CYP2C19基因多态性对长期服用氯吡格雷脑梗死患者卒中复发的影响

目的探讨长期服用氯吡格雷的初发脑梗死患者卒中复发与CYP2C19基因多态性的关系。方法对78例初发脑梗死后长期(≥1 y)服用氯吡格雷的患者,根据入组时是否脑梗死复发分为复发组与未复发组,通过CYP2C19基因芯片检测系统对两组患者的CYP2C19基因型进行检测。结果 78例中,复发组32例,未复发组46例。两组患者在性别、年龄、吸烟、高血压、糖尿病、血脂等的差异均无统计学意义(均P>0.05);所检的78例共检出三种等位基因:CYP2C19*1、CYP2C19*2、CYP2C19*3,等位基因频率分别是61.54%、33.33%、5.13%。两组患者共检出6种基因型:CYP2C19*1/*1、CYP2C19*1/*2、CYP2C19*1/*3、CYP2C19*2/*2、CYP2C19*2/*3和CYP2C19*3/*3。未复发组CYP2C19*1等位基因和CYP2C19*1/*1基因型频率显著高于复发组,分别为76.1%:40.6%(P<0.01),58.7%:18.8%(P<0.001),而未复发组CYP2C19*2等位基因频率和CYP2C19*2/*2基因型频率显著低于复发组,分别为19.6%:53.1%(P<0.01),4.3%:31.3%(P<0.01),而两组其余等位基因频率和基因型频率差异无统计学意义(均P>0.05)。结论长期服用氯吡格雷的脑梗死患者卒中复发与CYP2C19基因突变有关,对于需长期服用氯吡格雷预防脑梗死复发的患者,进行CYP2C19基因型的检测是必要的。     

急性脑梗死患者基因多态性对氯吡格雷疗效及终点事件的影响

目的探讨急性脑梗死患者基因多态性对氯吡格雷疗效及终点事件的影响。方法选取2016-06—2017-06新乡市第一人民医院神经内科收治的急性脑梗死患者418例。口服氯吡格雷5 d后抽取外周肘静脉血,血栓弹力图仪测定血小板抑制率。采用改良多重高温连接酶检测反应技术(iMLDR)对患者CYP2C19与ABCBl基因多态性进行分型。出院后进行24个月的随访,记录主要终点事件发生类别及时间。结果根据CYP2C19*2/*3快速代谢型、中间代谢型、慢代谢型的血小板抑制率之间,以及ABCBl C3435T不同基因型之间差异均有统计学意义(P0.01);而ABCBlT(-620)C不同基因型的血小板抑制率之间差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。校正可能的混杂因素后,进行多元线性回归分析显示,CYP2C19*2/*3、ABCBl C3435T是血小板抑制率的独立影响因素;同时还发现体重指数(BMI)26 kg/m~2也是血小板抑制率的独立影响因素。共382例患者完成随访研究,终点事件发生率为13.61%(52/382),其中缺血性脑卒中复发36例(9.42%),心肌梗死4例(1.05%),血管性死亡12例(3.14%)。根据是否携带CYP2C19*2/*3基因分为2组,生存分析Log-Rank检验显示差异有统计意义(P0.05);而ABCBlT(-620)C、ABCBl C3435T基因的显性与阴性患者生存曲线间差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。多因素Cox回归分析显示,CYP2C19*2/*3基因携带是临床终点时间的独立危险因素;同时年龄也是临床终点时间的独立危险因素。结论携带CYP2C19*2/*3、ABCBl C3435T等位基因的急性脑梗死患者氯吡格雷疗效降低,其中携带CYP2C19*2/*3等位基因的患者终点事件风险增高。     

