益生菌联合膳食纤维改善便秘

目的建立标准化的洛哌丁胺诱导的大鼠便秘模型,分别使用益生菌、膳食纤维以及益生菌联合膳食纤维对模型进行干预,用以探讨益生菌联合膳食纤维对便秘的改善作用及其机制。方法洛哌丁胺腹腔注射(5mg/kg),连续5d,建立大鼠便秘模型,益生菌(2mL/只),膳食纤维(1g/kg),益生菌联合膳食纤维(2mL/只)干预7d。造模5d后,通过观察各组大鼠的粪便性状以及检测其粪便含水率,用以判断造模是否成功。第12天通过碳粉推进率实验检测各组大鼠小肠推进率。利用PCR-DGGE指纹图谱技术分析各组菌群多样性的改变。ELISA法测定各组大鼠结肠组织样品中VIP、P、Cl~-、Ca~(2+)浓度。Western blotting实验方法对各组大鼠结肠组织中AQP3、C-Kit进行含量检测。RT-PCR实验方法测定各组大鼠结肠组织中PKA、NK1的含量变化。应用Na~+-K~+-ATP酶活性测定试剂盒对各组大鼠结肠组织中Na~+-K~+-ATP酶活性进行测定。结果造模后模型组大鼠粪便干结呈颗粒状,粪便含水率显著下降,提示造模成功。经益生菌、膳食纤维以及益生菌联合膳食纤维干预7d后,与经自然恢复的便秘模型组相比,各组大鼠肠道菌群多样性升高,更接近正常大鼠,小肠推进率、VIP、P、Cl~-、Ca~(2+)、AQP3、C-kit、PKA、NK1以及Na~+-K~+-ATP酶活性均有不同程度的恢复,而其中益生菌联合膳食纤维组效果最为显著。结论益生菌和膳食纤维均可不同程度的改善便秘,而益生菌联合膳食纤维可显著改善便秘。     

3种便秘模型的比较研究

目的比较不同药物、同种药物不同动物及同种药物同种动物不同性别便秘模型的建造效果差异,探讨建模的最佳方案。方法 48只ICR小鼠(雌雄各半)随机分为6组(雌、雄正常对照组,雌、雄洛哌丁胺组,雌、雄硫糖铝组),每组动物数量相等,24只Wistar大鼠(雌雄各半)随机分为4组(雌、雄正常对照组,雌、雄洛哌丁胺组),每组数量相等,洛哌丁胺组1天2次洛哌丁胺灌胃给药,硫糖铝组1天1次灌胃给药。从动物体质量、饮水、进食、粪便含水量、口-肛传输时间及远端结肠组织学分析等指标进行造模效果评价。结果造模组与空白对照组在体重、粪便含水量及口-肛传输时间上有统计学差异(P<0.05),组织学造模组与空白对照组有差异;洛哌丁胺组与硫糖铝组差异不是很明显;雌性与雄性造模效果相比雌性更为显著。结论从造模效果、动物抵抗力、药物使用便捷程度等角度考虑,洛哌丁胺致雌性动物便秘模型较佳,而大鼠、小鼠的选择应根据具体药效实验而定。     

3种模拟中医体征的体虚便秘大鼠模型建立及效果观察

目的：分别建立大鼠血虚、阴虚和阳虚便秘模型并比较其结肠动力、结肠水代谢、结肠黏液分泌和结肠水通道蛋白2（AQP2）的表达水平。方法：40只SD大鼠,雌雄各半,随机分为4组（n=10）：正常对照组（N）、血虚便秘组（XC）、阴虚便秘组（YC）、阳虚便秘组（YAC）。分别采用放血+洛哌丁胺、甲状腺素+洛哌丁胺、冰水刺激+洛哌丁胺建立血虚便秘、阴虚便秘、阳虚便秘大鼠模型,放血每周1次,药物每天灌胃1次,连续42 d。检测大鼠活动状态、体质量、大便性状、口肛传输时间、小肠推进率、粪便和结肠含水量等体征指标,对结肠组织进行AB-PAS染色和免疫组化染色,观察黏液分泌情况和AQP2表达水平。结果：与正常对照组比较,3种模型大鼠体重增长减慢;造模第40天自主活动量变化率由大到小依次为YC、XC和YAC;造模第30天出现固体硬质粪便,粪便评分升高顺序为XC、YC和YAC;口肛传输时间均显著延长、小肠推进率均显著降低（P < 0.05,P < 0.01）,肠动力减低顺序为YC、YAC和XC;粪便含水量均显著减少（P < 0.05,P < 0.01）,XC和YAC组大鼠结肠含水量显著减少（P < 0.05,P <0.01）,YC大鼠结肠含水量有减少趋势,结肠水代谢顺序为YC、YAC和XC;3种模型大鼠结肠黏膜层腺管和杯状细胞出现不同程度缩小,黏液分泌减少,分泌功能障碍顺序为YAC、YC和XC,且近端和远端结肠AQP2的表达均显著增加（P < 0.05,P < 0.01）,增加顺序近端结肠为YAC、YC、XC,远端结肠为YAC、XC和YC。结论：复合因素长期刺激均可建立符合中医体征的便秘大鼠模型,且各模型大鼠结肠运动、结肠水代谢、结肠黏液分泌和AQP2表达水平存在一定的差异。     

