（F/T）/PSAD在血清PSA〈4ng/mL前列腺癌诊断中的应用

目的探讨游离前列腺特异性抗原百分比/前列腺特异性抗原密度[（F/T）/PSAD]在前列腺特异性抗原（PSA）小于4 ng/mL的前列腺癌诊断中的意义。方法回顾分析血清PSA〈4 ng/mL的17例前列腺癌患者及同期血清PSA〈4 ng/mL的前列腺增生患者31例的临床资料,分析FPSA/TPSA、PSAD、（F/T）/PSAD值对PSA正常范围前列腺癌的诊断效率。结果前列腺癌组与前列腺增生组比较,FPSA/TPSA、PSAD、（F/T）/PSAD值差异有统计学意义（P〈0.05）,在敏感性为90%的前提下,（F/T）/PSAD特异性最高。结论在保持较高敏感性的前提下,应用（F/T）/PSAD可提高血清PSA正常范围内前列腺癌诊断特异性,提高早期前列腺癌的诊断率。     

PSAD在PSA 4～10ng患者前列腺癌诊断中的价值

目的探讨前列腺特异性抗原密度（PSAD）在前列腺特异性抗原（PSA）值介于4～10ng之间患者前列腺腺癌诊断中的应用价值。方法回顾性分析183例血清PSA值介于4～10ng之间疑似前列腺癌患者的临床资料,所有患者均经直肠B超测得前列腺体积后再行经直肠超声引导下前列腺穿刺术,通过接受者工作特征曲线分析法评价PSAD在预测诊断前列腺癌中的应用价值。结果 183例患者中36例经直肠超声下前列腺活检的患者被诊断为前列腺癌,占19.7%。良性前列腺增生组与前列腺癌患者之间,PSA（0.681 5）与PSAD（0.721 4）的曲线下方面积比较相似,而游离前列腺特异性抗原与总前列腺特异性抗原比值（f/tPSA）的曲线下面积只有0.318 2,相比PSA,PSAD值将是一个更好的预测前列腺癌的指标。结论 PSAD对于PSA值介于4～10ng/mL的中国患者是一项更好的预测前列腺癌的指标。     

前列腺增生患者年龄、临床症状参数、前列腺体积与血清PSA的关系分析

目的 探讨前列腺增生(BPH)患者的年龄、临床症状参数、前列腺体积与血清前列腺特异性抗原(PSA)之间的关系.方法 采用SPSS 10.0软件总结并分析141例BPH患者年龄、临床症状参数、前列腺体积与血清PSA之间关系.结果 对患者年龄分组后显示前列腺总体积、移行区体积、血清PSA值随患者年龄增长而增加(P＜0.05);对患者血清PSA值分组后显示血清PSA值随前列腺总体积增加而升高(P＜0.01),血清PSA值随前列腺移行区体积增加而升高(P＜0.01).多元线性回归分析得出只有前列腺移行区体积与血清PSA值有相关性(P＜0.01),其他因素与血清PSA值之间均没有相关性(P＞0.05).结论 BPH患者前列腺总体积、移行区体积和血清PSA水平随患者年龄增长而增加.前列腺移行区体积是导致血清PSA值变化的最主要因素.     

游离前列腺特异抗原百分比/前列腺特异抗原密度在前列腺癌诊断中的应用

目的探讨游离前列腺特异抗原百分比（FPSA／TPSA值）／前列腺特异抗原密度[（F／T）／PSAD值]在前列腺癌诊断中的意义。方法回顾分析204例行经直肠超声引导前列腺穿刺活检患者的诊断资料,其中前列腺癌90例、良性前列腺增生114例,分析总PSA（TPSA）、FPSA／TPSA值、PSAD、（F／T）／PSAD值等指标在判断前列腺癌的敏感性为90％时的截点及相应的特异性。结果不同血清PSA水平（〈4．0,4．0～,10．1～和〉20．0μg／L）的前列腺癌患者的（F／T）／PSAD值与良性前列腺增生患者比较,差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）;前列腺癌患者的（F／T）／PSAD值低于良性前列腺增生患者;（F／T）／PSAD值比FPSA／TPSA值和PSAD更有助于提高诊断特异性,在敏感性为90％左右的前提下,FPSA／TPSA值的特异性为31．6％,PSAD的特异性为45．6％,（F／T）／PSAD值的特异性为64．0％;PSA水平不同,取的（F／T）／PSAD值截点也不同：PSA〈4．0μg/L时截点为2．5,PSA为4．0～20．0μg／L时截点为0．8;PSA〉20．0μg／L时截点为0．5。结论应用（F／T）／PSAD值能够在保持较高敏感性的前提下,显著提高前列腺癌诊断的特异性。     