氯吡格雷对不同CYP2C19基因分型脑梗死患者的影响

目的观察氯吡格雷对不同CYP2C19基因分型脑梗死患者血小板CD62P、PAC-1表达和NIHSS评分的影响。方法 56例脑梗死患者根据CYP2C19基因分型分成3组,经氯吡格雷治疗14d,比较3组患者治疗前,治疗后7d、14d的血小板CD62P、PAC-1表达和NIHSS评分的改变。结果 3组患者治疗前血小板CD62P、PAC-1表达和NIHSS评分比较无统计学差异;治疗7d后EM组,IM组的CD62P、PAC-1和NIHSS评分均显著低于治疗前(P0.05),PM组CD62P、PAC-1和NIHSS评分均低于治疗前,但差异无统计学意义(P0.05);治疗14d后,EM组和IM组的CD62P、PAC-1和NIHSS评分均显著低于治疗前(P0.05),也低于治疗后7d(P0.05),PM组的CD62P、PAC-1和NIHSS评分低于治疗前(P0.05),也低于后7d,但差异无统计学意义(P0.05);用药第7天和用药第14天PM组的CD62P、PAC-1表达水平和NIHSS评分均高于EM组(P0.05)。结论脑梗死患者CYP2C19基因形态可能是影响氯吡格雷临床预后的重要影响因素。     

CYP2C19基因型与复发性脑梗死患者氯吡格雷抵抗的关系研究

目的通过CYP2C19基因检测及血小板聚集率综合评估氯吡格雷抵抗,指导复发性脑梗死患者合理用药。方法对2018年1-10月就诊于嘉兴市第二医院神经内科,诊断为复发性脑梗死的患者进行CYP2C19基因测序,分别收集氯吡格雷快代谢、中代谢、慢代谢基因型患者各30例,比较3组患者年龄、性别、BMI、吸烟、高血压、糖尿病及高脂血症等一般临床资料。3组均给予常规剂量氯吡格雷75 mg/d治疗,检测患者使用氯吡格雷前及使用7 d后的血小板聚集率。根据血小板聚集抑制率判断氯吡格雷抵抗情况,分析CYP2C19基因型与患者氯吡格雷抵抗的关系。筛选出氯吡格雷抵抗者(血小板聚集抑制率10%)分至氯吡格雷抵抗组,改用西洛他唑100 mg 2次/日,氯吡格雷半反应(10%≤血小板聚集抑制率30%)及氯吡格雷敏感(血小板聚集抑制率≥30%)者分至非氯吡格雷抵抗组,继续氯吡格雷75 mg/d治疗。3个月后再次检测血小板聚集率,比较不同药物的血小板聚集抑制情况,并观察终点事件发生情况(主要终点:再发脑梗死;次要终点:脑出血和死亡)。结果最终入组患者90例,其中男性49例(54.4%),年龄40～89岁,平均年龄68.27±10.14岁。快、中、慢代谢3组糖尿病(P=0.036)和氯吡格雷抵抗发生率(P0.001)差异均有统计学意义,其中慢代谢组合并糖尿病比率高于中代谢组(P=0.010),慢代谢组氯吡格雷抵抗发生率高于快代谢组(P0.001)及中代谢组(P=0.006)。氯吡格雷抵抗组患者22例(24.4%),非氯吡格雷抵抗组患者68例(75.6%)。Logistic回归分析提示,吸烟(OR 7.792,95%CI 1.899～31.968,P=0.004)、糖尿病(OR 4.466,95%CI 1.122～17.778,P=0.034)及CYP2C19基因慢代谢(OR 13.713,95%CI 2.352～79.959,P=0.004)是复发性脑梗死患者氯吡格雷抵抗的独立危险因素。非氯吡格雷抵抗组(49.51%±4.33%vs 63.73%±7.84%,P0.001)和氯吡格雷抵抗组(55.42%±6.63%vs 76.95%±7.42%,P0.001)患者3个月后的血小板平均聚集率较7 d时均下降,差异有统计学意义。3个月后较非氯吡格雷抵抗组,氯吡格雷抵抗组血小板聚集抑制率更高(21.53%±4.30%vs 14.23%±6.90%,P0.001)。入组患者随访3个月均无终点事件发生。结论吸烟、合并糖尿病及CYP2C19慢代谢基因型是复发性脑梗死患者氯吡格雷抵抗的独立危险因素。西洛他唑能有效抑制血小板聚集,可以作为氯吡格雷抵抗的复发性脑梗死患者的替代性用药。     

