全极化微波辐射计遥感海面风场的 关键技术和科学问题

全极化微波辐射计是一种新型的微波遥感器,它不但测量目标微波辐射信号的两个正交极化分量,并且测量两个正交极化分量的复相关量。这些相关信息对于表面微波辐射的各向异性更加敏感,这样就提供了测量海面风场的一种手段。 文章在介绍国内外全极化微波辐射计现状和特点的基础上,首先对于全极化微波辐射计遥感海面风场的原理及其影响因素进行分析;然后,从全极化微波辐射计的硬件设计和定标两个方面论述了硬件实现的关键技术问题;最后,对于风场反演的有关科学问题进行分析,重点论述了风场反演算法建立的关键,主要技术指标对于风场反演误差的影     

海洋二号扫描微波辐射计冷空定标和地球物理参数反演研究

本文研究了海洋二号(HY-2A)扫描微波辐射计冷空定标方法和数据反演算法。针对HY-2A扫描微波辐射计对地观测和定标扫描的设计原理和观测几何,基于微波辐射计的对地观测数据修正进入冷空反射器的地球信号,建立地面观测亮温的冷空反射器权重系数矩阵修正冷空观测信号;基于海面温度、海面风速、水汽含量和云液态含量的微波辐射计辐射传输模型,计算HY-2A扫描微波辐射计不同条件下的各频率极化方式下的理论亮温,建立线性回归模型,拟合不同地球物理参数的反演系数,采用多元线性回归算法反演HY-2A微波扫描辐射计地球物理参数,对比国外成熟微波辐射计数据,得到产品精度。     

海洋二号卫星3个主要载荷风速测量比较

海面风速对海洋中动能的转移、海气间物质和能量的交换具有非常重要的作用。海洋二号(HY-2)卫星搭载的雷达高度计、微波散射计和扫描微波辐射计均可以用来探测海面风速。区别是雷达高度计只能测量星下点风速,微波散射计可以得到宽刈幅的风场(包括风向和风速),扫描微波辐射计可获得宽刈幅的风速。为了更好地分析3个载荷风速测量能力,针对2013年9月19日"天兔"台风影响海域范围内的海面风速,比较了3种载荷的探测结果。结果表明,在小于20 m/s风速范围内,雷达高度计和微波散射计探测到的风速非常接近,标准偏差小于2m/s,而扫描微波辐射计测量的风速比另外两个载荷测量的风速大;在20～35m/s风速范围内,雷达高度计和扫描微波辐射计风速较为接近;在大于35 m/s的高风速区,只有扫描微波辐射计可以探测出风速,但其测量精度还需要进一步验证。     

基于SSM/I数据的神经网络方法反演海面风速

研究了单参数神经网络(SANN)模型、多参数神经网络(MANN)模型及复合多参数神经网络(CMANN)模型对使用SSM/I数据反演海面风速精度的影响,并对增加85.5GHz垂直和水平极化亮温作为输入项对反演精度的提高进行了验证.重点发展了一种新型的CMANN算法,并分析了它在不同风速范围下的反演效果.随着风速的增加,反演风速的精度也有提高,高风速(≥15m/s)较低风速有更小的风速误差.比较表明,此方法的反演效果优于以往的各种SSM/I反演风速算法.反演风速的范围为0～25m/s,在晴天和云天混合状况下反演风速与实测风速的均方根误差为1.61m/s,晴天则达到1.46m/s.     

HY-2A微波散射计风场反演算法

本文针对我国首颗自主发射的海洋二号(HY-2A)卫星微波散射计,建立了业务化运行的风场反演算法,该算法将散射计海面风矢量反演分为粗搜索和精搜索两个步骤,有效地提高了运算效率。采用矢量圆中数滤波算法进行风向模糊解去除,并采用NCEP风场作为背景场对初始场进行选择,提高了模糊去除准确性。算法的反演结果经与NDBC对比和ASCAT风场星星对比验证,结果表明HY-2A卫星微波散射计可提供风速精度优于2 m/s或10%,风向精度优于±20°的海面风场观测产品,可满足海洋科学研究和海洋业务应用的需求。     