裙带菜多糖及其寡糖对 洛哌丁胺诱导便秘小鼠的肠道菌群的影响

目的比较裙带菜多糖及其寡糖对洛哌丁胺引起小鼠便秘的肠道菌群的影响。方法给予小鼠9.6mg/kg浓度的洛哌丁胺每日2次连续灌胃14d,分别给予裙带菜多糖和裙带菜寡糖,通过PCRDGGE技术获得菌群指纹图谱和16SRNA测序,用Quantity One软件构建进化树,对图谱进行相似性及多样性分析,并选取差异条带进行测序。结果裙带菜多糖可以明显改善小鼠由洛哌丁胺引起的便秘并且增加菌群多样性,裙带菜寡糖虽然也可以改善但效果不是很明显(对便秘和菌群有改善,但差异无统计学意义)。结论裙带菜多糖及其寡糖可以(通过改善肠道菌群从而)改善由洛哌丁胺引起的便秘。     

基于肠道菌群研究枳术丸治疗脾虚证慢传输型便秘的作用机制

目的 观察枳术丸对脾虚证慢传输型便秘（slow transit constipation,STC）小鼠肠道菌群、短链脂肪酸（SCFAs）、5-羟色胺（5-HT）和肠道传输功能的影响,探讨枳术丸治疗STC的机制。方法 将50只健康的KM小鼠按随机数字表法分为正常组（15只）和造模组（35只）,正常组小鼠基础饲料喂养,造模组小鼠以番泻叶灌胃和限制饮食饮水方法制作脾虚证STC小鼠模型。造模成功后,将造模组小鼠分为模型组、莫沙必利组和枳术丸组,每组10只,对应给药治疗7 d。治疗结束后分别采用16S rRNA基因测序技术分析小鼠粪便菌群多样性和菌群结构,气相色谱/质谱法检测粪便中SCFAs水平,HE染色观察各组小鼠结肠组织病理形态改变,使用ELISA法检测小鼠脑组织、结肠组织中5-HT水平。结果 造模后,各造模组小鼠体质量显著低于正常组（均P<0.01）;治疗结束后,模型组小鼠体质量和肠道推进率显著低于正常组（均P<0.01）;与模型组比较,莫沙必利组和枳术丸组小鼠体质量和肠道推进率升高（均P<0.05）。小鼠结肠组织HE病理显示模型组腺体排列不齐,结肠黏膜轻微水肿、充血,轻...     

复合益生菌粉对功能性便秘小鼠润肠通便的作用

目的 探究由乳双歧杆菌V9、干酪乳杆菌Zhang、植物乳杆菌P9组成的复合益生菌粉对便秘模型小鼠的排便情况、肠动力水平的改善及肠道菌群结构的调整作用。方法 将100只Balb/c小鼠随机分为A、B两大组,每组又随机分为空白组、模型组以及复合益生菌粉低剂量组、中剂量组、高剂量组,其中A组50只用于排便情况测定,B组50只用于结肠HE染色及肠道菌群的检测。实验共进行15 d,空白组与模型组小鼠灌胃蒸馏水15 d,复合益生菌粉各剂量组小鼠灌胃相应剂量的复合益生菌粉15 d;同时,除空白组外,于第7天、第15天灌胃盐酸洛哌丁胺（4 mg/kg）进行造模。结果 与空白组相比,模型组小鼠首次排便时间显著延长（P<0.01）,6 h内粪便质量显著减轻（P<0.05）,肠推进率显著降低（P<0.05）,提示造模成功;与模型组相比,复合益生菌粉低、高剂量组首次排黑便时间显著缩短（P<0.05）,肠推进率显著升高（P<0.05）,同时高剂量组小鼠6 h排便量增加（P<0.05）。HE结果显示,复合益生菌粉可以增厚结肠肌层,恢复受损的结肠黏膜组织,并且腺管排列恢复至正常水...     