CYP2C19基因多态性与急性脑梗死患者氯吡格雷抵抗的关系

目的探讨CYP2C19基因多态性与急性脑梗死患者氯吡格雷抵抗的关系。方法检测118例急性脑梗死患者的CYP2C19基因,根据基因型分为野生型组、突变杂合型组及突变纯合型组。使用血栓弹力图测定二磷酸腺苷(ADP)诱导的血小板聚集抑制率,比较各组结果。结果根据基因分型,将患者分为野生型组45例(38.1%),突变杂合型组54例(45.8%)及突变纯合型组19例(16.1%)。与野生型组比较,突变纯合型组与突变杂合型组的血小板抑制率均显著下降(均P0.01),氯吡格雷抵抗率明显增高(P0.05~0.01)。与突变杂合型组比较,突变纯合型组的血小板抑制率显著下降(P0.01),氯吡格雷抵抗率差异无统计学意义。Logistic多元回归分析显示,携带CYP2C19突变杂合型等位基因及突变纯合型等位基因与血小板抑制率呈正相关,是氯吡格雷抵抗的独立危险因素(OR=2.13,95%CI:1.78~4.28,P=0.013;OR=4.44,95%CI:3.31~6.41,P=0.001)。结论 CYP2C19突变型等位基因是氯吡格雷低应答的独立危险因素。     

雷贝拉唑在进展性缺血性脑卒中治疗中的价值探讨

目的探讨雷贝拉唑在进展性缺血性脑卒中治疗中的应用价值。方法选取进展性缺血性脑卒中患者80例,随机分成观察组和对照组,观察组在对照组基础治疗上加用雷贝拉唑,对比两组的血小板最大聚集率、临床预后及上消化道出血事件发生率,并对患者的上消化道出血发生事件行多因素分析。结果对两组患者治疗后的血小板最大聚集率进行比较,差异无统计学意义(P> 0. 05);观察组治疗90 d后的mRS评分为(2. 40±1. 06)低于对照组的(2. 90±1. 11),差异有统计学意义(P <0. 05),观察组的NIHSS评分为(5. 85±4. 13)低于对照组的(7. 97±3. 67),差异有统计学意义(P <0. 05);两组上消化道出血事件发生对比,观察组的上消化道出血事件发生率为2. 5%明显低于对照组的22. 5%,差异具有统计学意义(P <0. 01); Logistic回归分析显示,C14尿素呼吸实验阳性、CYP2C19*1/*1型基因、高入院NIHSS评分是抗栓期间上消化道出血事件发生的独立危险因素(P <0. 05)。结论雷贝拉唑对于氯吡格雷的抗血小板聚集治疗效果无明显影响;对于使用双联抗栓药物的进展性缺血性脑卒中患者,合用雷贝拉唑有利于预防上消化道出血事件发生、改善患者预后;特别是对于有幽门螺旋杆菌感染、CYP2C19*1/*1型基因、高入院NIHSS评分等多重危险因素的患者,预防性应用雷贝拉唑可能是必要的。     

CYP2C19基因多态性对氯吡格雷药效的影响

氯吡格雷一种广泛应用的抗血小板聚集药物,在缺血性脑血管病二级预防中起着重要的作用。然而,在临床实践中不断发现,不同的患者对氯吡格雷的反应性差异比较大,某些患者对氯吡格雷的反应性较低或无反应,称之为氯吡格雷低反应或氯吡格雷抵抗,氯吡格雷的低反应或抵抗在缺血性脑血管病复发中起到重要的作用。参与氯吡格雷反应下降的因素有很多,包括基因的多态性(如细胞色素P450、ABCB1及P2Y12基因多态性)、药物的互相作用(质子泵抑制剂、他汀类等)、患者的依从性、Ⅱ型糖尿病、慢性肾病等,但目前机制尚未完全清楚。而CYP2C19作为细胞色素P450(CYP450)家族中一类重要的亚型,在多种药物代谢中体现出其重要性。氯吡格雷作为一种常见的抗血小板药物,其代谢也受CYP2C19基因多态性的影响,不同基因型患者对氯吡格雷的治疗反应性不同。文中就CYP2C19的几个主要基因多态性位点对氯吡格雷代谢的影响作综述。     

