进水磷碳比对聚磷菌与聚糖菌竞争生长的影响

以葡萄糖和乙酸盐为混合碳源,考察了进水磷碳比对SBR生物除磷系统中聚磷菌和聚糖菌竞争生长的影响.结果表明,进水磷碳比较高（10：100）时,会在运行初期导致系统出水磷浓度较高,但反应器运行40d后,出水磷浓度可降至1 mg/L以下.当进水磷碳比为2.5：100时,单位污泥释磷量、单位污泥吸磷量、污泥含磷量和污泥含糖量分别为7.5 mg/g、8.3 mg/g、2.3%和9.5%;当进水磷碳比为10：100时,上述各指标值分别为12.1 mg/g、14.7 mg/g、6.7%和7.0%.在高进水磷碳比条件下,单位污泥释磷量、单位污泥吸磷量和污泥含磷量均较高,污泥含糖量则较低,故高进水磷碳比对于聚磷菌的生长更为有利.     

基于碳源需求的A~2/O工艺分段进水研究

针对现有A2/O工艺难以稳定实现同步生物脱氮除磷的问题,根据反硝化脱氮和厌氧释磷对碳源的不同需求,采用分段进水的方法,以期提高其脱氮除磷效果。外加乙酸碳源的试验结果表明,在厌氧段投加碳源不能有效提高后续缺氧段的反硝化效果。因此根据反硝化脱氮和厌氧释磷对碳源的不同需求,建立了分段进水的分配模型,以提高A2/O工艺的反硝化速率和释磷速率。A2/O工艺中试采用预缺氧段、厌氧段和缺氧段进水比例分别为15%、50%和35%的方法,结果表明,系统平均出水总氮和总磷分别为15.3和0.41 mg/L,稳定达到了GB 18918—2002的一级B排放标准;对总氮和总磷的去除率分别达到了68.5%和93.2%,比厌氧段单点进水分别提高了15.1%和16.6%。     

生物除磷系统中聚磷菌与聚糖菌代谢模型比较

基于国内外学者对生物除磷代谢机理的最新研究成果，介绍了生物除磷系统中聚磷菌与聚糖菌的代谢模型，并对两者进行了比较。指出有必要对聚磷菌与聚糖菌的代谢机理与生理特性进行进一步研究，以提高系统的运行效率和稳定性。     

分段进水对A2O/MBR组合工艺的影响机制研究

针对现有城市污水处理厂进水碳源不足的问题,根据厌氧释磷和反硝化脱氮对碳源的不同需求,采用分段进水A20/MBR组合工艺,研究分段进水对其影响机制.结果表明:分段进水优化了进水碳源在厌氧池和缺氧池中的分布,对TN的去除率随分配到缺氧池流量的增加而增大.当缺氧池分配流量增加到0.35Q时,对总氮的平均去除率达到56.8%,较单点进水工况提高了14.0%.分段进水对去除COD的影响不大,对COD的去除率稳定在82.3%～85.7%.由于进水中溶解性磷浓度较低,磷主要以胶体态和悬浮态形式存在,通过超滤膜的截留作用,组合工艺对TP的平均去除率稳定在90%以上;不过采用分段进水后,组合工艺对TP的平均去除率会略有下降.     

外加碳源对污水厂异常进水时的强化脱氮效果

重庆中法唐家沱污水处理有限公司自正式运行以来,进水水质波动较大,多次出现进水TN浓度异常升高而导致C/N值偏低的现象,使得出水TN浓度不能稳定达标.在缺乏来源稳定且充足的废水或废物作为外加碳源的情况下,公司对一系列商业碳源(包括甲醇、乙醇、乙酸、葡萄糖和麦芽糖)的强化脱氮效果进行了测试.结果表明,5种商业碳源的投加均可明显提高主体工艺的脱氮效果,其中,乙酸的效果最优,麦芽糖的效果最差;但综合考虑外加碳源的运行效果、使用安全性、市场供应情况、成本等因素,发现葡萄糖是最合适的外加碳源.生产实践效果证明,当进水TN浓度突然异常升高时,向缺氧区及时投加葡萄糖能有效控制出水TN浓度,保证了出水水质的稳定达标.虽然阶段性投加碳源增加了处理成本,但对保护长江水质起到了积极意义.     