基于数据挖掘及动物实验探讨维持洛哌丁胺诱导便秘小鼠模型稳定性的研究

目的 通过文献数据挖掘与实验研究相结合的方法,挖掘洛哌丁胺诱导便秘小鼠模型造模特点及影响因素,为建立稳定的实验便秘模型提供一定参考.方法 文献研究部分以便秘及动物模型为主题词,检索中英文数据库,筛选使用洛哌丁胺诱导便秘小鼠模型的实验研究,提取资料并进行分析;动物实验部分,采用雄性C57BL/6小鼠,给予5 mg/kg及...     

肠易激综合征大鼠模型的复制与评价

目的建立肠易激综合征(IBS)大鼠模型,为实验药理学提供方法。方法采用复合因素诱导大鼠建立IBS模型,测定模型大鼠体重、摄食量、排便情况、自主运动量、胃排空率和肠推进率,分析血清5-HT、血浆SP、VIP含量以及结肠匀浆5-HT、SP、VIP含量变化,测定血液生化指标,显微观察胃窦黏膜和横结肠黏膜组织形态改变。结果造模后各大鼠体重减轻、摄食量减少,排便量增多、出现稀便和无定形软便,自主运动量减少,胃排空率减小、肠推进率加快,血清5-HT含量升高、血浆SP和VIP含量均降低,结肠匀浆5-HT和SP、VIP含量升高(P0.05,P0.01),血液生化指标未见异常,胃窦黏膜和横结肠黏膜无明显形态改变;匹维溴铵15.0 mg/kg治疗30 d后,大鼠体重、摄食量增加,排便量减少、稀便减少,自主运动量接近正常,血清5-HT含量下降、血浆SP和VIP含量升高,结肠匀浆5-HT和SP、VIP含量下降。结论复合因素随机刺激能成功复制IBS大鼠模型,其病理生理特征与临床研究结果基本吻合。     

当归对实验性血虚便秘模型小鼠结肠组织形态和黏液分泌的影响

目的：观察当归对实验性血虚便秘模型小鼠的治疗作用及其对小鼠结肠组织形态和黏液分泌的影响。方法：60只KM小鼠,雌雄各半,随机分为6组（n=10）：正常对照组、血虚便秘组、阳性对照组、当归高、中、低剂量组。除正常对照组小鼠外,其余各组小鼠灌胃给予复方地芬诺酯（DNP）,皮下注射乙酰苯肼（APH）,腹腔内注射环磷酰胺（CPA）,复制血虚便秘小鼠模型。从实验的第14天起,当归组小鼠灌胃给予不同剂量的当归煎液（16.67,8.33,4.17 g/kg）,阳性对照组给予常通舒颗粒（5 g/kg）,血虚便秘模型组和正常对照组小鼠给予等体积生理盐水,每日1次,连续28 d。观察小鼠一般状态,检测首粒黑便排出时间（FBDT）、粪便和结肠含水量,取结肠组织进行HE和AB-PAS染色,观察小鼠结肠组织形态变化和黏液分泌情况。结果：与正常对照组比较,血虚便秘组小鼠出现血虚和便秘体征,FBDT显著延长、粪便和结肠含水量显著降低（P<0.01）,结肠黏膜和大肠腺萎缩、黏膜层变薄（P<0.01）,黏液分泌减少。与血虚便秘模型组比较,3个剂量的当归均能改善血虚便秘体征,显著缩短FBDT（P<0.05,P<0.01）,显著升高小鼠结肠含水量（P<0.05,P<0.01）;高、中剂量的当归能显著升高小鼠粪便含水量（P<0.05）;3个剂量当归均能改善血虚便秘模型小鼠的结肠黏膜和大肠腺萎缩,增加结肠黏液分泌,改善结肠润滑功能。结论：当归可改善结肠黏膜萎缩、增加结肠黏液分泌,从而软化粪便促进粪便排出。     