PSA密度在血清PSA〈10ng／ml时的鉴别诊断意义

对14例血清前列腺特异性抗原（PSA）值＞10ng／ml的良性前列腺增生症（BPH）患者（BPH组）及12例前列腺癌（PC）患者（PC组）进行了术前PSA及前列腺特异性抗原密度（DPSA）测定。结果BPH织PSA值为29.61±15．89ng／ml，DPSA值为0．60±0．36；PC组PSA值为85．89±53．76ng／ml，DPSA值为1．93±1．31，两组间PSA及DPSA。均有统计学差异（P＜0．002）。认为当血清PSA力10ng／ml时．PSA几乎不能区分BPH和PC，而DPSA以0．7为标准值时，其诊断价值则明显优于PSA。同时分析厂造成BPH者PSA值＞10ng／ml的可能原因。     

PSA相关标志物在前列腺癌诊断中的价值

目的 探讨在前列腺特异抗原(prostate specific antigen,PSA)灰区(PSA 4～10ng/mL)患者中,血清总PSA及游离PSA比值(f/tPSA)、前列腺特异性抗原密度(PSAD)和(f/t) PSA/PSAD值对穿刺病理结果的诊断价值.方法 回顾2008年1月至2016年3月本院接受经直肠超声(transrectal ultrasound,TRUS)引导下前列腺穿刺的患者929例,对其中249例PSA 4～ 10 ng/mL患者的临床资料进行了整理分析.根据病理结果,分为前列腺癌组(PCa组)38例(15.26％),前列腺增生组(BPH组)211例(84.74％).对患者年龄、tPSA、f/tPSA、体积、PSAD、(f/t) PSA/PSAD值进行统计学分析.结果 两组患者的年龄水平比较差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05);在f/tPSA、体积、(f/t) PSA/PSAD水平,BPH组大于PCa组;在tPSA、PSAD水平,PCa组大于BPH组,差异均有统计学意义(P＜0.05).PCa组患者中f/tPSA或PSAD异常者32例,占84.21％:BPH组中f/tPSA或PSAD异常者110例,占52.13％,差异有统计学意义(X2=13.52,P ＜0.005).结论 f/tPSA和PSAD异常对PSA灰区的患者是否行前列腺穿刺具有指导意义.如果f/tPSA和PSAD结果相矛盾,f/tPSA联合PSAD、PSAD联合(f/t) PSA/PSAD的诊断价值相对较高.     

PSA密度对PSA浓度轻度升高且肛指检查正常的前列腺癌诊断的意义

目的：探讨血中前列腺特异性抗原（PSA）浓度与前列腺体积的比值（PSA密度，PSAD）对PSA浓度在41～10μg／L之间、肛指检查（DRE）正常的良性前列腺增生（BPH）和前列腺癌（PC）鉴别诊断的意义、方法：对PSA浓度在4～10μg／L、DRE正常的12例PC和14例BPH病人的PSAD进行回顾性分析。PSAD为PSA浓度与前列腺体积的比值。结果：PC组和BPH组的PSA分别是6．20μg／L和6．16μg／L．两组相比差异不显著（P＞0．05）．而PSAD分别是0．29和0．16．两组相比差异显著（P＜0．01）、当取PSAD阈值为M＞0．20时．鉴别诊断的准确性最高．为76．92％．敏感性和特异性分别为75．00％和78．57％。结论：PSAD有助于鉴别PSA在4～10μg／L之间、DRE正常的BPH和PC．具有较高的敏感性和特异性，可减少不必要的活检，推荐使用的PSAD闭值为＞0．20。     