A/O除磷工艺丝状菌污泥膨胀的研究

丝状菌污泥膨胀是影响活性污泥法高效、稳定运行的重要因素。采用A/O生物除磷工艺中试装置处理实际生活污水,分析了污泥膨胀发生的原因及恢复系统性能的方法。结果显示,长期曝气不均匀是导致丝状菌污泥膨胀的重要原因,通过调控系统运行参数可以有效控制由低DO值或者高负荷引起的丝状菌污泥膨胀。当发生污泥膨胀后,首先降低负荷至0.45 kgCOD/(kgMLSS.d),调节回流比为83%,同时控制好氧池各段的DO分别为1.5、1.0、1.0 mg/L以淘汰丝状菌,在SVI值降至200 mL/g以下后继续降低回流比至53%,同时降低曝气量以形成1.0、0.5、0.5 mg/L的DO浓度梯度。采取上述调控措施后,SVI值由569.8 mL/g降至150 mL/g以下,污泥性状得以恢复;同时出水COD和TP分别在50、0.5 mg/L以下,去除率分别约为85%、95%。     

谈在厌氧好氧条件下磷的气体转化形式

综述了化学除磷及生物除磷的原理和特点,并以A/O/A为例阐述了除磷技术的研究与改进,提出利用在厌氧,好氧条件下P的转化规律,将P转化为气体PH3形式排放的生物学及动力学原理。     

葡萄糖作为碳源对生物除磷系统影响研究

研究了葡萄糖为主要碳源时,污泥龄、p H值、温度对SBR生物除磷系统运行稳定性的影响。结果表明,随着泥龄的缩短,除磷效率明显提高;生物除磷的最佳p H环境为6.5—7.5;污水的水温对除磷效果没有明显的影响。     

外加碳源对改良A~2/O工艺反硝化除磷的影响

在缺氧条件下向改良A2/O工艺活性污泥混合液中投加乙酸钠,考察外加碳源对改良A2/O工艺反硝化除磷的影响。结果表明,随着反应时间的延长,反硝化速率逐渐降低,由此反硝化过程可大致分为3个阶段,其中第1阶段的反硝化速率最大;释磷和反硝化同时发生,且释磷和第1阶段的反硝化利用同一类碳源;初始NO3--N浓度和外加碳源投量对释磷速率无明显影响,试验条件下释磷速率为4.0mgPO34--P/(gVSS.h)左右;释磷结束后,若仍然存在NO3--N,则会发生反硝化吸磷过程。投加碳源可提高反硝化脱氮效果,但同时会对反硝化吸磷带来不利影响,因此在实际运行时要合理控制碳源投量,以恰好满足脱氮要求为最佳。     

应用STOAT软件对分段进水A2/O工艺脱氮除磷能力优化

为深入研究分段进水A~2/O工艺参数对脱氮除磷能力的影响,提高工艺脱氮除磷能力的效率,为后续研究氮、磷污染物在分段进水A~2/O工艺中降解效率提供数据支撑。通过STOAT软件模拟分段进水A~2/O工艺,分别模拟混合液回流比、污泥回流比对该工艺脱氮除磷能力的影响,模拟结果表明:这两种因素均对脱氮能力有着明显的影响,除磷能力仅与污泥回流比有着显著关系,混合液回流比100%、污泥回流比80%为分段进水A~2/O工艺的最优条件。     

不同碳源驯化聚糖菌反硝化及N2O释放特性

为了确定反硝化聚糖菌(DGAOs)的脱氮性能及N₂O释放特性,采用序批式生物反应器,分别以乙酸钠和葡萄糖为碳源(反应器分别记作SBRAc和SBRGl),考察其脱氮过程中的碳源变化以及N₂O释放特性。结果表明,SBRAc和SBRGl的总氮去除率分别为(80.2±2.8)%和(63.4±3.5)%,N₂O产率分别为(7.16±1.43)%和(13.35±2.46)%。以乙酸钠为碳源时,聚糖菌厌氧阶段吸收的有机物主要以胞内聚-β-羟基烷酸(PHA)形式储存;以葡萄糖为碳源时,部分有机物用于胞内糖原(Gly)的积累,PHA合成量减少。聚糖菌内源反硝化过程中,依次利用胞内PHA和Gly作为内碳源,且PHA提供电子的速率远大于Gly,导致SBRGl内NO₂^-大量积累、N₂O释放量增加。NO₂^-对氧化亚氮还原酶活性的抑制效应是导致聚糖菌内源反硝化过程释放N₂O的主要因素。与葡萄糖相比,乙酸钠更易被反硝化聚糖菌吸收为易利用的内碳源PHA,并降低反硝化过程中N₂O的释放量。     