遥感资料反演海面风场的新方法研究

本文对应用SAR(Synthetic Aperture Radar)图像反演海面风场方法进行了阐述,并对三种反演模式进行仿真总结。首先介绍SAR图像风场反演的的物理机制,接着介绍风场反演的地球物理模式函数(Geophysical Model Function,GMF),并对CMOD4、CMOD-IFR2和CMOD5三种模式进行仿真,得到雷达后向散射系数和风速、风向、入射角、极化方式的关系。特别对两个较新的极化比模式进行了介绍和分析。此外对当前应用美国CALIPSO激光雷达卫星资料验证海面风场的方法进行了阐述和探索。     

利用AMSR-E资料反演实时海面气象参数的个例

利用2005年1月的AMSR-E卫星资料作为一个例子,探讨了AMSR-E的12个通道的亮温与海表温度、海面气温、湿度及风速4个气象参数的关系,把亮温通道分3大类组合分别进行参数模拟,确定模拟这4个气象参数最合理的通道组合,并利用多参数回归方法建立海表温度、海面气温、湿度及风速与亮温之间的经验关系.反演结果与TAO浮标实测资料进行了比较,实时海表温度、海面气温、湿度及风速的均方根差分别为0.53℃、0.74℃、3.2%和1.1m/s.是一个利用卫星资料同时反演四个参数(海表温度、海面气温、湿度及风速)的成功例子,为计算海气热通量提供了数据,并为实时观测和研究气候变化提供了一种简单而有效的方法.     

海洋二号卫星扫描辐射计海洋参数反演算法研究

针对海洋二号(HY-2)卫星扫描辐射计,利用辐射传射方程模拟,建立了海面温度、海面风速、大气水汽含量、大气液态水含量和雨率的反演算法,并利用扫描辐射计在轨数据对上述参数进行反演。经过对反演的海面温度和风速全球产品的真实性检验表明,算法合理可行,能够反演大气海洋参数,反演精度满足设计指标需求。目前,其他参数的反演产品的检验还在进行,而且反演算法还要根据对辐射计测量值定标的深入而进一步优化。     

HY-2卫星微波散射计在西北太平洋台风监测中的应用研究

本文在简述海洋二号(HY-2)卫星微波散射计工作机制及海面风场反演原理的基础上,针对HY-2卫星微波散射计在轨运行的数据,利用该散射计数据开展海面台风中心定位、结构、台风路径、风速等值线、大风半径等台风参数的定量化应用分析研究。同时将HY-2卫星观测到的海面风场与风云二号(FY-2E)卫星云图进行融合展示,并将HY-2海面风场与ASCAT反演的海面风场和浮标提供的观测数据进行对比验证,多方面的定量分析显示出HY-2卫星海面风场观测的有效性和在台风监测中的优势。最后,对HY-2卫星微波散射计的优缺点进行分析,展望了其可能的改进方向。     

一种新的SeaWinds散射计海面风场反演方法

针对传统的最大似然法存在的主要缺点,在分析SeaWinds散射计模型函数表的基础上,根据雷达后向散射截面积（σ^0）随风速和相对方位角的变化规律,提出了一种新的海面风场反演方法。然后利用SeaWinds散射计部分L2A实测数据对该方法进行了验证．并在等风向间隔的条件下将该方法与传统的最大似然方法对同一实验数据的运行时间进行了比较。实验结果表明,与传统方法相比,该方法运行效率有明显提高,且反演结果与美国L2B反演结果十分接近。     

Analytical solution of radiative transfer in the coupled atmosphere-ocean system with a rough surface

Using the computationally efficient discrete-ordinate method, we present an analytical solution for radiative transfer in the coupled atmosphere-ocean system with a rough air-water interface. The theoretical formulations of the radiative transfer equation and solution are described. The effects of surface roughness on the radiation field in the atmosphere and ocean are studied and compared with satellite and surface measurements. The results show that ocean surface roughness has significant effects on the upwelling radiation in the atmosphere and the downwelling radiation in the ocean. As wind speed increases, the angular domain of sunglint broadens, the surface albedo decreases, and the transmission to the ocean increases. The downward radiance field in the upper ocean is highly anisotropic, but this anisotropy decreases rapidly as surface wind increases and as ocean depth increases. The effects of surface roughness on radiation also depend greatly on both wavelength and angle of incidence (i.e., solar elevation); these effects are significantly smaller throughout the spectrum at high Sun. The model-observation discrepancies may indicate that the Cox-Munk surface roughness model is not sufficient for high wind conditions.     

