青岛局地风特征的分析

本文根据位于胶州湾东岸的青岛沧口和流亭两机场气象台和唠山区气象台资料及现场实验资料对胶州湾东岸的海陆风气候特征,来自胶州湾与来自南面黄海水域的两支海陆风相互作用及其对沧口地区的影响,崂山西坡下坡风的气候特征及影响进行了分析。文中还提出了一种根据常规气象观测资料估算海陆风发生频率的方法。     

辽宁葫芦岛地区海陆风及热内边界层研究

根据2007年辽宁葫芦岛气象站资料分析了葫芦岛地区海陆风变化特征,并用MM5v3模式模拟了典型日的海陆风风场变化和热内边界层位温场结构变化。结果表明:海风和陆风出现的频率有明显的季节性变化。冬季陆风较多,春夏海风较多,春季、秋季易形成海陆风;海风起止时间夏季长冬季短,陆风起止时间秋冬季较夏季长;典型海陆风日中,海风造成陆地湿度变大,海风风速大于陆风风速;通过海风的数值模拟,海风由生成到成熟海岸吹向内陆其厚度可增厚到2 000 m以上,伸向内陆距离可到40 km;热内边界层向内陆呈舌状分布,海岸边界层高度在200-300 m之间,抛物面高度随着向内陆延伸的距离增加而升高。热内边界层最高达1 800 m。     

台湾海峡地区地面风场数值试验和数值模拟

利用修改的一层原始方程模式(Danard模式),对台湾海峡地区地面风场进行了数值试验和数值模拟。首先在一些理想情况下,研究了地面气压场、地形、摩擦和加热对地面风场的影响。指出:地面气压场决定了地面风场的基本分布;摩擦对海陆风速差异有重要作用;地形作用表现为弱的分流和阻流作用,加热作用使风场趋于紊乱。并在东北气流控制下的实际风场进行了数值模拟,效果良好。     

长江口外海上风速的近似推算摸式

在分析长江口外海陆风速差的日变化、季节变化特征的基础上,考虑了海陆不同下垫面的粗糙度和温度层结对风速变化的影响,建立了一个利用沿海陆地站测风推算近岸海上风速的模式。计算结果表明,推算值与实测值有着相当好的吻合,具有一定的实用价值。     

Numerical analysis of the sea (lake) breeze dynamics and initialization of the model

In this paper, analysed are the effects of synoptic wind, earth-rotation inertia and land surface roughness on sea (lake) breeze process, on the basis of the calculated results of a 2-D primitive equation model with turbulent energy closure. The results show that a moderate background wind field acts as a trigger for sea (lake) breeze onset, and presents prominent effect on the breeze intensity, inland advance rate and structure feature. The effects of Coriolis force not only make the breeze veering round, but also damp the development of the breeze component normal to shore.The paper also discussed the dynamic method of wind field initialization based on one-site radiosonde. Three approaches of initialization have been tested. In comparison, it was found that the approach of one-dimensional dynamic initialization with nudging term was preferable to the others.     

一种港口塔吊水平风荷载预报模型的设计和实现

利用2012-06—2013-05渤海湾北岸曹妃甸港100m风能塔风观测资料,研究了空气动力学粗糙度z0的月变化特征及其和地面10m风速之间的关系,并针对港口安全运营调度精细化气象服务保障需求,设计了一种港口塔吊定点、定量水平风荷载的预报模型。结果表明:受海陆风和周围环境的季节性变化影响,渤海湾北岸z0具有明显的月变化特征;通过拟合确立了z0和地面10m处10min平均风速在海-陆风和陆-海风两个方位上的粗糙度方程,梯度风速计算试验显示方程稳定可用;基于以上结论建立了定点、定量风荷载预报模型,预报试验和程序开发结果表明,基于上述结论所建立的港口塔吊水平风荷载计算模型正确可行,更适用于风险预报业务。     

龙口的海风及其影响

本文运用龙口气象站近５年自记风资料及实测探空资料，分析了龙口海风的生消规律、海风强度、空间结构及海风生成后对温、湿度的影响。同时为分析海风环流对大气污染物的影响。本文提出了一个简单地计算热内边界层的方法。     

