上海黄浦江轮渡颗粒物污染状况的分布特征

为了解轮渡空气的颗粒物污染状况,改善乘客和工作人员的环境,采用美国Fluke 985粒子计数器对上海黄浦江轮渡"东金线"的颗粒物污染状况进行实测,分析粒径为0.30～0.49μm,0.50～0.99μm,1.00～1.99μm,2.00～4.99μm,5.00～9.99μm,≥10.00μm六种范围颗粒物的时空分布特征、影响因素以及轮渡污染的严重性,并对轮渡整体的颗粒物平均浓度进行预测.结果表明:轮渡二层露台的颗粒物浓度往往较高,人流量对粒径较粗的颗粒物影响较为明显;一层里舱和二层里舱的主要污染物为粒径较大(5.00～9.99μm,≥10.00μm)的颗粒物,二层露台主要污染物为粒径较细(0.30～0.49μm,0.50～0.99μm,1.00～1.99μm,2.00～4.99μm)的颗粒物.     

饮用水处理中颗粒物数量变化及粒径分布规律

结合水厂实际水处理工艺及活性炭深度处理装置,试验研究砂滤池和活性炭滤柱出水中颗粒物数量变化及粒径分布规律.试验结果表明,过滤周期内砂滤池出水中颗粒物总数平均为148个/mL,其中粒径大于2μm颗粒物的数量平均为27个/mL,其粒径主要分布在2~15μm之间.砂滤池初滤水中粒径大于2μm颗粒物含量较高,前10 min内其数量高于50个/mL.砂滤池出水的浊度变化滞后于颗粒物数量变化,且二者之间的相关性差(R2<0.1).与砂滤池出水(164个/mL)相比,活性炭滤柱出水中颗粒物数量水平(561个/mL)显著提高,其中粒径大于2μm颗粒物数量达153个/mL,出水中粒径在2μm和2~7μm之间的颗粒物数量增多最为明显.     

燃烧过程中铅颗粒粒径分布的实验研究

使用高3.4m、内径0.15m的一维炉实验台,对燃烧中铅颗粒的粒径分布进行实验研究。铅元素以醋酸铅溶液的形式通过空气雾化引入到燃烧液化石油气的炉膛中。使用切割粒径从0.48~12.63μm的8级A ndersen撞击器和切割粒径从0.030~10.0μm的12级静电低压撞击器(ELP I)进行采样,同时对铅颗粒物的质量浓度粒径分布和数量浓度粒径分布进行了测量。使用场发射扫描电镜(FESEM)对铅颗粒微观形貌进行了观察。结果表明:在质量方面,铅颗粒主要集中在亚微米区间,质量浓度的峰值在0.2~0.6μm之间;在数量方面,铅颗粒主要集中在0.03~0.4μm区间,数量浓度的峰值在0.2~0.3μm之间。     

城市隧道机动车细颗粒物排放研究

机动车尾气排放的颗粒物对城市大气污染影响作用日趋明显,本文选取南宁市凤岭南隧道对机动车排放颗粒物的浓度及其成分进行监测分析,结果显示,实验期间隧道内外3个采样点处的PM2.5平均质量浓度值分别为166.869,237.529,111.314μg/m3,且浓度变化趋势基本相似.隧道内机动车排放的PM2.5中含碳物质所占的比重最大,水溶性离子次之,金属元素最少.其中,含碳物质中EC的浓度大于OC,OC/EC的值约为0.511~0.660,而隧道重型车比重并不大,但EC与重型车的相关系数在0.59~0.89间,可见其对颗粒物污染的影响很大.此外,金属元素Ca及其水溶性离子Ca2+的占比均是最大的,表明机动车带起的扬尘加重了颗粒物污染.     

兰州市不同粒径可吸入颗粒物分布特征分析

本文利用Thermo-Andersen 1ACFM非生物环境微粒大小分级采样器在兰州市发生沙尘天气和非沙尘天气期间采集大气环境中粒径范围分别为9.0-10μm,5.8-9.0μm,4.7-5.8μm,3.3-4.7μm,2.1-3.3μm,1.1-2.1μm,0.65-1.1μm,0.43-0.65μm和0.43μm的颗粒物进行监测分析,结果表明非沙尘天气下兰州市PM10的质量浓度主要集中在可吸入粗颗粒物(粒径2.5-10μm范围)内。沙尘天气下,PM10中的不同粒径的颗粒物随着环境空气中颗粒物浓度的升高,均相应增加;浓度峰值不只出现在粒径范围5.8-10μm颗粒物内,粒径范围1.1-3.3μm颗粒物都会出现浓度峰值。     

厦门城区秋季不同粒径大气颗粒物的微观形貌分析

应用场发射扫描电镜(FESEM)研究了厦门城区秋季(2013年11月)不同粒径大气颗粒物的微观形貌及其元素组成特征.结果表明,厦门城区的大气颗粒物主要有烟尘集合体、飞灰颗粒、矿物颗粒、生物颗粒等.在粗粒径范围(>2.5μm),不规则矿物颗粒占多数,主要来自路面或建筑扬尘;细粒径颗粒物(<1.0μm)主要为大气二次反应产生的含硫、含氮颗粒,以及燃烧排放的烟尘集合体.飞灰颗粒和烟尘集合体在不同的粗、细粒径段都有存在.2013年秋季厦门城区大气污染以化石燃料燃烧、机动车尾气、扬尘为主,是今后大气环境防治中的主要控制对象.     

