亚洲一号卫星共视法定轨及时刻同步

１９９３年中国科学院同步卫星观测网同步接收亚洲一号卫星的电视信号，进行了多台站时差法定轨及共视法时刻同步试验。试验：时差法定轨在经度、纬度方向精度较高，在卫星高度方向误差较大，不进行卫星位置修正时，时刻同步误差小于３μｓ； 卫星位置修正时的时刻同步误差小于０．９μｓ，可应用于局或大范围网络时刻同步及同步卫星轨道研究。     

三站时差法荧光屏卫星(714MHz)定位及时刻同步

利用同步的三个地面站,同时接收荧光屏卫星(714MHz)的信号,由卫星信号至各地面站的传播时延差,计算出卫星的位置,定位精度在0.1以内。国内任何接收点,接收卫星信号并作卫星位置的时延修正,则与陕西天文台时刻同步误差小于5μs(1σ)。     

卫星电视授时系统及精度估计

我国已建成短波、长波授时台，进行毫秒级、微秒级的时间服务．随着现代科技和经济的发展，上述方法已不能满足国家及国际交流的需要．本文提出卫星电视授时系统，同步卫星定位精度小于１１０ｍ，卫星授时精度为亚微秒。两原子钟利用卫星进行时刻同步，其精度与两原子钟的距离有关，相距３千多公里的两钟同步精度小于３５ｎｓ，相距数百公里的两原子钟同步精度小于２０ｎｓ     

介绍一种时刻比对用直播电视卫星简易接收机

本文介绍一种简易直播电视卫星时间比对仪。利用卫星进行高精度时刻同步,已被越来越多的国家所重视。这里介绍一种时刻比对用直播电视卫星简易接收机,我国部分地区可以接收到“静止—T”直播电视卫星的信号,用于时刻同步。不作轨道修正情况下的时刻同步偏差小于100μs,在轨道修正的情况下时刻比对准确度小于10μs。这种接收机便于携带,操作方便,成本低(300元以下),配上控制和记录仪器,便可构成自动化时刻比对系统。     

彩色电视副载波信号在卫星定轨中的应用（摘要）

即使静止、同步卫星有着标称位置，但由于各种摄动的存在会使卫星轨道发生漂移．而在许多应用中，例如高精度时间同步，必须精确知道卫星的轨道．另外，由于很少为时间传递、时间同步发射专用卫星，所以它通常使用以其他目的为基本任务的卫星，如气象卫星、通信广播卫星等．以往，这些卫星的轨道信息总是由卫星主管部门给出，在这种情况下，卫星的轨道确定不可能专门考虑第二目的．为此，应用部门为了满足自己的需要，在不影响卫星基本功能条件下，采用闭路动态技术来精确确定卫星的轨道．本文在简要叙述闭路动态卫星定轨原理的基础上，探讨了利用卫星彩色电视副载波信号测速进行同步卫星定轨的可能性．并给出单台站的某些试验测量结果．     

荧光屏电视广播卫星的初步定位及卫星时刻同步

利用三个地面站同时接收卫星电视信号,分离出Line—319同步脉冲,并记录本地钟与分离脉冲的时刻差。在三个地面站时钟同步的情况下,可得卫星信号至各地面站的传播时延差;在假定地心距为常数的情况下,解算出卫星的位置。确定卫星经纬度,国内任何可接收卫星信号的地方,通过卫星与陕西天文台标准时刻同步的均方误差小于±3.5μs     

直播卫星(714MHz)信号至两地面站传播时延差的测定

位于东经99°赤道上空的直播电视卫星(714MHz)是静止轨道的同步卫星,陕西天文台和北京天文台合作,同时接收卫星的电视信号,提取规定的某行同步脉冲,记录本地原子钟的秒信号与该脉冲的时刻差,并且利用Loran-C长波定时信号使两天文台的原子钟同步,对卫星比对结果作钟差修正,从而获得卫星信号至两地面站的传播时延差。初步结果表明:卫星信号至陕台、北台的时延差变化范围是60μs,用二次曲线分段拟合,标准偏差(10)在1μs左右。这结果对于卫星定位、研究静止卫星轨道的运动及初步的时刻同步是有意义的。     