细胞色素P450酶2C19基因多态性与缺血性脑血管病患者介入术后服用氯吡格雷临床预后的相关分析

目的 探讨细胞色素P450酶2C19(CYP2C19)基因多态性与缺血性脑血管病患者介入术后长期服用氯吡格雷临床预后的相关性.方法 入选南京卒中注册系统中2009年4月至2010年12月行脑血管支架植入术并长期服用氯吡格雷的缺血性卒中患者194例.采用多重高温连接酶检测反应技术对人选病例的CYP2C19*2和CYP2C19 * 3位点进行分型,并对这些患者进行随访.主要终点事件包括缺血性脑血管事件和死亡;次要终点事件包括出血性血管事件和其他血管事件.结果 平均随访(19.4±9.9)个月,主要终点事件发生率为16.5％ (32/194).CYP2C19*2基因位点分型结果显示,194例患者中,CYP2C19*1*1型患者87例(44.8％),CYP2C19*1 * 2型患者88例(45.4％),CYP2C19 * 2*2型患者19例(9.8％).携带CYP2C19 * 2基因的患者随访期间主要终点事件的发生率明显高于非携带者[24/107(22.4％)与8/87(9.2％),HR =2.74,95％ CI 1.23 ～6.10,p=0.01].CYP2C19*3基因位点分型结果显示,CYP2C19 * 1 * 1基因型患者181例(93.3％),CYP2C19 * 1 * 3基因型患者13例(6.7％).CYP2C19 * 1*1和CYP2C19*1*3的两组患者之间主要终点事件发生率的差异无统计学意义.将年龄、性别、体重指数、高血压、糖尿病等危险因素纳入多因素COX回归模型分析显示,CYP2C19*2是主要终点事件的发生独立危险因素(HR=2.89,95％ Cl 1.10 ～7.60,P=0.03).结论 CYP2C19*2基因位点的多态性可能是影响脑血管支架术后服用氯吡格雷的患者临床预后的重要影响因素.     

阿司匹林联合氯吡格雷治疗缺血性脑卒中的疗效及对血小板聚集率的影响

目的探讨阿司匹林联合氯吡格雷治疗缺血性脑卒中的疗效及其病人血小板聚集率的影响。方法回顾性分析2014年6月至2015年6月收治的292例缺血性脑卒中的临床资料。根据治疗方法分为常规组(146例)与联合组(146例),常规组给予阿司匹林(100 mg/d)治疗,联合组在常规组治疗的基础上给予氯吡格雷(75 mg/d)治疗。治疗前、治疗后2周,比较两组血小板聚集率和美国国立卫生研究所脑卒中量表(NIHSS)评分。结果治疗前,两组NIHSS评分和血小板聚集率均无明显差异(P0.05);治疗后2周,两组NIHSS评分和血小板聚集率均明显改善(P0.05),而且,联合组明显优于常规组(P0.05)。结论阿司匹林与氯吡格雷可以发挥协同作用,进一步降低缺血性脑卒中病人血小板的聚集率,对缺血性脑卒中有更好的疗效。     

急性缺血性脑卒中患者CYP2C 19基因分型与临床预后的相关性分析

目的探讨急性缺血性脑卒中患者CYP2C 19基因分型与临床预后的相关性。方法选取本院收治的156例应用氯吡格雷治疗的急性缺血性脑卒中患者作为研究对象,对患者进行CYP2C19*2和CYP2C19*3基因型检测,根据检测结果分为野生型组(GG)和突变型组(GA/AA)。对比两组的血小板抑制率、氯吡格雷疗效及临床预后情况。结果野生型组患者的平均血小板抑制率为(42. 42±2. 74)%,突变型组为(32. 41±2. 69)%,突变型组的平均血小板抑制率显著低于野生型组(P <0. 05)。突变型组的氯吡格雷抵抗发生率为26. 32%,显著高于野生型组的1. 25%(P <0. 05)。突变型组的预后不良发生率显著高于野生型组,卒中复发率及心脑血管不良事件总发生率也显著高于野生型组(P <0. 05)。与野生型组相比,突变型组患者随访期间累积无再发心脑血管不良事件的生存率明显更低(P <0. 05)。结论急性缺血性脑卒中患者的CYP2C 19基因分型与血小板抑制率、临床预后密切相关,携带CYP2C19突变型基因型的患者,血小板抑制率更低,氯吡格雷敏感性越差,预后不良风险越高。     