燃煤电厂电除尘PM_(10)和PM_(2.5)的排放控制Ⅰ:电除尘选型及工业应用

针对电除尘细颗粒物(PM2.5)排放控制,提出利用电除尘指数指导电除尘本体和电源设计选型技术的原理和方法,并介绍电除尘改造的应用案例。通过优化电除尘指数、采用三相高压电源开展电除尘改造和选型。通过电除尘和脱硫塔除雾器的同步改造,可以实现烟囱出口颗粒物排放浓度低于5 mg/m3,同时,PM2.5(直径2.5μm以下的颗粒物)排放浓度低于2.5 mg/m3。示范工程还表明当电除尘器出口PM10(直径10μm以下的颗粒物)排放在6~30 mg/m3时,PM2.5占PM10比例为6%至20%;当PM10排放在5~15 mg/m3时,PM2.5排放可低于2.5 mg/m3。     

典型海滨城市与海洋气溶胶中水溶性离子的粒径分布

为研究厦门地区不同粒径颗粒物中水溶性离子的来源及海洋气溶胶对海滨城市大气颗粒物的影响,利用8级大流量MOUDI碰撞采样器分不同季节在厦门大学海洋楼及台湾海峡采集了气溶胶分级样品,并用离子色谱方法对气溶胶中的水溶性离子进行了分析.结果表明:城市点大气气溶胶中水溶性离子总质量浓度表现为春季最高(60.38μg/m~3)、夏季最低(8.76μg/m~3)、秋冬季介于两者之间的季节特征;而海洋气溶胶中水溶性离子质量浓度的季节差异较小(30.77~35.13μg/m~3).城市气溶胶中SO_4~(2-)和NH_4~+呈单模态分布,峰值粒径为0.44~1.0μm;NO_3~-呈双模态分布,峰值粒径分别为2.5~10.0μm和0.44~1.0μm.海洋气溶胶中NH_4~+和SO_4~(2-)的粒径分布规律与城市气溶胶类似,但NO_3~-在细模态(0.44~1.0μm)没有出现峰值,Cl~-和Na~+在大于16μm的粒径段有非常高的浓度,说明海浪飞沫的影响较大,在粗模态中的比例也明显高于城市气溶胶.干沉降速率为颗粒物大小的函数,其中在0.1μm左右的颗粒干沉降速率最小;通过干沉降速率和它们的浓度分布来计算无机氮(NO_3~-和NH_4~+)的沉降通量,估算得到远海颗粒态无机氮的干沉降通量明显超过近海(秋季NH_4~+除外).     

济南市工业区冬季大气悬浮颗粒物的粒谱分布及形状特征

对济南市东郊工业区大气悬浮颗粒物的粒径分布和形状特征的分析表明:该地区粒子谱分布为Junge分布;粒子的质量中值直径为3～4μm;1μm以上的粒子质量粒谱分布呈对数正态分布;粒径在2μm以下的细粒子的质量浓度只占总量的20％～30％。对不同粒子形状的研究表明:冬季,由于能源燃烧排放的颗粒物占总量的70％。     

燃煤锅炉烟尘颗粒物中PM_(2.5)排放规律研究

为澄清发电厂和工业锅炉联合除尘设备的烟尘排放特征,特别是PM2.5排放规律,选取太原市6台不同类型、容量和除尘方式的燃煤锅炉,采用激光粒度分析仪对采集的烟尘(颗粒物)进行粒径测定,讨论分析PM2.5的排放规律。结果表明,除尘设施前后颗粒物分布规律不同,除尘器前PM2.5呈单峰分布,最大峰值为60~70μm;除尘器后PM2.5呈多峰分布,最大峰值为12~17μm;除尘设施对粒径较大颗粒物的去除率明显高于细颗粒物,对细小颗粒物的除尘效率随锅炉容量的增大而增大;电袋复合除尘器对PM2.5去除率最高,其次为布袋除尘器、静电除尘器;太原市燃煤锅炉PM2.5排放因子范围为0.06~0.52kg/t,锅炉负荷越大,除尘率越高,PM2.5排放因子越小。研究结果可为山西省煤烟尘污染控制提供重要的数据支撑,为获知影响燃煤锅炉烟尘颗粒物中PM2.5排放的因素及采取相应技术提供了理论依据。     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