三联益生菌对便秘小鼠肠道推进功能改善及其对 小鼠肠道菌群调节作用的研究

目的研究新型嗜酸乳杆菌NCFM-乳双歧杆菌Bi-07-鼠李糖乳杆菌NH001三联益生菌制剂对便秘小鼠小肠蠕动的促进作用,以及其对小鼠肠道菌群构成比例的调节作用。方法小肠推进率实验:将50只KM小鼠适应性饲养后随机分为空白对照组、模型对照组和低中高三个剂量组。空白对照组和模型对照组给予蒸馏水,低中高剂量组每天分别给予0.165、0.330、0.990g/(kg·bw)益生菌制剂,灌胃14d后使用复方地芬诺酯建立小鼠便秘模型观察小肠墨汁推进率;肠道菌群调节作用实验:将42只BALB/c小鼠中随机抽取10只作为自身对比空白组,适应性饲养后将所有小鼠随机分为空白对照组和低中高三个剂量组,空白对照组给予蒸馏水,各剂量组以相同剂量给予益生菌制剂灌胃。自身对比空白组于灌胃前无菌采集小鼠直肠粪便,所有小鼠灌胃30d后无菌采集直肠粪便,使用16SrDNA基因测序对粪便中菌群DNA进行多样性及各水平菌群物种测定。结果高剂量组便秘小鼠小肠推进率显著高于模型对照组(P0.05);各剂量组肠道菌群多样性、双歧杆菌属、乳杆菌属数量较灌胃前显著增加(P0.05),大肠埃希菌属、梭菌属、肠球菌属较灌胃前显著降低(P0.05)。结论三联益生菌能够有效促进便秘小鼠肠道蠕动能力,改善便秘症状;同时对小鼠肠道菌群结构有调节作用。     

六种藓类植物茎的比较解剖学研究

通过对6种藓类植物,即褶叶青藓(Brachythecium salebrosum(Web.et Mohr.)B.S.G.)、湿地匐灯藓(Plagiomnium acutum(Lindb.)Kop.)、侧枝匐灯藓(Plagiomnium maximoviczii(Lindb.)Kop.)、大凤尾藓(Fissidensnobilis Griff.)、大羽藓(Thuidium cymbifolium(Doz.et Molk.)B.S.G.)和大灰藓(Hypnum plumaeforme Wils.)嫩茎和老茎的石蜡切片和显微观察发现,同一藓类植株的嫩茎和老茎,茎结构稳定,不同种藓类植物茎横切面具有不同特征.植物体茎横切面形状、表层细胞的层数、细胞大小和细胞壁厚薄、皮层细胞大小和形状、中轴的有无以及比例等特征可以作为藓类植物的分科分类依据之一.     

Cause of Senescence of Nine Sorts of Flowers

The levels of endogenous phytohormones and respiratory rate in nine sorts of flowers such as Cymbidium faberi Rolfe, Nopalxochia ackermannii Kunth and others were investigated both at full bloom and senescence and meanwhile the effect of exogenous phytohormones on prolonging the blossoms and promoting ethylene production were tested. There is a high content of endogenous ethylene in all the long-lived flowere, about 3–16 folds higer than the short-lived ones. There is a high level of ABA at full blooming flowers of short-lived flowers, in which there is no or only some cytokinins in it, but the ratio of CTK (6BA+zeatin)/ABA is smaller(l.7). The endogenous ABA reached a much higher level at senescence in all nine sorts of flowers, so it is reasonable to consider that it is ABA which plays an important role of regulation in controlling flower's senescence. There is a much higher level of GA3 and zeatin in the long-lived flowers which is not demonstrated in the shortlived ones. The respiratory rate is one of the factors controtling the longevity of flowers, but it does not play a decided role. Application of 6BA and zeatin prolongs distinctly orchid’s longevity, however exogenous IAA through the promotive action on ethylene production, evidently extends the longevity of the flowers of the Nopalxochia ackermannii Kunth.     