基于转发式测轨系统的GEO卫星机动检测初探

通过对利用C波段转发式测轨网观测"鑫诺一号"卫星得到的原始资料进行初步分析,探讨卫星轨道机动时卫星在测站与卫星连线方向的距离、速度和加速度的变化规律,并提出一种通过对原始观测数据的拟合比对,实现GEO卫星(地球同步卫星)轨道机动检测的方法。分析比较表明,用该方法检测到的卫星机动开始和结束时刻与星载推力器实际喷火开始和结束时刻之间的差别小于3 min,该方法对处于机动期间的轨道确定有一定的积极意义。     

连线干涉系统测量共位双星宽带信号处理与分析

随着人类空间活动的急剧增加,同步轨道资源已变得十分稀缺。为此人们采用了多星共位技术,来充分挖掘同步轨道资源。多星共位中,由于卫星存在位置漂移的情况,安全问题成为维护卫星正常工作必须考虑的问题之一。考虑到同步卫星的轨道特性,常采用三程测距的方式对卫星进行测轨,而且需要较长时间的测轨弧段。连线干涉测量可以获得高精度的差分相位时延,这对卫星在垂直视线方向上构成了很强的约束。给出了连线干涉测量系统设计及测量数据处理方法,并对测量中的关键技术与设备特性、测量数据精度进行了初步分析。     

利用GPS时间传递数据修正接收机天线坐标

在采用ＧＰＳ进行共视时问比对过程中，当两站位置相隔不大长（小于１０００ｋｍ）时，由于卫星轨道误差、电离层和对流层延迟修正的误差可减少至只有几纳秒，可以主为接收天线位置的误差是其主要误差来源．利用ＧＰＳ本身的时间比对数据，不必增加别的数据来源和设备，采用相对定位的方法可提高定位精度，从而提高时间比对的精度．本文利用日本（ＣＲＬ）和北京天文台（ＢＡＯ）之间五天的共视时间比对数据，对（ＢＡＯ）的天线坐标进行修正．在水平方向和高程方向的修正偏差分别为２．９ｍ和５．６ｍ．如果试验数据足够，修正６４效果会更好．     

A thermodynamic model of high temperature lava vaporization on Io

We modified the MAGMA chemical equilibrium code developed by Fegley and Cameron (1987, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 82, 207-222) and used it to model vaporization of high temperature silicate lavas on Io. The MAGMA code computes chemical equilibria in a melt, between melt and its equilibrium vapor, and in the gas phase. The good agreement of MAGMA code results with experimental data and with other computer codes is demonstrated. The temperature-dependent pressure and composition of vapor in equilibrium with lava is calculated from 1700 to 2400 K for 109 different silicate lavas in the ONaKFeSiMgCaAlTi system. Results for five lavas (tholeiitic basalt, alkali basalt, Barberton komatiite, dunite, and a molten type B1 Ca, Al-rich inclusion) are discussed in detail. The effects of continuous fractional vaporization on chemistry of these lavas and their equilibrium vapor are presented. The predicted abundances (relative to Na) of K, Fe, Si, Al, Ca, and Ti in the vapor equilibrated with lavas at 1900 K are lower than published upper limits for Io's atmosphere (which do not include Mg). We predict evaporative loss of alkalis, Fe, and Si during volcanic eruptions. Sodium is more volatile than K, and the Na/K ratio in the gas is decreased by fractional vaporization. This process can match Io's atmospheric Na/K ratio of 10±3 reported by Brown (2001, Icarus 151, 190-195). Silicon monoxide is an abundant species in the vapor above lavas. Spectroscopic searches are recommended for SiO at IR and mm wavelengths. Reactions of metallic vapors with S- and Cl-bearing volcanic gases may form other unusual gases including MgCl₂, MgS, MgCl, FeCl₂, FeS, FeCl, and SiS.     

