活性炭细化及在微波照射快速降解酸性红B中应用

在粉末状活性炭存在下,微波照射能快速降解酸性红B。对总体积25 mL,浓度100 mg/L的酸性红B溶液,活性炭加入量1.6 g/L,微波照射1.5 min时,降解率可达73.20%。同样条件下适当提高活性炭加入量,如3.2 g/L时,降解率可达到98.63%。因此,选择活性炭作为催化剂具有降解率高,速度快,成本低,降解彻底,无二次污染等优点,适合于大规模治理各种染料废水。     

改性淀粉絮凝剂的性能研究

介绍了合成淀粉接枝丙烯酰胺淀粉改性高分子絮凝剂,考察了淀粉单体浓度、引发剂浓度、投料顺序对絮凝效果的影响,并将其处理模拟废水,考察了其絮凝性能。实验结果表明:引发剂浓度为3.0×10-3mol/L,淀粉用量为5g/200(mL.溶液),先加入引发剂后加入单体有利于接枝共聚。     

改性灰岩除氟的实验研究

采用改性灰岩作为除氟材料,通过批实验和柱实验,考察不同条件下的除氟效果,并探讨了其实际应用的可能性。结果表明:FeCl3溶液联合灰岩除氟,可使高氟水中的氟浓度达到国家饮用水标准,在含氟水样中加灰岩后,直接加FeCl3会促进灰岩对氟的去除效率。在氟离子浓度为5 mg/L,粒径0.2～0.5 mm的灰岩为1 g的条件下,铁离子含量为0.016 mmol/L时,即可达到去除的最佳效果,除氟率可达95.74%。柱实验说明在FeCl3溶液浓度一定时,除氟率随着总出水量的增加而提高;填充的灰岩总量不变时,随着FeCl3溶液浓度的增加,除氟效果明显增加,说明本实验具有实际应用的可能性。     

壳聚糖包裹活性炭/稀土对印染废水的处理研究

用壳聚糖包裹活性炭后再加入稀土化合物对印染废水进行絮凝脱色处理,研究了壳聚糖和活性炭不同的配比和投加量,以及稀土的用量对水样处理效果的影响。结果表明,壳聚糖和活性炭的质量比1∶9,投加量在4g/L,pH值为2.3,实验温度为40℃时的处理效果最好。而与稀土溶液共同处理印染废水时,硝酸镧用量在0.04g/L时絮凝效果最好,浊度、色度的去除率均为95%,COD的去除率接近70%,氨氮的去除率高于40%;而硝酸铈要在用量为0.06g/L时才能在浊度和色度的去除率略高于硝酸镧。     

絮凝剂产生菌的筛选及应用

本研究从活性污泥中筛选出两株絮凝剂产生菌Galactomycessp(M-2)和白地霉属Geotrichum candidum(J-5),所产絮凝剂对高岭土的絮凝活性均高达90%以上。絮凝实验表明:絮凝剂对高岭土悬浊液的最佳投加量为3 mL/L,在酸性与碱性条件下,絮凝活性均很好。高岭土悬浊液的浓度对絮凝效果有一定的影响,浓度为4~6 g/L时絮凝效果较稳定。对蓝黑墨水等溶液有较好的脱色效果。     

天然沸石负载WO_3-TiO_2复合半导体的光催化臭氧氧化性能

采用溶胶-凝胶-浸渍-焙烧法制备了负载型纳米复合半导体WO3-Ti O2/Zeolite催化剂。以偶氮染料亚甲基蓝为目标降解物,通过光催化臭氧氧化法讨论了污染物初始浓度,溶液的pH,催化剂用量等因素对催化剂光催化臭氧氧化的影响。结果表明,当亚甲基蓝初始浓度为1 400 mg/L,溶液pH=5,通氧量为2 L/min,催化剂用量为5 g/L时催化剂氧化污染物活性最好,1 h后亚甲基蓝的降解率可达99.81%。     

羟基铁覆膜硅藻土的制备及除砷实验研究

利用羟基铁对硅藻土进行覆膜,探索了其制备方法并利用其处理含砷废水。制备1 g覆膜硅藻土需添加0.4 mL 1mol/L的Fe(NO3)3溶液混合均匀后加入0.05 mL 4 mol/L的NaOH溶液搅拌至混合物呈泥状,在110℃下烘干后粉碎,其用量为1 g/L。利用该方法制备覆膜硅藻土可大幅增加硅藻土的比表面积和铁含量,分别提升了76%和2134.5%,有效的增强了其吸附能力。通过实验,验证了覆膜硅藻土的除砷能力,且随砷浓度升高而升高;反应开始后1 h后可接近反应平衡,最大吸附量可达37.14 mg/g。覆膜硅藻土除砷过程受到pH值的影响,随pH值的升高除砷率将先升后降,在pH值为4~7.5时,具有较强除砷能力。     

有机改性蒙脱土去除球形棕囊藻赤潮研究

采用离子交换法制备出一种稳定的十六烷基三甲基溴化铵(CTAB)改性蒙脱土,考察了其对球形棕囊藻(Phaeocystis globosa Scherffel)赤潮的杀灭控制作用和絮凝沉降动力学。结果表明,当藻细胞起始密度为1.1×106/mL、改性粘土用量为14 mg/L时,作用48 h后对球形棕囊藻的除藻率为87%;用量为22 mg/L时的除藻率可达91%,而当藻细胞起始密度增大为6.3×106/mL时,同等用量和时间条件下,除藻率分别为62%、73%,呈现出明显的剂量-效应关系,除藻率受藻细胞起始密度影响较大。絮凝沉降实验发现,10 mg/L的改性粘土在60 m in时的沉降率即可达到80%,表明改性粘土对球形棕囊藻有较强的沉降作用及较快的沉降速率。     

