239,240Pu and137Cs in the East China and the Yellow Seas

The distribution and inventory of artificial radionuclides,^239,240Pu and¹³⁷Cs were determined in the East China and the Yellow Seas in 1987. Almost all of^239,240Pu and 50 to 80% of¹³⁷Cs in the continental shelf area are retained in the sediment column.^239,240Pu sediment inventory in the sea area is larger than the fallout input and tends to increase southwardly. This excess^239,240Pu and the lateral distribution are attributable to the supply of^239,240Pu by the Yangtze River discharge. On the contrary,¹³⁷Cs sediment inventory shows a decrease to the south, and the fact can be accounted for by the southward dispersion of fine silt particles discharged from the Yellow River. Total¹³⁷Cs inventory is smaller than the estimated fallout input, and the fact seems to indicate dispersion of¹³⁷Cs out of the shelf region. Vertical profiles of^239,240Pu and¹³⁷Cs contents in sediments differ from that of natural²¹⁰Pb, implying the effect of varied accumulation rates of the artificial radionuclides over the sediment particle mixing by benthic organisms. Apparent maximum sediment particle mixing coefficient (D _B ) calculated from the excess²¹⁰Pb profiles in stations located between the inner and outer shelves ranged from 1.4 to 8.3 cm²y^–1. ThisD _B value is higher than that in the Okinawa Trough (1.0 cm²y^–1), but lower than previously estimatedD _B value (26 cm²y^–1) in the outer shelf mud.     

海水中~（137）Cs的快速富集与分析

以亚铁氰化铜（CuFC）作为吸附剂,采用循环吸附的方法制备用于海水中137Cs富集的富集材料,同时采用湿样制源的方法制备样品源.研究结果显示当流量在5.0、6.0 dm3/min,且富集体积保持在900 dm3以下时,对海水中137Cs的富集效率保持在85%以上,且随富集体积的变化并不明显;当流量增大到7.0、8.0 dm3/min,且富集体积从500 dm3增大到1 000 dm3时,其富集效率从85%左右下降到75%左右,呈现出明显的下降趋势;而当流量进一步增大到10 dm3/min时,富集效率急剧下降到68%左右.研究结果表明,将流量控制在5.0~8.0dm3/min且富集体积在500 dm3以下时,可以在保证较高的富集效率的同时有效地减少富集时间,达到快速富集的目的.此外,湿样制源的方式缩短了样品前处理时间,提高了样品处理效率.本研究中所使用的海水中137Cs的富集和分析方法总计耗时约需8h左右,只相当于传统分析方法耗时的1/5左右.     

239, 240Pu,137Cs and90Sr in the central North Pacific

^{239, 240}Pu,¹³⁷Cs and⁹⁰Sr concentrations were determined in sea waters from the central and western North Pacific in 1980 and 1982. The results are consistent with those reported earlier for North Pacific waters. The profiles of⁹⁰Sr and¹³⁷Cs show a monotonic decrease with depth, whilst^{239, 240}Pu shows a distinct subsurface maximum at a depth between 400 and 1,000 m. The calculated inventories of these nuclides significantly exceed the global mean fallout inputs for these latitudes. This may be due to local fallout input to the ocean at times of large-scale nuclear weapon tests in the equatorial North Pacific. The existence of measurable amounts of¹³⁷Cs and^{239, 240}Pu in deep waters suggests that these nuclides are transported by sinking particulate matter from the surface to the deep ocean.     

137Cs 测年的1986 年时标探讨

本文依据日本监测的137Cs 年大气沉降通量，利用相应的降水数据进行修正，定量分析长江口1986 年137Cs 大气沉降特征，结合长江口沉积物中137Cs 与239+240Pu 比活度垂直剖面的分布特征对1986 年时标进行探讨，同时讨论了识别该时标的方法。结论如下： （1） 长江口137Cs 大气沉降通量趋势与日本东京基本一致，1986 年都存在明显的137Cs 沉降峰，所以长江口沉积物中应存在切尔诺贝利核事故泄露的137Cs 蓄积峰记录。（2） 相比于稳定的湖泊沉积环境，沉积动力环境复杂的长江口可以结合Pu 同位素推断137Cs 剖面的1986 年次级峰，但是根据沉积物平均沉积速率、蓄积峰比值等推算此次级峰较为困难，所以对1986 年辅助计年时标的应用要慎重。     

海水中~(137)Cs的分析方法

本方法采用磷钼酸铵(AMP)预富集CS,在弱酸介质中以氯铂酸铯形式沉淀、制源,进行β放射性测量,求海水中~(137)Cs的含量。方法的灵敏度为4.3×10~(-4)Bq/L,全程化学回收率和放化回收率分别为74.6±13.3％和71.4±3.3％。对~(40)K和~(87)Rb这两个干扰核素的去除率分别为100％和96％。     