Instructions for authors

正Research in Astronomy and Astrophysics publishes original research papers and reviews on all branches of astronomy and astrophysics.Reviews are by invitation only.Important new results that require rapid publication can be submitted as a Letter(Letters must be restricted in length to 6 printed pages).Authors who submit a paper are expected to be able to certify that the paper is original work,     

Research in Astronomy and Astrophysics CONTENTS

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Alkali and halogen chemistry in volcanic gases on Io

We use chemical equilibrium calculations to model the speciation of alkalis and halogens in volcanic gases emitted on Io. The calculations cover wide temperature (500-2000 K) and pressure (10⁻⁶ to 10⁺¹ bars) ranges, which overlap the nominal conditions at Pele (T=1760 K, P=0.01 bars). About 230 compounds of 11 elements (O, S, Li, Na, K, Rb, Cs, F, Cl, Br, I) are considered. The elemental abundances for O, S, Na, K, and Cl are based upon observations. CI chondritic elemental abundances relative to sulfur are used for the other alkalis and halogens (as yet unobserved on Io). We predict the major alkali species in Pele-like volcanic gases and the percentage distribution of each alkali are LiCl (73%), LiF (27%); NaCl (81%), Na (16%), NaF (3%); KCl (91%), K (5%), KF (4%); RbCl (93%), Rb (4%), RbF (3%); CsCl (92%), CsF (6%), Cs (2%). Likewise the major halogen species and the percentage distribution of each halogen are NaF (88%), KF (10%), LiF (2%); NaCl (89%), KCl (11%); NaBr (89%), KBr (10%), Br (1%); NaI (61%), I (30%), KI (9%). We predict the major halogen condensates and their condensation temperatures at P=0.01 bar are NaF (1115 K), LiF (970 K); NaCl (1050 K), KCl (950 K); KBr (750 K), RbBr (730 K), CsBr (645 K); and solid I₂ (200 K). We also model disequilibrium chemistry of the alkalis and halogens in the volcanic plume. Based on this work and our prior modeling for Na, K, and Cl in a volcanic plume, we predict the major loss processes for the alkali halide gases are photolysis and/or condensation onto grains. Their estimated photochemical lifetimes range from a few minutes for alkali iodides to a few hours for alkali fluorides. Condensation is apparently the only loss process for elemental iodine. On the basis of elemental abundances and photochemical lifetimes, we recommend searching for gaseous KCl, NaF, LiF, LiCl, RbF, RbCl, CsF, and CsCl around volcanic vents during eruptions. Based on abundance considerations and observations of brown dwarfs we also recommend a search of Io's extended atmosphere and the Io plasma torus for neutral and ionized Li, Cs, Rb, and F.     

Study on the Stressed Mirror Polishing with a Continuous Polishing Machine for Large Aperture Off-axis Aspheric Mirrors

A special stressed annular polishing technique is proposed to mill the off-axis aspheric sub-mirrors of a large segmented mirror with an annular polishing machine. Based on the basic principle of stressed annular polishing technique, a set of special stressing mechanisms are designed to convert milling the aspheric surfaces of sub-mirrors with different off-axis distances into milling the spherical surfaces with identical radii of curvature, so that they can be pol- ished simultaneously on a continuous polishing machine. It took about contin- uous 40 hours to polish a scaled-down mirror of the planning Chinese Future Giant Telescope (CFGT) using this technique. This mirror has the 330 mm di- ameter, 3.6 m off-axis distance, and the 21.6 m radius of curvature, and its max- imum asphericity is 16 micron. The experiment shows that this method has a high effciency, suits batch manufacturing, especially the batch manufacturing of aspheric sub-mirrors of the segmented primary mirror of an extremely large aperture telescope.     