UV/H2O2/草酸铁处理垃圾渗滤液的研究

利用UV(125 W)/H₂O₂/草酸铁处理已经过生化处理的垃圾渗滤液(CODCr为450 mg/L)时,反应较佳条件是pH值为4.0及总药剂用量为14 mL/L.草酸铁的用量要适当,投加量过少,混凝效果较差,有效光子不能完全转化为化学能,处理效果不理想;投加量过多,溶液形成棕色混浊,使紫外光的吸收降低,造成光散射,降低反应速度.而H₂O₂的投加量过多,将使铁的络合物更加稳定,H₂O₂的分解速率受到限制,投加量过少,效果也会降低.当总药剂用量为14 mL/L(其中30%过氧化氢6 mL/L,0.1 mol/L草酸铁溶液8 mL/L)时,反应30 min后,CODCr去除率可达80%左右,脱色率可达90%以上.      

聚铝和FeCl3对蓝藻水体浊度的去除

为了净化蓝藻水体,利用聚铝和FeCl3 2种絮凝剂对蓝藻水样进行了絮凝研究,主要通过浊度的去除效果来评价聚铝和FeCl3对蓝藻水样的处理效果.实验结果表明:聚铝和FeCl3对蓝藻水样进行絮凝时,搅拌是关键因素之一;粉煤灰和FeCl3的联合作用时蓝藻水样浊度的去除效果没有FeCl3单独作用效果好;在蓝藻水样浊度为71 NTU时,FeCl3的最适处理质量浓度为50 mg/L,聚铝的最适处理质量浓度为50 mg/L和100mg/L;此时,聚铝可将蓝藻水样的浊度从71 NTU降至2.5 NTU,FeCl3可将蓝藻水样的浊度从71 NTU降至3.4 NTU.     

Effects of two sludge application on fractionation and phytotoxicity of zinc and copper in the soil

The potential harm of heavy metals is a primary concern in application of sludge to the agricultural land. A pot experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of two sludges on fractionation of Zn and Cu in soil and their phytotoxicity to pakchoi. The loamy soil was mixed with 0%, 20%, 40%, 60% and 80% (by weight) of digested sewage sludge (SS) and composted sludge (SC). The additions of both sludges caused a significant raise in all fractions, resulting in that exchangeable (EXCH) and organic bound (OM) became predominance of Zn and organic bound Cu occupied the largest portion. There was more available amount of Zn and Cu in SS treatments than SC treatments. During the pot experiment, the concentration of Zn in EXCH, carbonate (CAR) and OM and Cu in EXCH and OM fractions decreased in all treatments, so their bioavailability reduced. Germination rate and plant biomass decreased when the addition rate was high and the best yield appeared in 20% mixtures at the harvest of pakchoi. The two sludges increased tissue contents of Zn and Cu especially in the SS treatments. Zn in pakchoi was not only in relationship to ΔEXCH and ΔCAR forms but also in ΔOM forms in the sludge-soil mixtures. Tissue content of Cu in pakchoi grown on SC-soils could not be predicted by ΔEXCH. These correlation rates between Zn and Cu accumulation in pakchoi and variation of different fractions increased with time, which might indicate that sludges represented stronger impacts on the plant in long-term land application.     

Intraspecific differences in effects of co-contamination of cadmium and

A hydroponic experiment was carried out to study intraspecific differences in the effects of different concentrations of cadmium (Cd)(0-10 mg/L) and arsenate (As(V)) (0-8 mg/L) on the growth parameters and accumulation of Cd and As in six wheat varieties Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11, Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8. The endpoints of wheat seedlings, including seed germination,biomass, root length and shoot height, decreased with increasing the Cd and As concentrations. Significant differences in seed germination, biomass, root length, shoot height and the accumulation of Cd and As were observed between the treatments and among the varieties (p ＜ 0.05). The lethal dosage 50% were about 20, 80, 60, 60, 80 and 20 mg As/L for Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11,Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8, respectively, and the corresponding values for Cd were about 30, 80, 20, 40, 60 and 10 mg Cd/L, respectively. Among the six varieties, Duokang-1 was found to be the most resistant to Cd and As toxicity, and Zhongmai-8 was the most sensitive to Cd and As co-contamination. The resistance of the six varieties was found dependant on the seedling uptake of Cd and As. Duokang-1 was the most suitable for cultivation in Cd and As co-contaminated soils.     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Degradation of metabolites accumulated of benzo[a]pyrene by coupling Penicillium Chrysogenum with KMnO4

Several main metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene （BaP） formed by Penicillium chrysogenum, Benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone （BP 1,6- quinone）, trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene （BP 7,8-diol）, 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene （3-OHBP）, were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. The three metabolites were liable to be accumulated and were hardly further metabolized because of their toxicity to microorganisms. However, their further degradation was essential for the complete degradation of BaP. To enhance their degradation, two methods, degradation by coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 and degradation only by Penicillium chrysogenum, were compared; Meanwhile, the parameters of degradation in the superior method were optimized. The results showed that （1） the method of coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 was better and was the first method to be used in the degradation of BaP and its metabolites; （2） the metabolite, BP 1,6-quinone was the most liable to be accumulated in pure cultures; （3） the effect of degradation was the best when the concentration of KMnO4 in the cultures was 0.01% （w/v）, concentration of the three compounds was 5 mg/L and pH was 6.2. Based on the experimental results, a novel concept with regard to the bioremediation of BaP-contaminated environment was discussed, considering the influence on environmental toxicity of the accumulated metabolites.     

Impact of atrazine and nitrogen fertilizers on the sorption of chlorotoluron in soil and model sorbents

Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.