Characteristics of the sympathetic innervation of the nictitating membrane and of the vasculature of the nose and tongue of the cat

Summary Vasomotor responses from the nasal mucosa and tongue, and contractions of the nictitating membrane, were recorded on stimulation of the cervical sympathetic or internal carotid nerves.Preganglionic sympathetic nerve fibres which elicited a membrane response possessed a lower threshold than those which evoked nasal vasoconstriction, while the latter displayed a lower threshold than fibres which evoked tongue vasoconstriction. The sympathetic vasodilator fibres to the tongue, whose activity was revealed after-receptor blockade, had a similar threshold to the vasoconstrictor fibres.Membrane contraction, nasal vasoconstriction and occasionally tongue vasoconstriction could be evoked by stimulating the internal carotid nerve. The postganglionic fibres innervating the nasal mucosa had a similar threshold to those of the nictitating membrane, which may indicate that there are small myelinated fibres innervating the mucosa.The preganglionic compound nerve action potential had four major components, S₁–S₄. S₁, S₂ and usually S₃ fibres were associated with membrane contraction; S₂, S₃ and sometimes S₁ fibres were associated with nasal vasoconstriction; and S₃, usually S₂ and occasionally S₁ fibres were associated with vasoconstriction in the tongue. It is concluded that each of these three groups of nerve fibres, but not S₄ fibres, may include fibres associated functionally with the three effectors.There was a considerable difference between the relative amplitude of the responses of the three effectors elicited by stimulation of the cervical sympathetic nerve at frequencies between 0.2 and 2 Hz. Vasoconstrictor responses were relatively larger than membrane contractions suggesting differences in the mechanisms of neurotransmission at the neuroeffector junctions.     

Mechanisms of the suppression of the nociceptive reflex of the opening of the mouth during stimulation of the structures of the limbic brain

The comparative effectiveness of the inhibitory influence of tetanic stimulation of hypothalamus, amygdala and limbic cortex on EMG-response of m. digastricus evoked by electrical stimulation of tooth pulp nociceptive afferents was studied in cats anesthetized with a mixture of chloralose and nembutal. It was found that inhibition of the EMG-component of the jaw-opening reflex is most pronounced in case of stimulation of medial and lateral region of the hypothalamus, the inhibitory effect of central and medial nuclei of the amygdala is less pronounced and the effect of the limbic cortex is the weakest. It was shown that the mechanism of the antinociceptive effect of tetanic stimulation of the hypothalamus is not related to the concomitant increase of the blood pressure. After stabilization of the blood pressure the suppressive effect of the hypothalamus remains without changes, that points out to a direct, primary, not baro-afferent mechanism of the inhibition of the activity of nociceptive neurons of the trigeminal sensory nuclei. Noradrenaline, injected intravenously, induced a large increase of the blood pressure accompanied by a pronounced inhibition of the pain reflex. Angiotensin causes the same degree of blood pressure elevation without changes in the amplitude of the EMG-response of the pain reflex. Hypothalamic and noradrenergic mechanisms for control of pain sensitivity are discussed.     

Development of the projection from the nucleus of the brachium of the inferior colliculus to the superior colliculus in the ferret