The climatic and physiographic controls of the eastern Mediterranean over the late Pleistocene climates in the southern Levant and its neighboring deserts

Modern-day synoptic-scale eastern Mediterranean climatology provides a useful context to synthesize the diverse late Pleistocene (60–12 ka) paleohydrologic and paleoenvironmental indicators of past climatic conditions in the Levant and the deserts to its south and east. We first critically evaluate, extract, and summarize paleoenvironmental and paleohydrologic records. Then, we propose a framework of eastern Mediterranean atmospheric circulation features interacting with the morphology and location of the southeast Mediterranean coast. Together they strongly control the spatial distribution of rainfall and wind pattern. This cyclone–physiography interaction enforces the observed rainfall patterns by hampering rainfall generation south and southeast of the latitude of the north Sinai coast, currently at 31°15′.The proposed framework explains the much-increased rains in Lebanon and northern Israel and Jordan as deduced from pollen, rise and maintenance of Lake Lisan, and speleothem formation in areas currently arid and semiarid. The proposed framework also accounts for the southward and eastward transition into semiarid, arid, and hyperarid deserts as expressed in thick loess accumulation at the deserts' margins, dune migration from west to east in the Sinai and the western Negev, and the formation of hyperarid (< 80 mm yr^− 1) gypsic–salic soils in the southern Negev and Sinai. Our climatic synthesis explains the hyperarid condition in the southern Negev, located only 200–250 km south of the much-increased rains in the north, probably reflecting a steeper rainfall gradient than the present-day gradient from the wetter Levant into its bordering southern and eastern deserts.At present, the rainiest winter seasons in Lebanon and northern and central Israel are associated with more frequent (+ 20%), deeper Cyprus Lows traversing the eastern Mediterranean at approximately the latitude of southern Turkey. Even these wettest years in northern Israel do not yield above average annual rainfall amounts in the hyperarid southern Negev. This region is mainly influenced by the Active Red Sea Troughs that produce only localized rains. The eastern Mediterranean Cyprus Lows also produce more dust storms and transport higher amounts of suspended dust to the loess area than any other atmospheric pattern. Concurrent rainfall and dust are essential to the late Pleistocene formation of the elongated thick loess zone along the desert northern margin. Even with existing dust storms, the lack of rain and very sparse vegetation account for the absence of late Pleistocene loess sequences from the southern Negev and the formation of hyperarid soils.When the north Sinai coast shifted 30–70 km northwest due to last glacial global sea level lowering, the newly exposed coastal areas supplied the sand and dust to these active eastern Mediterranean cyclones. This enforced the latitude of the northern boundary of the loess zone to be directly due east of the LGM shoreline. This shift of coast to the northwest inhibited rainfall in the southern Levant deserts and maintained their hyperaridity. Concurrently, frequent deep eastern Mediterranean Cyprus Lows were funneled along the northern Mediterranean increasing (probably doubling) the rains in central and northern Israel, Lebanon, southwestern Syria and northern Jordan. These storms and rains formed lakes, forests, and speleothems only a short distance north of the deserts in the southern Levant.     

Active hot star shells

Interferometry in the visible provides milliarcsecond spatial resolution and thus has been used for studying the circumstellar environment of active hot stars. In this paper I will illustrate how the visibility modulus and phase can be used to better constrain the physics of Be disks through results from the VLA, the MkII and the GI2T interferometers. I will insist on the importance and the potential of coupling high angular resolution with high spectral resolution to the study of Be shells. Finally I will present a possible study of the circumstellar disk of Be stars using the VLTI. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Fitting X-ray Afterglow Light curves of Gamma-ray Bursts by Using the Magnetar Energy Injection Model

The central compact object for some gamma-ray bursts (GRBs) may be a strongly magnetized millisecond pulsar. It can inject energy to the outer shock of the GRB by through the magnetic dipole radiation, and therefore causes the shallow decay of the early afterglow. Recently, from a large number of GRB X-ray afterglows observed by Swift/XRT(X-ray telescope), it is revealed that many of them exhibit the shallow decay about 10²∼10⁴ s after the burst prompt emission. We have fitted the X-ray afterglow light curves of 11 GRBs by using the energy injection model of a magnetar with the rotation period in the millisecond order of magnitude. The obtained result shows the validity and universality of the magnetar energy injection model in explaining the shallow decay of afterglows, and simultaneously provides some constraints on the magnetic field strength and rotation period of the central magnetar.