia does not have, enabling it to evolve into an epidermal neoplasm. The purpose of this review is to present recent evidence which strongly suggests that promoter-induced epidermal hyperplasia is a regenerative hyperplasia. Three principal lines of evidence are reviewed. The first demonstrates that an epidermal regenerative hyperplasia repeatedly produced by wounding or abrasion can promote epidermal carcinogenesis in the initiated skin of mice. The second line of evidence demonstrates that the epidermal hyperplasia produced by the application of 12-O-tetradecanoyl-phorbol-13-acetate (TPA), the most powerful and widely used promoter of skin carcinogenesis, is preceded by damage to the epidermis. This strongly suggests that the epidermal hyperplasia which ensues is a regenerative hyperplasia. Thirdly, evidence is presented which demonstrates that hyperplasia-producing agents which do not promote, produce an epidermal hyperplasia which is different from that produced by tumor promoters. Finally, the review discusses the evidence which suggests that the production of a hyperplasia may be the mechanism for tumor promotion in other organs, such as the liver, bladder, and intestine.     

Drug polymorphism and dosage form design: a practical perspective

Formulators are charged with the responsibility to formulate a product which is physically and chemically stable, manufacturable, and bioavailable. Most drugs exhibit structural polymorphism, and it is preferable to develop the most thermodynamically stable polymorph of the drug to assure reproducible bioavailability of the product over its shelf life under a variety of real-world storage conditions. There are occasional situations in which the development of a metastable crystalline or amorphous form is justified because a medical benefit is achieved. Such situations include those in which a faster dissolution rate or higher concentration are desired, in order to achieve rapid absorption and efficacy, or to achieve acceptable systemic exposure for a low-solubility drug. Another such situation is one in which the drug remains amorphous despite extensive efforts to crystallize it. If there is no particular medical benefit, there is less justification for accepting the risks of intentional development of a metastable crystalline or amorphous form. Whether or not there is medical benefit, the risks associated with development of a metastable form must be mitigated by laboratory work which provides assurance that (a) the largest possible form change will have no substantive effect on product quality or bioavailability, and/or (b) a change will not occur under all reasonable real-world storage conditions, and/or (c) analytical methodology and sampling procedures are in place which assure that a problem will be detected before dosage forms which have compromised quality or bioavailability can reach patients.     

Intranasal immunization against influenza.

Nasalflu is a novel influenza subunit vaccine, which is administered by the intranasal route using a spray device. Nasalflu is based on the virosomal concept which is registered in the EU as Epaxal Berna, a vaccine against Hepatitis A, and Inflexal Berna V, a subunit influenza vaccine. The virosome is a carrier system which delivers antigens to cells and is able to induce both B- and T-cell immunity. When virosomal vaccines are given parenterally, an immune response is elicited fast and sufficiently.     

Principles: when there should be no difference--how to fail to reject the null hypothesis

It is common to perform experiments in which a 'success' is claimed when the null hypothesis is discarded. However, there is a category of experiment that has become important in which a success is when the null hypothesis is not rejected. Failing to discard the null hypothesis is different from proving it to be valid, a distinction that is particularly important in experiments in which any inadequacy of experimental design or implementation enhances the likelihood of a success. The appropriate analysis of such experiments tests for evidence of the validity of the null hypothesis rather than simply failing to find evidence against it.     

DNA microarray analysis of pulmonary fibrosis three months after exposure to paraquat in rats

Although paraquat (PQ) is known to induce pulmonary fibrosis, how it does so is not entirely clear. To elucidate the mechanisms involved, the profile of gene expression in the lung at three months after exposure to PQ (7 mg/kg, s.c., daily for eight administrations) was investigated in rats using a DNA microarray. Changes in gene expression that were considered to reflect damage to the lung, a change in the balance of electrolytes and fluid, and alveolar remodeling were observed. The products of these genes were: CSF-1 receptor, which is a receptor of inflammatory cytokines that activates monocyte/macrophages; TGF-beta type II receptor, which is a receptor of TGF-betas involved in wound healing and fibrosis; a subunit of Na+/K(+)-ATPase, an amiloride-sensitive cation channel, and a subunit of the potassium channel, all of which regulate the alveolar fluid balance and play a role in clearing lung edema; the adenosine A2a receptor, which has a protective function in the lung and interacts with dopamine D1 and D2 receptors to regulate the function of amiloride-sensitive cation channels; cofilin, which is involved in the depolymerization and cleavage of actin filaments; LIM motif-containing protein kinase 1, which negatively regulates the activity of cofilin; SHPS-1, which regulates the integrin-mediated reorganization of the cytoskeleton; and sodium channel beta 2, which is involved in cell adhesion and migration. These results indicate that PQ-induced pulmonary fibrosis does not merely terminate as cicatrices three months after the discontinuation of PQ treatment, but that dynamic functional change continues in the lung.     