137Cs测年在海岸盐沼中的应用

海岸盐沼广泛分布在海岸和河口环境,滩面有盐生植被覆盖,并且被潮水沟分割成片。研究海岸盐沼沉积过程和沉积速率,对于深入认识人类活动与海岸系统之间的相互作用具有非常重要的意义1。37Cs测年技术是近20年用来测定现代沉积速率的一个有效方法,人工核试验产生的137Cs被释放到大气中,再经气-水、水-沉积物界面的交换和吸附而沉淀在地层里,通过几次出现的峰值年代来计算不同时段的沉积速率;该方法在计算湖泊沉积速率方面取得了成功,在陆架、海湾、潮滩等区域也取得了较好的成果。但由于该方法对研究区域地层记录的稳定性有较高的要求,沉积物黏土含量、分选程度均对137Cs含量有显著影响;海岸盐沼由于植被生长茂盛,根系伸入地层深处,对沉积地层有较大扰动,因此,很难分辨出特征峰值,需要借助其他手段来综合判断特征沉降峰值。     

北太平洋西部和印度洋东部及其邻近海域表层水体中137Cs的分布

对北太平洋西部海域、苏禄海及印尼海、中国南海、印度洋东部海域、孟加拉湾及安达曼海等表层水体中放射性核素137Cs的活度进行了测定。结果表明,上述海域表层水体中137Cs活度显示了较大的变化范围,最低值出现在南极附近的南大洋(1.1Bqm-3),较高的活度值则出现在北太平洋西部海域及中国南海(3Bqm-3)。在所研究水域范围内,137Cs活度的纬度分布特征并没有完全有效地反映出137Cs的全球理论大气沉降趋势及其纬度效应。综合本研究及Miyake等人(1988)的测定结果,我们计算出137Cs自表层海水中的析出速率在苏禄海及印尼海约为0.016/a,在孟加拉湾及安达曼海约为0.033/a,在中国南海约为0.029/a,这一结果明显低于西北太平洋日本沿海表层水体中137Cs的析出速率。这可能是因为在这些海域,横向及纵向的水体混合过程相对都较慢,而且颗粒物对137Cs的吸附析出过程也比较弱所致。     

Artificial radionuclides in the western Northwest Pacific (I)90Sr and137Cs in the deep waters

⁹⁰Sr and¹³⁷Cs concentrations and their vertical distributions were determined in deep waters in the western Northwest Pacific, including the adjacent seas of Japan, from 1976 to 1979.The profiles of the radionuclides show distribution patterns with two parts with an exponential variation of radioisotope content with depth in both parts.Generally speaking, the inventories of⁹⁰Sr and¹³⁷Cs in the open waters of the northwestern Pacific correspond fairly well to the fallout inputs, but in some circumstances there seems to be considerable removal of radionuclides from the water column or they are diluted with water of lower radioactivity from other regions.The possibility of radioisotope remobilization from the bottom sediment or particulate matter is also discussed.     

Pb and Cs in sediments from Sagami Bay, Japan: sedimentation rates and inventories

Profiles of the radioisotopes ²¹⁰Pb and ¹³⁷Cs were determined in 15 sediment cores collected from Sagami Bay, Japan. The activities of ²¹⁰Pb_ex (unsupported) in core top sediments increased with water depth from 25 dpm g⁻¹ on the upper continental slope off the mouth of Tokyo Bay to an average of 283 dpm g⁻¹ at the deep-sea station SB. The high ²¹⁰Pb trapping efficiency of settling particles expected from the results of the sediment trap experiment near the SB site suggests that effective ²¹⁰Pb enrichment in surface sediments may occur during resuspension and lateral transportation of particles via the benthic nepheloid layer on the continental slope. In several cores, ¹³⁷Cs profiles showed an increase, a distinct peak, and then a decrease to an undetectable level downcore. These profiles can be compared with the temporal change of bomb-produced ¹³⁷Cs fallout.The mean sedimentation rates estimated by the ²¹⁰Pb_ex inventory method, rather than using ²¹⁰Pb_ex profiles, ranged from 0.06 g cm⁻² y⁻¹ to 0.14 g cm⁻² y⁻¹. The average value of the rates in SB cores was calculated to be 0.11 g cm⁻² y⁻¹, which was similar to that calculated under the assumption that the age of the ¹³⁷Cs peak corresponds to its maximum fallout year in 1963.Although ¹³⁷Cs inventories represented one tenth of the anthropogenic fallout of ¹³⁷Cs until 1997, they correlated with the increase in ²¹⁰Pb_ex inventory. This suggests that the scavenging of refractory ¹³⁷Cs as well as ²¹⁰Pb by settling particles in the water column can lead to the formation of a time marker layer even in deep-sea sediment core, such as at the SB site.     