血清前列腺特异性抗原检测预测良性前列腺增生并发急性尿潴留的应用价值

目的 探讨血清前列腺特异性抗原(PSA)检测预测良性前列腺增生(BPH)并发急性尿潴留(AUR)的应用价值,为BPH并发AUR的临床治疗和预后提供参考.方法 选取本院2013年1月～ 2014年12月收治住院治疗的289例BPH患者的临床资料,其中并发AUR者183例(AUR组),未并发AUR者106例(非AUR组).比较两组患者总血清前列腺特异性抗原(tPSA)、tPSA/年龄、前列腺体积(PV)及PSA密度(PSAD)水平的差异;分析两组患者不同tP-SA、PV及PSAD水平的分布率.结果 AUR组tPSA、tPSA/年龄、PV及PSAD均大于非AUR组,两组比较差异均有显著性统计学意义(P＜0.01).Sperman's相关性分析表明,tPSA、tP-SA/年龄及PSAD间存在正相关性(r=0.921,P＜0.05);tPSA与PV间呈正相关性(r=0.920,P ＜0.05).随着tPSA、PV及PSAD水平的逐渐增加,AUR的发生率逐渐升高.结论 PSA的检测可作为BPH并发AUR的预测指标,值得临床推广应用.临床检测中应结合tPSA/年龄、PV及PSAD等结果综合考虑.     

PSA预测BPH发生急性尿潴留的临床研究

目的:探讨血清前列腺特异性抗原(PSA)预测BPH发生急性尿潴留(AUR)的临床意义。方法:回顾性分析2005年1月~2013年9月收住我院确诊为BPH的患者临床资料,共386例,将其分为尿潴留组与非尿潴留组,应用统计学方法比较两组间之间血清总前列腺特异性抗原(tPSA)、前列腺体积(PV)、前列腺特异性抗原密度(PSAD)是否存在差异,寻找能够准确预测尿潴留的临床指标;应用Sperman's相关分析,了解变量之间的关系;应用受试者工作特征曲线(ROC曲线),确定相关指标预测AUR的分界值。结果:尿潴留组中tPSA、PV、PSAD均明显高于非尿潴留组,上述指标在两组患者中存在显著差异;随着tPSA、PV、PSAD的增高,尿潴留的发生率逐渐增加;tPSA、tPSA/年龄、PSAD的ROC曲线下面积大致相同。结论:tPSA、tPSA/年龄、PV、PSAD可作为前列腺增生发生AUR的预测因素,从而对是否对疾病尽早进行有效干预及疾病的预后起着重要的作用。     

PSAD预测前列腺癌根治术前后G1eason评分变化的临床应用价值

目的：探讨前列腺根治术前血清前列腺特异性抗原密度（PSAD）预测术后Gleason评分变化的应用价值。方法：对133例行前列腺癌根治术的患者资料进行回顾,将前列腺癌根治术前术后Gleason评分变化与患者年龄、术前Gleason评分、前列腺特异性抗原（PSA）、前列腺体积和PSAD的相关性进行分析,并进一步分析术前Gleason评分≤6患者中评分升高和Gleason评分≥7患者中评分下降与上述因素的关系。结果：133例患者中经直肠超声（TRUS）引导下前列腺穿刺活检Gleason评分与前列腺癌根治术后Gleason评分保持一致52例（39．1％）,评分下降13例（9．8％）,评分升高68例（51．1％）。PSAD（P=0．002）与Gleason评分升高明显相关,未发现Gleasbn评分≥7患者中评分下降与前列腺特异性抗原（PSA）、前列腺体积和PSAD有相关性。进一步应用受试者工作特征（receiver operating characteristic,ROC）曲线分析得出：TRUS穿刺活检Gleason评分≤6患者PSAD〉0．2435预示根治术后Gleason评分升高可能性较大。结论：TRUS引导下前列腺穿刺活检Gleason评分较低且PSAD较高的前列腺癌患者提示有可能实际Gleason评分升高,进而影响治疗选择和预后。     

Utility of Volume Adjusted Prostate Specific Antigen Density in the Diagnosis of Prostate Cancer in Arab Men