Neurons in the deeper layers of the superior colliculus (SC) have spatially tuned receptive fields that are arranged to form a map of auditory space. The spatial tuning of these neurons emerges gradually in an experience-dependent manner after the onset of hearing, but the relative contributions of peripheral and central factors in this process of maturation are unknown. We have studied the postnatal development of the projection to the ferret SC from the nucleus of the brachium of the inferior colliculus (nBIC), its main source of auditory input, to determine whether the emergence of auditory map topography can be attributed to anatomical rewiring of this projection. The pattern of retrograde labeling produced by injections of fluorescent microspheres in the SC on postnatal day (P) 0 and just after the age of hearing onset (P29), showed that the nBIC-SC projection is topographically organized in the rostrocaudal axis, along which sound azimuth is represented, from birth. Injections of biotinylated dextran amine-fluorescein into the nBIC at different ages (P30, 60, and 90) labeled axons with numerous terminals and en passant boutons throughout the deeper layers of the SC. This labeling covered the entire mediolateral extent of the SC, but, in keeping with the pattern of retrograde labeling following microsphere injections in the SC, was more restricted rostrocaudally. No systematic changes were observed with age. The stability of the nBIC-SC projection over this period suggests that developmental changes in auditory spatial tuning involve other processes, rather than a gross refinement of the projection from the nBIC.     

Origins of the sympathetic innervation of the cervical end of the uterus in the rat

A retrograde neuronal tracer (Fast Blue) was injected in the cervical end of the uterine horn of virgin rats. The majority of the retrogradely labeled post-ganglionic sympathetic neurons were found in the sympathetic chain (74%). The superior mesenteric ganglia, inferior mesenteric ganglia and suprarenal ganglia accounted for 22, 3 and <1%, respectively. The distribution of neurons in the sympathetic chain labeled from the uterus resembles that described for other pelvic organs.     

Sexual pheromones and the evolution of the reward system of the brain: the chemosensory function of the amygdala

The amygdala of all tetrapod vertebrates receives direct projections from the main and accessory olfactory bulbs, and the strong similarities in the organization of these projections suggest that they have undergone a very conservative evolution. However, current ideas about the function of the amygdala do not pay sufficient attention to its chemosensory role, but only view it as the core of the emotional brain. In this study, we propose that both roles of the amygdala are intimately linked since the amygdala is actually involved in mediating emotional responses to chemical signals. The amygdala is the only structure in the brain receiving pheromonal information directly from the accessory olfactory bulbs and we have shown in mice that males emit sexual pheromones that are innately attractive for females. In fact, sexual pheromones can be used as unconditioned stimuli to induce a conditioned attraction to previously neutral odorants as well as a conditioned place preference. Therefore, sexual pheromones should be regarded as natural reinforcers. Behavioural and pharmacological studies (reviewed here) have shown that the females' innate preference for sexual pheromones is not affected by lesions of the dopaminergic cells of the ventral tegmental area, and that the systemic administration of dopamine antagonists do not alter neither the attraction nor the reinforcing effects of these pheromones. Anatomical studies have shown that the vomeronasal amygdala gives rise to important projections to the olfactory tubercle and the islands of Calleja, suggesting that these amygdalo-striatal pathways might be involved in the reinforcing value of sexual pheromones.     

Topographical organization of the motoneuron pools that innervate the muscles of the pinna of the cat

The topographical organization of the 22 motoneuron pools that innervate the pinna muscles of the cat was examined by injecting the B-subunit of cholera toxin conjugated to horseradish peroxidase into individual muscles. All 22 pools are found in the facial nucleus, organized as rostro-caudally oriented columns, and arranged according to the action of the muscles they innervate. Pools innervating muscles that pull the pinna dorsally are located in the dorsal two thirds of the medio-dorsal subdivision, and those innervating muscles that pull the pinna ventrally are located in the ventral one half of the nucleus. Motoneurons innervating muscles that pull the pinna cranially are located laterally, those that pull the pinna caudally are located medio-ventrally, and those that change the shape of the pinna are located along the entire dorso-ventral extent in the center of the medio-dorsal subdivision. This topographical layout is consistent with the somatotopic organization of the entire facial nucleus as demonstrated in a variety of species. © 1995 Wiley-Liss, Inc.     

Histochemical methods for the further characterisation of the tumourettes of the posterior lobe of the pituitary

Summary The granular cell tumourettes of the posterior lobe of the pituitary possess neuraminic acid containing carbohydrate. After removal of neuraminic acid with neuraminidase and exposure to FITC (Fluorescein isothiocyanate) labelled peanut agglutinin (Arachis hypogaea) (PNA), intracellular receptor structures could be demonstrated. The significance of the findings is discussed.