海南岛地形对局地海风环流结构影响的数值模拟

本文利用WRF模式对2014年5月25日发生在海南的一次海风过程进行了数值模拟,通过地形敏感性试验,探讨了海南岛地形对局地海风环流结构的影响。结果表明:控制试验（CNTL）海风于15时左右达到强盛。无地形试验（FLAT）中,水平方向上,海风持续时间缩短,南、北、西向海风向内陆传播距离变短1~5 km,海风强度减弱1 m/s左右,海风动能及辐合强度在沿海地区及西南山区存在大值衰减区;垂直方向上,海风碰撞位置向西、北方向移动,高空回流高度降低,海风厚度减小,垂直环流强度减弱2~6 m2/s2,海风锋附近的垂直速度减小10 cm/s以上。谷风对海风同相叠加作用的消失也使得海风强度减弱。其主要影响机制为:在动力方面,由山脉屏障作用引起的海风强迫抬升、绕流等增强作用消失;在热力方面,地表吸收净辐射减少,导致其向大气中释放的感热、潜热通量等各项均减少约9%,这种改变造成了海陆之间温度、气压差的减小,最终造成了海风的减弱。此外,通过两组削山试验,发现海拔高度降低区辐合范围、强度及动能均减小,同时海风垂直环流结构也相应发生改变,其中移去黎母山脉（RMLM）对海风环流结构的影响大于移去五指山脉（RMWZ）。     

Detecting a response to weak sea breezes in the New South Wales coastal ocean

Current meter data from the coastal ocean at Sydney, south‐eastern Australia, were analysed to seek evidence of a response to the prevailing summer sea breeze. A response to the sea breeze was found in the currents. This is significant since the magnitude of the sea breeze was small by comparison with winds associated with large‐scale pressure systems and the East Australian Current. Responses were determined by analysing short periods (3–5 days) of sea breeze activity as opposed to the whole 2‐month data set. The correlations between the alongshore nearshore diurnal‐period currents and the local wind stress during the sea breeze periods were significantly higher than the correlations during non‐sea‐breeze periods. Despite the stronger correlations the sea breeze could only account for around one‐quarter of the variance in the diurnal‐period currents. However, the detection of the response to the sea breeze is significant since the sea breeze has never previously been identified as a process for forcing alongshore nearshore currents on this shelf.     

云迹风资料同化对东亚海域风场数值模拟的影响

为了揭示云迹风资料同化对于东亚海域内各层模拟风场的影响,采用由日本GMS卫星红外和水汽通道资料反演得到的1999年6月底至7月初的云迹风资料,首先对这些云迹风资料进行质量评估,评估结果表明云迹风u,v分量的均方根误差和偏差都在所容许的误差范围之内.然后针对10个个例进行5种不同的四维同化模拟试验,多种同化试验和无同化控制试验的检验对比表明:在经过初始12 h常规高空地面资料和云迹风资料同化过程以后,模拟结果质量有了比较明显的提升;各种同化试验与控制试验间的最大差异发生在12h,也即同化结束的时刻,此后随着模拟时间的增长,两者间的差异逐渐变小;但24~36h同化试验对控制试验的改进效果又开始提升,36h后效果再次下降.由于海面上缺少常规测站,因此无法实现海面部分的测站同化,而这必将影响到海面部分的模拟质量,而云迹风资料恰可以祢补这个不足.试验表明云迹风资料对u,v风场的改进则主要集中在对流层高层(300~200hPa),对中低层的影响不很明显,这与云迹风资料主要集中在高层是相一致的.另外,敏感性试验表明经过质量控制的云迹风同化模拟的性能相对不采用质量控制的同化模拟有了一定程度的提高.     

Transient wind drift currents in a tidal inlet: Theoretical analysis of Ekman drift current and field experiments in Suonada,the Seto Inland Sea

Time-dependent wind drift currents in a basin with finite depth have been solved analytically in order to understand their fundamental behavior in coastal waters. The drift currents due to the land/sea breeze, as a typical example of time-dependent winds, have been examined with attention to the manner of their oscillation in their vertical profiles. The theoretical analysis indicates that the drift current due to the land/sea breeze might be amplified effectively around the southern part of Japan, where the oscillating period of the wind is near to the inertial period. The analysis of the physical process of the drift current reveals the following two important aspects: the Ekman boundary layer in a rotating frame is physically consistent with the Stokes boundary layer due to oscillating currents in an inertial frame, and so the inertial motion due to the wind is dispersed to the deeper level by the vertical viscosity in a rotating frame. The harmonic analysis was performed for the residual data after removal of the four main tidal constituents, M2, S2, K1 and O1, from the raw data observed in Suonada sound, the Seto Inland Sea. The feature of the analytically solved drift currents corresponded well to the observed picture. The vertical viscosity in this field has been estimated at 10⁻³ m²/s by adjusting the harmonically analytical result of the observed data to the vertical profile of the analytically solved drift current.     