Background: This study was undertaken to assess the utility of prostate specific antigen (PSA) and PSA density (PSAD) in discriminating between benign and malignant prostate disease in the Kuwaiti Arab population.Methods: A total of 100 consecutive patients suspected of having prostate cancer because of serum PSA > 4 ng/ml, or detection of a prostatic nodule on rectal examination were further investigated by determination of PSAD, TRUS of prostate, sexant prostatic biopsy and histological analysis to establish the correct diagnosis. Other diagnostic measures included the determination of the area under the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve, sensitivity and specificity. Results: Of the 100 prostate biopsies that were performed, 33 cases were confirmed to be prostate cancer and 67 were described as benign lesions comprising benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) with or without prostatitis. The age range for patients with prostate cancer was 42–90 years, and 52–90 years for those without prostate cancer. The mean prostate volume was 58.82 cc (range 9–177 cc) and 62.60 cc (range 15–140 cc), the mean PSA value was 36.65 ng/ml (range 5.8–200 ng/ml) and 16.49 ng/ml (range 1.4–46.0 ng/ml), while the mean PSAD was 0.92 (range 0.046–5.714) and 0.452 (range 0.034–2.294) for patients with prostate cancer and patients without prostate cancer respectively. Patients with PSA less than 4 ng/ml (3 cases) all had benign prostate lesions, and 7 cases with PSA more than 50 ng/ml all had prostate cancer and were excluded because values above 50 ng/ml have close to 100% specificity for prostate cancer. Further analysis was done on the remaining 90 cases which were patients with a PSA between 4 and 50 ng/ml. The discriminating power of serum PSA for detecting prostate cancer as estimated by the area under ROC was 0.686 while that for PSAD was 0.732. The maximum likelihood for a positive PSA was at a PSAD cut-off point of 0.32. For the PSA cut-off point of l0 ng/ml, the sensitivity was 80%, and specificity was 42.2%. For the PSAD cut-off point of 0.32, the sensitivity was 58% and the specificity 76.6%. Conclusions: Determination of PSAD is not a useful adjunct to serum PSA values in the range of 10–50 ng/ ml in our population. PSAD value less than 0.32 with PSA less than l0 ng/ml strongly suggests benign disease.     

Predictive value of prostate specific antigen density in the detection of prostate cancer in patients with elevated prostate specific antigen levels and normal digital rectal findings or stage A prostate cancer

We compared the usefulness of PSA and PSA density (PSAD) in diagnosing prostate cancer in 102 men who had a PSA value higher than 4.0 ng/ml and normal digital rectal examination and who had undergone transrectal ultrasonography-guided systematic sextant biopsies of the prostate between August 1996 and October 1999. In addition, for a group of 53 patients who underwent retropubic simple prostatectomy, PSA, PSAD and PSA transition zone (PSA-TZ) examination results for those with stage A prostate cancer were compared with the results for those with benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH). Of the former 102 men, 20 (19.6%) had prostate cancer. There was no significant difference in mean PSA level between patients with negative and those with positive biopsy results (mean 9.3 and 11.8, respectively, p = 0.295), but the mean PSAD of patients with positive biopsy results was significantly higher than that of those with negative results (mean 0.55 and 0.29, respectively, p = 0.0007). Of the 53 men who underwent retropubic simple prostatectomy, 10 (18.9%) were diagnosed with stage A prostate cancer. There was no significant difference in mean PSA, PSAD and PSA-TZ examination results between patients with BPH and those with stage A prostate cancer. For all 102 patients and for 71 patients with PSA levels of 4.1-10.0 ng/ml, a PSAD cutoff value of 0.1 reduced the number of biopsies 15.7% (16 of 102 cases), and 22.5% (16 of 71 cases), respectively. These results suggest that by measurement of PSAD some patients with benign disease could be spared a biopsy which would have been performed based on PSA results alone.     

Prostate specific antigen density for discriminating prostate cancer from benign prostatic hyperplasia in the gray zone of prostate-specific antigen.