The two-modes-of-binding model for partial agonism and the design of partial agonists

A model of drug action is developed for a drug which can bind in two modes to a given receptor: an agonist mode which elicits a response and an antagonist mode which does not. It is shown that this combination of agonist and antagonist binding, which is tantamount to self-antagonism, can lead to agonist, partial agonist or antagonist behavior. The proposed two-modes-of-binding model has applications to the design of partial agonists. Finally, partial agonism arising from two modes of binding is indistinguishable from partial agonism occurring by two-state model mechanisms using experimental equilibrium studies.     

Medical treatment of primary, secondary, and tertiary hyperparathyroidism

Hyperparathyroidism is a condition with elevated parathyroid hormone (PTH). The increase may be due to a) primary hyperparathyroidism which is caused by adenoma of one or more parathyroid glands or hyperplasia of all four glands, b) secondary hyperparathyroidism, which may be caused by deficiency in vitamin D or uremia, and 3) tertiary hyperparathyroidism, which most often is the result of a long-standing, severe secondary hyperparathyroidism, which has turned autonomous once the cause of the secondary hyperparathyroidism has been removed. Many new treatment options have been introduced in recent years. Cinacalcet is calcium sensing receptor agonist, which by stimulating the receptor decreases PTH and calcium levels. It may be used in primary hyperparathyroidism, secondary hyperparathyroidism caused by uremia, which may not be controlled with calcium and activated vitamin D. It may also be used in tertiary hyperparathyroidism. Newer analogues of vitamin D such as paricalcitol have also been introduced, which may have an advantage over traditional compounds such as alphacalcidol and calcitriol.     

Patent Evaluation: Nucleic Acid Hybridization as a Diagnostic Tool

Summary

Novelty: A novel gene detection method is reported which is safe, convenient, highly sensitive and quick.

Biology: A single stranded nucleic acid probe which has a base sequence complementary to the gene to be detected, is immobilized onto the surface of an electrode or the tip of an optical fibre. The nucleic probe is then reacted with the gene sample, which is denatured to a single stranded form, and then the nucleic acid probe which is hybridized with the gene, is detected. In this procedure, a substance capable of recognizing and binding specifically to the double stranded nucleic acid and being active electrochemically or optically, is added to the reaction system which consists of the nucleic acid probe and the gene sample. The detection of the nucleic acid probe is conducted by electrochemical or optical determination.     

Differential effects of glycine on the anticonvulsant activity of D-cycloserine and L-701,324 in mice

The anticonvulsant effects of D-cycloserine, which is a partial agonist of the glycine/N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor, and L-701,324, which is a selective and potent antagonist that acts at the glycine site, were studied in electroshock-induced seizures in mice. Glycine, which is a natural full agonist that acts at the glycine site, enhanced the seizure threshold-increasing effect of D-cycloserine. L-701,324 produced a marked increase in the seizure threshold, which was significantly reversed by the administration of glycine. These results suggest that indirect glycine/NMDA antagonistic mechanisms may be responsible for the anticonvulsant action of D-cycloserine.     

转基因动物在药理学研究中的应用及前景

转基因动物是指基因组中稳定整合外源基因 (或特定的DNA片段 )并且能遗传和表达的一类动物。啮齿类转基因技术最早是Gordon在 1980年开创的 ,这一技术的应用打开了生物技术和基因调节之门 ,通过建立整体模型转入基因调控成分 ,已经能在复杂的细胞组织环境中再现或模拟人类的一部分疾病。药物研究的动物模型不断发展和运用 ,正在开辟新药研制和生产的新天地。本文简要介绍转基因动物在药理学中的应用和进展