90Sr and137Cs contents in the surface waters of the adjacent seas of Japan and the North Pacific during 1969 to 1973

The concentrations of⁹⁰Sr and¹³⁷Cs, derived from the radioactive fallout, in the surface layers of the adjacent seas of Japan and the North Pacific were determined radiochemically during 1969 to 1973. The⁹⁰Sr and¹³⁷Cs concentrations in sea water decreased markedly with increase of the depth and below the depth of 1,000 m, the concentrations were approximately uniform. The distribution of⁹⁰Sr in the surface water of the North Pacific in spring of 1970 was approximately uniform, except two regions; rather large low-concentration region between 160°E and 170°W and relatively higher contamination area around 32°N and 146°W.     

大亚湾不同介质中137Cs和90Sr的含量及行为特征

分别用ＨＰＧｅγ谱方法和放化分离β计数方法测量了大亚湾海水、沉积物和海洋生物样品的人工放射性核素＾１３７Ｃｓ和＾９０Ｓｒ。计算了海洋生物对＾１３７Ｃｓ和＾９０Ｓｒ的浓集因子及其在沉积物和海水中的分配系数,对＾１３７Ｃｓ和＾９０Ｓｒ的含量水平,＾１３７Ｃｓ和＾９０Ｓｒ及其与样品中天然放射性核素含量相关性,海洋生物对＾１３７Ｃｓ和＾９０Ｓｒ的浓集,以及＾１３７Ｃｓ和＾９０Ｓｒ的地球化学进行了讨论。     

东海沿岸海底沉积物中的^137Cs,^210Pb分布及其沉积环境解释

通过对东海沿岸不同海区８个沉积柱样的１３７Ｃｓ或２１０Ｐｂ剖面的观测,运用１３７Ｃｓ时标法和２１０Ｐｂ过剩法估算了近几十年来的平均沉积速率。并对１３７Ｃｓ的区域分布与蓄积程度及其环境意义进行了初步探讨     

Distribution and inventories of 90Sr, 137Cs, 241Am and Pu isotopes in sediments of the Northwest Pacific Ocean

Bottom sediments collected in the Northwest (NW) Pacific Ocean in 1997 were analysed for ⁹⁰Sr, ¹³⁷Cs, ^239,240Pu and ²⁴¹Am contents to determine their distribution patterns, inventories and sources. Enhanced inventories of ^239,240Pu and ²⁴¹Am were observed in the latitudinal belts of 10–20°N and 30–40°N, which correspond to major areas of local (tropospheric) and global (stratospheric) fallout (with a contribution from local fallout), respectively. The sediment inventory of ^239,240Pu near the Bikini Atoll exceeded its overlying water inventory, however, in the mid-latitudes, more than 70% of ^239,240Pu still remains in the water column. ²⁴¹Am inventories in sediments exceeded that of the water column for the entire NW Pacific Ocean. Higher ¹³⁷Cs and ⁹⁰Sr sediment inventories in the latitudinal belt of 30–40°N are due to global fallout, and they account for about 10% and less than 5% of the water column inventories, respectively. The observed activity ratios of ¹³⁷Cs/⁹⁰Sr, ²³⁸Pu/^239,240Pu and ²⁴¹Am/^239,240Pu in sediment were at some stations higher than the global fallout ratios due to contributions from local fallout and due to specific processes in the water column. Two end-member mixing model based on the ²⁴⁰Pu/²³⁹Pu atom ratios observed in global and local fallout yielded ∼60% contribution of the local fallout in the bottom sediments near the Bikini Atoll. The upward decrease in the ²⁴⁰Pu/²³⁹Pu atom ratios in the sediment column indicates a decrease in the contribution of local fallout to the Pu inventory with time. ²⁴¹Am and ²⁴¹Pu dating of sediment layers was utilized to explain a hiatus in sediment accumulation in the deep seafloor.     

南海东北部表层沉积物天然放射性核素与~(137)Cs

用HPGeγ谱仪测定了南海东北部表层沉积物中的放射性核素 .结果给出 7种核素的平均比活度分别为40 K :538Bq/kg ,2 10 Pb :1 1 6Bq/kg ,2 2 6Ra:2 7 7Bq/kg ,2 2 8Ra:4 4 9Bq/kg ,2 2 8Th :4 2 0Bq/kg ,2 38U :35 4Bq/kg和137Cs:1 1 6Bq/kg ,2 10 Pb的比活度随离岸距离增大 ,2 2 6Ra比活度随离岸距离没有明显变化 ,其余核素比活度随离岸距离减小 .与对我国近海其他海域报道的沉积物放射性核素含量相比 ,40 K和137Cs稍低于其他海域 ,其余核素为中等水平 .     