Characterization of Ordovician carbonate reservoirs, southeastern Saskatchewan, Canada

The discovery of the prolific Ordovician Red River reservoirs in 1995 in southeastern Saskatchewan was the catalyst for extensive exploration activity which resulted in the discovery of more than 15 new Red River pools. The best yields of Red River production to date have been from dolomite reservoirs. Understanding the processes of dolomitization is, therefore, crucial for the prediction of the connectivity, spatial distribution and heterogeneity of dolomite reservoirs.The Red River reservoirs in the Midale area consist of 3～4 thin dolomitized zones, with a total thickness of about 20 m, which occur at the top of the Yeoman Formation. Two types of replacement dolomite were recognized in the Red River reservoir: dolomitized burrow infills and dolomitized host matrix. The spatial distribution of dolomite suggests that burrowing organisms played an important role in facilitating the fluid flow in the backfilled sediments. This resulted in penecontemporaneous dolomitization of burrow infills by normal seawater. The dolomite in the host matrix is interpreted as having occurred at shallow burial by evaporitic seawater during precipitation of Lake Almar anhydrite that immediately overlies the Yeoman Formation. However, the low δ18O values of dolomited burrow infills (-5.9‰～ -7.8‰, PDB) and matrix dolomites (-6.6‰～ -8.1‰, avg. -7.4‰ PDB) compared to the estimated values for the late Ordovician marine dolomite could be attributed to modification and alteration of dolomite at higher temperatures during deeper burial, which could also be responsible for its 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7084～0.7088) that are higher than suggested for the late Ordovician seawaters (0.7078～0.7080). The trace amounts of saddle dolomite cement in the Red River carbonates are probably related to "cannibalization" of earlier replacement dolomite during the chemical compaction.     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.     

A computer generator for randomly layered structures

AcomputergeneratorforrandomlylayeredstructuresYUJia shun1,2,HEZhen hua2(1.TheInstituteofGeologicalandNuclearSciences,NewZealand;2.StateKeyLaboratoryofOilandGasReservoirGeologyandExploitation,ChengduUniversityofTechnology,China)Abstract:Analgorithmisintrod…     

An Index mechanism for multi-scale view in spatial databases

There are numerous geometric objects stored in the spatial databases. An importance function in a spatial database is that users can browse the geometric objects as a map efficiently. Thus the spatial database should display the geometric objects users concern about swiftly onto the display window. This process includes two operations:retrieve data from database and then draw them onto screen. Accordingly, to improve the efficiency, we should try to reduce time of both retrieving object and displaying them. The former can be achieved with the aid of spatial index such as R-tree, the latter require to simplify the objects. Simplification means that objects are shown with sufficient but not with unnecessary detail which depend on the scale of browse. So the major problem is how to retrieve data at different detail level efficiently. This paper introduces the implementation of a multi-scale index in the spatial database SISP (Spatial Information Shared Platform) which is generalized from R-tree. The difference between the generalization and the R-tree lies on two facets: One is that every node and geometric object in the generalization is assigned with a importance value which denote the importance of them, and every vertex in the objects are assigned with a importance value,too. The importance value can be use to decide which data should be retrieve from disk in a query. The other difference is that geometric objects in the generalization are divided into one or more sub-blocks, and vertexes are total ordered by their importance value. With the help of the generalized R-tree, one can easily retrieve data at different detail levels.Some experiments are performed on real-life data to evaluate the performance of solutions that separately use normal spatial index and multi-scale spatial index. The results show that the solution using multi-scale index in SISP is satisfying.     

Jane Eyre——A Feminist In The 19th Century

In the 19th century the society was controlled by men, and women were just appendants of them, they had not any rights and freedom. But Jane was an exception, she showed some characteristics of early feminist. Jane showed her characteristics of feminism in three aspects: rebellion, equality, and independence. These characteristics were helpful to her success, and feminism is the only way out for women of that time.     

Achieving Unusual States of Matter Under High Pressure

正The periodicity of the elements and the non-reactivity of the inner-shell electrons are two related principles of chemistry,rooted in the atomic shell structure.Within compounds,Group I elements,for example,invariably assume the+1 oxidation state,and their chemical properties differ completely from those of the p-block elements.These general rules govern our understanding of chemical structures and reactions.Using first principles calcula-     

Exchange-Correlation and Electronic Excitation Energies from Pairing Matrix Fluctuations

We have developed an adiabatic connection to formulate the ground-state exchange-correlation energy in terms of pairing matrix linear fluctuations.This formulation of the exchange-correlation energy opens a new channel for density functional approximations based on the many-body perturbation theory.We illustrate the potential of such approaches with an approximation based on the particle-particle Random Phase Approximation(pp-RPA).This re-