Numerical study of the marine breeze around Mallorca Island

A study of marine breezes and their impact on the wave field around Mallorca Island was carried out by numerical simulations with the spectral wave model SWAN and three different wind fields: WRF – Weather Research and Forecasting model, HIRLAM – High Resolution Limited Area model and ECMWF – European Center for Medium-range Weather Forecasts. The main characteristics of the modelled breeze circulation and its effects on the wave field are analyzed. The modified wave field under breeze conditions and the correlations with their variability and daily short life time period are studied and discussed by analyzing the spectral balance. The results show that the accuracy of a wave forecast will depend on the quality of the wind field and its ability to simulate the sea breeze induced waves. The study period covers the summers of 2009 and 2010. In addition, to assess the performance of SWAN forced with two different winds the numerically obtained significant wave heights (Hs) are collocated against the ENVISAT-ESA's Environmental Satellite measurements (GLOBWAVE data) of Hs around the Mallorca Island.     

初始化方案对有限区域海面风场数值预报模式的影响

在一个已应用于海洋要素预报的有限区域海面风场预报模式的基础上,以渤海海域为实验海区,研究初始化方案对有限区域海面风场数值预报模式的影响。对“未采用初始化”与“采用初始化”方法进行了预报实验比较,结果表明,初始化方法对有限区域海面风场模式作用明显,尤其是海面风场的开始阶段,主要体现在海风与陆风预报能力的差异上。     

埕岛海域风况观测与分析

利用埕岛海域海上与岸边陆地风速一年的同步观测资料，分析了海上风速与陆上风速空间的关系，给出了不同季节和不同时间海、陆风速换算公式；分析了海、陆风速日变化特征的差异，给出了该海域风况基本特征．     

青岛近海夏季海风特征及其预报方法研究

采用2003～2006年7～9月青岛以及沿海地区自动站资料、探空资料对青岛近海海风进行了统计分析.平均而言,青岛近海7～8月海风发生频率为30%～35%,9月海风发生频率为25%;海风开始时间平均为10:00～12:00,结束时间可以持续到18:00～19:00;海风在垂直方向上厚度为500～600 m左右.青岛近海海风的发生与否取决于青岛上空低层925 hPa风速大小、低层大气稳定度、海陆温差以及海平面气压差四方面的综合效应.通常,925 hPa风速达到8 m/s,系统风较强时不利于海风建立;当低层大气不稳定时,有利于触发海风环流的建立;海陆温差达到4 ℃以上时,青岛近海易出现海风;此外,当地转风为离岸风时,海阳站或日照站与青岛本站08:00时海平面气压差>1 hPa时,当日一般不会出现海风.综合以上预报因子及其指标,通过建立逻辑回归模型,初步实现了夏季青岛近海海风能否发生的客观预报,并在2007年举行的国际帆船赛期间得到了应用.     

Simulation of the Circulation and Space Structure of Thermohaline Fields in the Sevastopol Bay with Regard for the Actual External Data (Winter, 1997)

We discuss the results of the numerical experiment aimed at the simulation of the behavior of currents and transformations of the temperature and salt modes in the Sevastopol Bay in January–February 1997. In the numerical analysis, we use actual data on the velocity and direction of the wind, sea surface temperature, and the discharge of River Chernaya. It is shown that the circulation and structure of hydrological fields are mainly connected with the direction of the wind, its intensity, and variability in the course of time. Since the analyzed water area is shallow, the currents inside the bay undergo rapid transformations (less than for an hour after changes in the wind). At the same time, the transformations of the thermohaline fields are slower. Due to the inflow of fresh waters of River Chernaya and salt waters from the open sea through the strait, the structure of thermohaline fields formed in the bay is nonuniform (both in the vertical and horizontal directions). The distribution of salinity plays the main role in the formation of the vertical stratification, which is natural for the winter season. Due to the process of freshening of water, a quite high vertical salinity gradient is formed in the upper layer of the sea. As a result, the process of cooling does not lead to the appearance of convection and inversions of temperature are formed in the case where warmer waters are located in the bottom layers. __________ Translated from Morskoi Gidrofizicheskii Zhurnal, No. 2, pp. 60–76, March–April, 2005.     