Serum prostate specific antigen (PSA) is currently the best blood marker for prostate cancer. However, low specificity for detection of prostate cancer, especially in the gray zone of PSA, is a problem. We evaluated the clinical significance of PSA density (PSAD) in gray zone PSA cases with conversion of serum PSA to a Stanford reference value. In a series of histologically confirmed 63 benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) patients and 234 prostate cancer patients, 36 BPH patients and 25 prostate cancer patients had gray zone PSA levels. Serum PSA was measured with the Markit-F or Markit-M PA assay. All data were converted to Stanford reference values. We used transabdominal ultrasound to determine prostate volume. PSAD was determined as the serum PSA/prostate volume ratio. The mean PSA values for BPH and prostate cancer were 6.42 +/- 1.80 and 7.80 +/- 2.15 ng/ml (p = 0.0116), respectively, and prostate volume was 33.4 +/- 14.1 ml and 17.1 +/- 8.2 ml, respectively (p < 0.0001). The mean PSAD for prostate cancer was 0.572 +/- 0.363 while that for BPH was 0.218 +/- 0.085 (p = 0.0001). Cut-off values with sensitivity > 90% were 0.218 for PSAD and 30 ml for prostate volume. At these cut-off values, specificity reached 56% for each marker. In discriminating prostate cancer from BPH in the gray zone of PSA, PSAD demonstrated better performance than PSA.     

Prostate-specific antigen density — a reliable parameter for the detection of prostate cancer?

Summary We compared the prostate-specific antigen density (PSAD) in clinically and surgically staged patients with specimen-confined prostate cancer (n=57) and in patients with benign hyperplasia (n=69), who underwent transvesical adenomectomy. The PSAD was calculated from the preoperative PSA level and the specimen volume. The prostate volume was determined by dividing the prostate weight by the specific gravity of the tissue. The mean tissue values used for PSAD calculation were 51.9 g in men with prostate cancer (PCA) and 62.9 g in men with benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH). The PSAD values showed significant differences (BPH 0.19 versus PCA 0.37,P=0.029). Receiver operator characteristic (ROC) curves demonstrated the best cutoff value to be 0.15, with the sensitivity being 58%; the specificity, 51% and the positive predictive value of PCA, 49%. At a serum PSA level below 10 ng/ml, the best cutoff value was 0.1 and the positive predictive value was 51%. The PSAD results we calculated from an accurate prostate volume (surgical estimate) show that PSAD is not a significant predictor of prostate cancer.     

The significance of TPSA, free to total PSA ratio and PSA density in prostate carcinoma diagnostics

Prostate-specific antigen (PSA) is the one of the most valuable tumor markers for the early detection and management of prostate carcinoma, but not an ideal one because of poor specificity in the case of prostatic hypertrophy and other benign conditions. In order to overcome this drawback some other parameters as is free to total ratio (F/T) PSA and PSA density (PSAD) are introduced. It has been investigated in 60 patients, 18 of them are proved to be found prostate cancer and other 42 were identified as benign prostatic hyperplasia. Patients with CaP had TPSA median of 11.4 ng/ml and the others with benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) had 6.9 ng/ml. In these two groups there was statistical significant difference (p 0.01). By receiver operating characteristics curve (ROC) estimated cutoff for TPSA was 4.0 ng/ml with 95% sensitivity, 30% specificity and area covered by ROC was in amount of 0.76. Median F/T ratio for patients with prostate cancer was 0.10, and for benign prostatic hyperplasia patients it was 0.25. For these values there is also statistical difference (p). Using ROC cutoff for F/T PSA was determined at the value of 0.18 with sensitivity 95%, specificity 80% and area under the curve (AUC) 0.93. Median for PSAD in the group with CaP was 0.38 and in the BPH group was 0.16. There was statistical significance within those two groups. In conclusion F/T PSA, PSAD and TPSA are valuable tumor markers in distinguishing patients with CaP ant those without with modestly raised TPSA. Also F/T PSA showed up as better marker than TPSA and PSAD in investigated group of patients.     