龙胆科药用植物化学成分的研究现状

龙胆科植物在我国的分布范围很广,且多数为药用植物,其多数种属的药用植物,至今其化学成分尚未被系统研究。综述了目前龙胆科药用植物的化学成分的研究现状及一般提取方法,对近年来发现的环烯醚萜及裂环烯醚萜类化合物进行了总结,为本科药用植物的更深入研究提供了参考。     

The effects of glutamine of the maintenance of embryogenic cultures of Cryptomeria japonica

Summary Embryogenic tissues of sugi (Cryptomeria japonica) were induced on a modified Campbell and Durzan (CD) medium containing 1 μM 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) and 600 mg l⁻¹ glutamine, and subcultured in the medium of the same composition for over 1 yr. This resulted in a mixed culture of embryogenic and non-embryogenic cells. When embryogenic cells were isolated and cultured independently, their capacity to form embryogenic aggregates was lost. Thus, the non-embryogenic cells present within a mixed culture system were essential to the formation of embryogenic aggregates. When embryogenic tissues were isolated and cultured independently on a high glutamine-containing (2400 mg l⁻¹) medium, dry weights and endogenous levels of glutamine increased, and the tissue could generate a large number of embryogenic aggregates. Amino acid analysis of embryogenic and non-embryogenic cells from the maintenance culture indicated a higher level of glutamine was present in the latter. The high endogenous level of glutamine in the non-embryogenic portion of mixed cell masses may be the supplier of glutamine for maintaining the embryogenic property of the tissues.     

Specificity of action of piperidylcholine derivatives as substrates of cholinesterases of various origin

The review deals with study of enzymologic properties of a novel highly specific acetylcholinesterase substrate, N-(β-acetoxyethyl) piperidinium iodomethylate (“piperidylcholine”), and its 30 derivatives that were tested as effectors of cholinesterases of mammals and various species of Pacific squids. It was proven for the first time that responsible for specificity of action was structure of cyclic ammonium grouping of the alcohol part of molecule of the ester substrate. Analysis of specificity is performed based on enzymatic hydrolysis parameters—activity of catalytic center of cholinesterases and bimolecular constant of the reaction rate that are determined at optimal and low substrate concentrations. Among the specially synthesized group of thioester compounds there is revealed one more highly specific acetylcholinesterase substrate—N-(β-acetoxyethyl) piperidinium.     

真菌类遗传学分析的知识结构教学

本文以认知结构理论为指导,讨论了真菌类遗传分析与高等动植物遗传分析的内在联系,认为利用这种内在联系进行教学可收到好的效果并说明了作者的具体教学过程。 Abstract:In the paper, the relationship between genetic analysis of Fungi and genetic analysis of high animal and plant was discussed.A good results were obtained when we adopted this method in the teaching.     

Photoregulation of seed germination of wild-type and of an aurea-mutant of tomato

Seed germination of an aurea mutant of tomato ( Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) is promoted by continuous irradiation with red, far-red or long-wavelength far-red (758 nm) light as well as by cyclic irradiations (5 min red or 5 min far-red/25 min darkness). Far-red light applied immediately after each red does not change the germination behaviour. Seed germination of the isogenic wild-type, cv. UC-105, is promoted by continuous and cyclic red light while it is inhibited by continuous and cyclic far-red light and by continious 758 nm irradiation. Far-red irradiation reverses almost completely the promoting effect of red light. The promoting effect (in the aurea mutant) and the inhibitory effect (in the wild-type) of continuous far-red light do not show photon fluence rate dependency above 20 nmol m⁻² s⁻¹. It is concluded that phytochrome controls tomato seed germination throgh low energy responses in both the wild type and the au mutant. The promoting effect of continuous and cyclic far-red light in the au mutant can be attributed to a greater sensitivity to P_fr.     

The mechanism of hatching of eggs of Haemonchus contortus

Fluid collected from hatching eggs of Haemonchus contortus contained a lipase which hydrolysed 2-naphthyl laurate (about 0·7 μmol naphthol freed /h/10⁶ eggs). The fluid also hydrolysed l-leucinamide (about 2·3 μmol leucine freed/h/10⁶ eggs). The fluid when added to normal or heated eggs caused ‘hatching’. ‘Hatching’ also occurred in exsheathing fluid from infective juveniles and in a preparation of pancreatic lipase containing leucine aminopeptidase. A purified mammalian leucine aminopeptidase in combination with several different lipases did not attack egg shells.The ‘spontaneous’ hatching of eggs of H. contortus was strongly inhibited by 1,10-phenanthroline, 10^?3M, and this inhibition was reversed by Zn²⁺. However, the inhibition of ‘hatching’ of eggs in externally applied hatching fluid, or the hydrolysis of leucinamide in hatching fluid was generally less marked.