污水强化生物除磷的生化模型研究进展

阐述了在污水强化生物除磷过程中生化模型的建立与发展,重点介绍了与聚磷菌有关的Mino模型,强调了在理解生化模型时应该注意的问题：所有聚磷菌生化模型都只是在试图描述发生在EBPR（Enhanced Biological Phosphorus Removal）生物群中的一些生物化学变化现象和规律（多聚磷酸盐的吸收和水解、PHA的合成与再利用）.另外,还都假设所有具有EBPR能力的细菌都有着共同的代谢特征.所以,尽管这些生化模型有助于对整个EBPR过程的理解,但不应该拘泥于这些生化模型,只有通过对聚磷菌纯培养获得最终成功才能够彻底解决整个问题.     

亚硝酸盐对聚磷菌厌氧代谢的影响

以2种强化生物除磷(EBPR)系统中的活性污泥为研究对象,考察亚硝酸盐对聚磷菌厌氧代谢的影响,结果表明：不同EBPR系统中的聚磷菌对于亚硝酸盐的耐受能力不同。人工配水富集聚磷菌的活性污泥,当亚硝态氮浓度超过10 mg/L时,聚磷菌吸收VFA受到抑制, PHA的合成减少,磷酸盐的释放增加;处理生活污水的SBR短程脱氮除磷活性污泥,亚硝酸盐的浓度高达30 mg/L时,未对聚磷菌的厌氧代谢造成抑制,但引起异养反硝化菌与聚磷菌竞争VFA,导致PHA合成量和释磷量的减少。富集聚磷菌的活性污泥投加亚硝酸盐后P/VFA     

硝酸盐浓度对反硝化聚磷菌诱导的影响

通过控制缺氧段硝酸盐浓度,研究了反硝化聚磷菌的诱导方法及效果.批式试验表明,碳源浓度一定时,缺氧段硝酸盐消耗量与聚磷量呈线性关系,且与厌氧释磷量之比等于该线性关系式的斜率.在反硝化聚磷菌诱导过程中,按此比例调整缺氧段的硝酸盐浓度可很快达到良好的脱氮除磷效果,反硝化聚磷率＞95%,反硝化脱氮率＞96%.由同等条件下的缺氧与好氧最大聚磷速率可推知,诱导前反硝化聚磷菌占总聚磷菌的27.61%,诱导后则高达78.61%.     

Advancing post-anoxic denitrification for biological nutrient removal

The objective of this research was to advance a fundamental understanding of a unique post-anoxic denitrification process for achieving biological nutrient removal (BNR), with an emphasis on elucidating the impacts of surface oxygen transfer (SOT), variable process loadings, and bioreactor operational conditions on nitrogen and phosphorus removal. Two sequencing batch reactors (SBRs) were operated in an anaerobic/aerobic/anoxic mode for over 250 days and fed real municipal wastewater. One SBR was operated with a headspace open to the atmosphere, while the other had a covered liquid surface to prevent surface oxygen transfer. Process performance was assessed for mixed volatile fatty acid (VFA) and acetate-dominated substrate, as well as daily/seasonal variance in influent phosphorus and ammonia loadings. Results demonstrated that post-anoxic BNR can achieve near-complete (>99%) inorganic nitrogen and phosphorus removal, with soluble effluent concentrations less than 1.0 mgN L⁻¹ and 0.14 mgP L⁻¹. Observed specific denitrification rates were in excess of typical endogenous values and exhibited a linear dependence on the glycogen concentration in the biomass. Preventing SOT improved nitrogen removal but had little impact on phosphorus removal under normal loading conditions. However, during periods of low influent ammonia, the covered reactor maintained phosphorus removal performance and showed a greater relative abundance of polyphosphate accumulating organisms (PAOs) as evidenced by quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR). While GAOs were detected in both reactors under all operational conditions, BNR performance was not adversely impacted. Finally, secondary phosphorus release during the post-anoxic period was minimal and only occurred if nitrate/nitrite were depleted post-anoxically.     