PSA、PSAD和PSAT在前列腺穿刺活检中的价值

目的 研究血清前列腺特异性抗原(PSA)及其密度(PSAD)和移行带密度(PSAT)在前列腺穿刺活检中的价值.方法 选取本院2014年5月至2015年5月收治的150例患者进行前列腺穿刺活检,分析并比较PSA、PSAD、PSAT在前列腺穿刺活检中的差异及其在确诊疾病方面的价值.结果 在前列腺穿刺活检的150例中发现PSA＜4 ng/mL有8例,4 ng/mL≤PSA≤20 ng/mL有66例,PSA ＞20 ng/mL有76例.其中在PSA＜4 ng/mL的8例中,活检结果良性前列腺增生6例,前列腺小细胞癌1例,前列腺横纹肌肉瘤1例.在4 ng/mL≤PSA≤20 ng/mL的66例中,活检结果诊断为前列腺癌增生患者54例,活检阳性率为81.8％,PSA平均值为(13.98±1.51) ng/mL,PSAD平均值为(0.32±0.18);PSAT平均值为(0.35±0.18);活检前列腺癌12例,活检阳性率为19.2％,PSA平均值为(14.29±1.48) ng/mL,PSAD平均值为(0.42±0.15),PSAT平均值为(0.82±0.15);将其分为良性前列腺增生组和前列腺癌组,两组差异具有统计学意义(P＜0.05).当PSAD ＞0.13或PSAT＞ 0.15时,前列腺癌的敏感性分别为92.86％和96.94％.在PSA＞ 20 ng/mL的76例中,前列腺癌有68例,活检阳性率89.47％.结论 在4 ng/mL≤PSA≤20 ng/mL时,PSAD和PSAT对前列腺增生和前列腺癌的鉴别诊断具有重要意义,其中又以PSAT更为准确;PSA＞ 20ng/mL时,应高度怀疑前列腺癌,及时确诊治疗.     

前列腺增生患者前列腺液白细胞数量与血清PSA含量的关系

目的探讨前列腺增生患者前列腺按摩液（EPS）中白细胞含量与血清前列腺特异性抗原（PSA）升高之间的关系。方法 ELISA法测定78例前列腺增生患者的血清PSA含量,术前通过前列腺按摩获取前列腺液,并行前列腺液中的白细胞计数。分析EPS中白细胞含量与血清PSA升高的相关性,并比较不同血清PSA水平间（〈4ng/mL、4~10ng/mL、≥10ng/mL）的EPS中白细胞含量差异。结果前列腺增生患者血清PSA与EPS中白细胞密度和总数呈正相关关系,血清PSA升高组EPS中白细胞含量明显高于血清PSA正常组。结论前列腺增生患者血清PSA与EPS中白细胞的含量呈正相关,前列腺增生患者的PSA值增高可能与前列腺液中的白细胞增高有关。     

Value of the Free to Total Prostate Specific Antigen Ratio and Prostate Specific Antigen Density for Detecting Prostate Cancer in Japanese Patients

Background : This study evaluated the free to total serum prostate specific antigen (f/t PSA) ratio and prostate specific antigen density (PSAD) in detecting prostate cancer in Japanese males with a PSA level between 2.5 and 20.0 ng/mL in a community-based urology practice.
Methods : Twenty-six patients with clinically localized prostate cancer and 44 patients with histologically-proven benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) were studied. The serum levels of free PSA (fPSA) and total (t) PSA were determined using a chemiluminescent enzyme immunoassay. The f/t PSA ratio was calculated by dividing the fPSA value by the total PSA value and was compared with the PSA and PSAD via the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves.
Results: Patients with prostate cancer had a significantly lower f/t PSA ratio than patients with BPH. The PSAD was a superior diagnostic tool over PSA (P < 0.01) when analyzed by ROC curves. The f/t PSA ratio was also superior to PSA, but lacked significance (P=0.12), and similarly, the PSAD was superior, but not significant, to the f/t PSA ratio. Using a cut-off value of 0.1 9, the PSAD had a sensitivity of 81% and a specificity of 82%. With a cut-off value of 14.0%, the f/t PSA ratio had a sensitivity of 81% and a specificity of 66%.
Conclusion: This study showed that PSAD alone improved cancer detection significantly better than PSA. However, it is still unclear whether the f/t PSA ratio is superior to PSA or PSAD in the discrimination between BPH and prostate cancer in Japanese male patients.