江苏固城湖近代沉积210Pb、137Cs计年及其环境意义

对江苏固城湖沉积柱状岩心进行了210Pb、137Cs测定,以研究湖泊沉积过程和人类活动的关系。137Cs剖面显示的蓄积峰和1986年前苏联切尔诺贝利核电站核泄漏相对应,由此获得的沉积速率为0.066 cm/a;同时,利用210Pb计年的CRS模式计算了固城湖20世纪初以来不同时段的沉积速率,结果表明,在上世纪60年代初沉积物堆积速率最高,达到0.187 g/(cm2.a),80年代后沉积速率趋于稳定,约0.067 cm/a,与137Cs结果相一致。对比洪湖沉积钻孔210Pb、137Cs分布后发现,洪湖137Cs分布和固城湖相似。其人类围垦最强烈的时期正好是其137Cs峰值减弱或消失的时间段,同时也是沉积速率最高的时期。可见人类活动的影响会导致放射性核素在垂直剖面分布的不同。     

独流减河盐沼210Pbexc和137Cs剖面记录的现代洪水事件沉积

在独流减河入海口附近河道之间的盐沼采用人工探坑侧壁连续取样,获得2个站位的沉积物样品。通过²¹⁰Pb和¹³⁷Cs定年法建立年代框架,结合粒度分析、有孔虫鉴定和水文数据,探讨了该区的现代洪水事件沉积。结果表明,该区沉积物的²¹⁰Pb_exc比活度-深度剖面中存在2处明显的低值沉积层,分别在3~6 cm和10~14 cm深度,这2个沉积层分别对应¹³⁷Cs曲线的次峰和主峰。这两层与上下相邻层位相比呈现粒径较粗、分选较差,有孔虫丰度较低、破损百分比较高的特征。²¹⁰Pb测年结果显示,¹³⁷Cs曲线下部的主峰对应的年龄为1963年,与全球性的最大峰值形成时间相对应,而上部的次峰对应的并非1986年切尔诺贝利核泄漏事故形成的次峰。区内水文数据显示,在1963和1996年分别发生了2次较大的洪水事件。因此,推断S4和S5站位剖面中2个特殊的沉积层是由洪水事件造成的。本研究说明高分辨率沉积特征的多指标研究可以较为准确地揭示洪水等灾害性事件发生的年代和频率,这有利于系统地揭露海陆过渡带地区地质历史时期灾害和气候事件的频率和强度,为灾害预防和未来规划提供科学依据。     

Pb,Zn, Cs,Sc and rare earth elements as tracers of the Loire and Gironde particles on the Biscay shelf (SW France)

The western Atlantic continental margin of the Bay of Biscay is characterised by a combined macro-tidal and a high energy environment. These conditions are responsible for the essentially sandy sedimentary cover along with well-defined fine deposit zones observed on the shelf. The main continental sources are the Loire, Gironde and Adour Rivers. It is estimated that 2.4 to 2.5 million tons of fine sediments are supplied annually to the ocean from these rivers of the French Atlantic coast. The Gironde and the Loire contribute with 84 % and the Gironde with 60 % of this amount. Previous studies of the distribution of the clay mineral assemblages and of oligo-elements have distinguished two provinces (north and south Biscay areas) according to these riverine sources. The use of an inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) technique allowed us to analyse both heavy metals and rare earth elements (REE), thus permitting an effective characterisation of continental sources. On the basis of these results, it has been possible to better identify the respective contributions of the Loire and the Gironde Rivers to the fine-grained sedimentation on the inner shelf.     

广东近岸海域表层水中^90Sr和^137Cs的分布

本文提供了1989～1991年广东近岸表层水中~(90)Sr和~(137)Cs含量的分析结果。在调查海区,~(90)Sr含量为2.31～3.75mBq/L,平均值为3.21±0.45mBq/L。~(137)Cs含量为2.10～4.49mBq/L,平均值为3.47±0.89mBq/L。~(137)Cs/~(90)Sr放射性的比值为0.63～1.69,平均值为1.11±0.35。调查结果表明,近三年来未发现广东近岸海域有明显的人工放射性污染。目前广东近岸海水中的~(90)Sr和~(137)Cs主要仍是以往核试验所产生的放射性落下灰残余。