The effect of pH on the competition between polyphosphate-accumulating organisms and glycogen-accumulating organisms

In enhanced biological phosphorus removal (EBPR) processes, glycogen-accumulating organisms (GAOs) may compete with polyphosphate-accumulating organisms (PAOs) for the often-limited carbon substrates, potentially resulting in disturbances to phosphorus removal. A detailed investigation of the effect of pH on the competition between PAOs and GAOs is reported in this study. The results show that a high external pH ( approximately 8) provided PAOs with an advantage over GAOs in EBPR systems. The phosphorus removal performance improved due to a population shift favouring PAOs over GAOs, which was shown through both chemical and microbiological methods. Two lab-scale reactors fed with propionate as the carbon source were subjected to an increase in pH from 7 to 8. The phosphorus removal and PAO population (as measured by quantitative fluorescence in situ hybridisation analysis of "Candidatus Accumulibacter phosphatis") increased in each system, where the PAOs appeared to out-compete a group of Alphaproteobacteria GAOs. A considerable improvement in the P removal was also observed in an acetate fed reactor, where the GAO population (primarily "Candidatus Competibacter phosphatis") decreased substantially after a similar increase in the pH. The results from this study suggest that pH could be used as a control parameter to reduce the undesirable proliferation of GAOs and improve phosphorus removal in EBPR systems.     

Glycerol as a sole carbon source for enhanced biological phosphorus removal

Wastewaters with low organic matter content are one of the major causes of EBPR failures in full-scale WWTP. This carbon source deficit can be solved by external carbon addition and glycerol is a perfect candidate since it is nowadays obtained in excess from biodiesel production. This work shows for the first time that glycerol-driven EBPR with a single-sludge SBR configuration is feasible (i.e. anaerobic glycerol degradation linked to P release and aerobic P uptake). Two different strategies were studied: direct replacement of the usual carbon source for glycerol and a two-step consortium development with glycerol anaerobic degraders and PAO. The first strategy provided the best results. The implementation of glycerol as external carbon source in full-scale WWTP would require a suitable anaerobic hydraulic retention time. An example using dairy wastewater with a low COD/P ratio confirms the feasibility of using glycerol as an external carbon source to increase P removal activity. The approach used in this work opens a new range of possibilities and, similarly, other fermentable substrates can be used as electron donors for EBPR.     

聚磷菌PAO1-1的筛选及除磷特性

从运行稳定的以生活污水为碳源的生物除磷污泥中筛选出一株聚磷菌PAO1-1,该菌株对普通活性污泥系统具有很好的强化作用,驯化10 d后可使除磷率由投菌前的44%提高到90%以上。对该菌株的形态、生理生化特征及16S rDNA序列进行分析后,鉴定该菌株为产碱杆菌属。该菌株对磷的平均吸收速率为13.8 mg/(g.h),处于“磷酸盐饥饿期”时对磷的吸收速率为19.2 mg/(g.h),比“非饥饿期”提高了39.1%。处于对数期的PAO1-1在厌氧条件下的无磷培养基中的释磷速率为11.8 mg/(g.h),稳定期释磷速率为7.0 mg/(g.h),释磷速率下降了40.7%。     

低碳源城市污水的强化脱氮除磷工艺研究

在活性污泥释磷规律研究的基础上进行中试,对常规A2/O工艺进行改进,提出适用于低碳源城市污水的强化脱氮除磷工艺.结果表明:富磷污泥中的NO3--N浓度较高时,在厌氧开始的一段时间内,反硝化吸磷使PO3-4-P浓度不断降低,当NO3--N由2.75 mg/L降至接近于零时才开始表现出释磷;对于低碳源城市污水,由于大量未被反硝化的NO3--N随回流污泥进入厌氧区,干扰厌氧释磷的正常进行,导致常规A2/O工艺的除磷效果较差,出水TP平均浓度为1.04 mg/L;调整厌氧、缺氧、好氧停留时间比进行强化厌氧后,出水TP平均浓度为0.48 mg/L,达到了GB 18918-2002标准的一级A标准,去除率较常规A2/O工艺提高了21%,同时出水COD、TN、NH3-N也能稳定地达到一级A标准.