海面风场对环台湾岛海域温跃层的影响

本文首先给出了环台湾岛海域的海表风场计算方法和海表风应力的参数化。在此基础上，把该研究海域分为四个区域，用对比的方法分析由POM模式所得到的数值结果，讨论了海表风应力对该海域不同类型温跃层的具体影响。主要结果如下：海表风应力是影响温跃层的动力因子，对季节性温跃层的深度和强度均有重大影响，但对大洋温跃层的影响不大；海面风场作用数值计算与实际风场误差不大，故可以用计算所得的风场来代表实际风场作实验对比分析；海表风应力较小时有利于温跃层的发展加强，风应力较大时温跃层将减弱消失。     

针对C波段组网SAR卫星的风场优化反演方法研究

地球物理模型函数是一种常被用于同极化合成孔径雷达（synthetic aperture radar,SAR）的风场反演方法。在使用该方法提取SAR数据的风速时,需要将风向作为输入信息,这导致反演风速的精度受风向精度的影响,且使SAR风场反演无法独立完成。为了解决这些问题,通过数值模拟获取仿真的组网SAR卫星数据,3颗SAR同时以不同的入射角观测同一海面。针对仿真的组网SAR卫星数据,发展了一种风场优化反演方法,可以在不输入风向的前提下反演风速,提供参考风向还可以进一步提高风场反演的精度。     

一种机器学习海面风场快速融合的方法

基于多源资料进行海面风场的同化融合或插值融合,目前受到计算能力的较大制约。本文提出在多源卫星数据和ERA-5再分析数据重叠区域,训练基于XGBoost的机器学习ERA-5数据修正融合模型。然后基于该模型快速修正ERA-5数据(机器学习推理)。由于机器学习推理的快速性,ERA-5全区域修正融合的时间仅需2 s左右,可以较小计算代价构建整个海面融合风场。本文以10 m风速、10 m风向、U10分量和V10分量等典型风场变量展开,考虑了海陆分布差异使用陆地掩膜消除陆地区域,分别构建D＿S＿A＿XGBoost、D＿S＿O＿XGBoost、U＿V＿A＿XGBoost、U＿V＿O＿XGBoost 4个ERA-5修正模型,并最终生成海面融合风场。通过修正前后的ERA-5再分析数据与卫星数据进行比较,上述4个模型均减小了ERA-5再分析数据与卫星数据的差距。特别是在风速方面,不论是均方根误差(RMSE)还是绝对误差(MAE)都得到有效降低。在风向方面上,RMSE_d以及MAE_d也呈现降低趋势。在利用热带大气海洋观测计划(Tropical Atmosphere ...     

非结构网格模型在闽东沿海台风浪模拟中的应用

基于加密的非结构三角网格,以Holland模型风场叠加美国国家环境预报中心（NCEP）海面风场构造的合成风场驱动第三代浅水波浪数值模型（SWAN）对2017年影响闽东海域的“纳沙”和“泰利”台风过程进行数值模拟,并运用浮标站的实测数据对模拟结果进行验证.结果表明,模型计算的风速、有效波高与实测值符合较好,合成风场能较好地模拟台风期间的风速变化过程,SWAN模式能够合理地再现闽东沿海台风浪的时空分布特征.由模拟结果可见：台风“纳沙”中心越过台湾岛进入台湾海峡北部海面,受海峡地形的约束,其波浪场呈NE—SW向椭圆状分布,北部海域的浪高大于南部,闽东沿海遍布大范围的巨浪到狂浪;超强台风“泰利”未登陆闽东,当其台风中心与大陆的距离最近时,海面波浪场分布与台风风场结构一致,台风中心附近海域为14 m以上的怒涛区,巨浪遍布于闽东沿海.研究结果可为闽东沿海台风浪灾害预警和应急管理提供技术支撑和参考依据.