Oceanic radiance model development and validation: application of airborne active-passive ocean color spectral measurements

It is shown that airborne active-passive (laser-solar) ocean color data can be used to develop and validate oceanic radiance models. The two principal inputs to the oceanic radiance model, chlorophyll pigment and incident solar irradiance, are obtained from a nadir-viewing laser-induced fluorescence spectrometer and a zenith-viewing radiometer, respectively. The computed water-leaving radiances are validated by comparison with the calibrated output of a separate nadir-viewing radiometer subsystem. In the North Atlantic Ocean, the calculated and the observed airborne radiances are found to compare very favorably for the 443-, 520-, and 550-nm wavelengths over an ～ 170-km flight track east of St. John's, Newfoundland. The results further suggest that the semianalytical radiance model of ocean color, the airborne active (laser) fluorescence spectrometer, and the passive (solar) radiometric instrumentation are all remarkably precise.     

A deterministic-statistical sea ice drift forecast model

A simple, blended mechanistic-statistical ice motion model is presented. The model requires regular synoptic-scale wind and ice velocity observations as input. It is intended as an ice forecast tool for offshore operators. We anticipate this model will be useful for short-term forecasts from a few hours up to roughly 5 days. Ice velocity is estimated and forecast as the sum of mechanistic components (fully dynamic free drift, slowly varying deep ocean currents, and tidal oscillations) and a statistical component that minimizes errors between the mechanistic components and recent observations. The free-drift model includes the inertial effects of the ocean mixed layer and describes the combined effects of wind forcing and inertial oscillations. Deep ocean currents are estimated as the average of recent mechanistic component model errors. Tidal velocity contributions can be input by filtering recent observations at tidal frequencies or by an independent model. The effects of ice stress divergence and other unmodeled physics are approximated using optimal linear interpolation. The statistical component is estimated from the difference between recent ice motion observations and the mechanistic components of the model. Its mean and variance are then held constant for the forecast period. Using 60 days of CEAREX drift data, we found the following accuracy statistics. Average ice velocity component forecasts were accurate to within 0.002–0.003 m/s for all forecast periods up to 5 days. Nowcasts had a vector standard deviation of about 0.06 m/s, and 5-day forecasts had a vector standard deviation of 0.14 m/s. Concurrent free-drift forecasts had similar average component errors, but nowcasts were accurate to about 0.08 m/s, although after 3 days they agreed with the blended model forecasts, since the optimal estimate approaches zero after this period.     

Lidar in-space technology experiment measurements of sea surface directional reflectance and the link to surface wind speed

The dependence of sea surface directional reflectance on surface wind stress suggests a method for deriving surface wind speed from space-based lidar measurements of sea surface backscatter. In particular, lidar measurements in the nadir angle range from 10 degrees to 30 degrees appear to be most sensitive to surface wind-speed variability in the regime below 10 m/s. The Lidar In-space Technology Experiment (LITE) shuttle lidar mission of September 1994 provided a unique opportunity to measure directional backscatter at selected locations by use of the landmark track maneuver and to measure fixed-angle backscatter from the ocean surfaces on a global scale. During the landmark track maneuver the shuttle orbiter orientation and roll axis are adjusted continuously to maintain the lidar footprint at a fixed location for a duration of ~1 min. Several data sets were converted to calibrated reflectance units and compared with a surface reflectance model to deduce surface wind speeds. Comparisons were made with ERS-1 scatterometer data and surface measurements.     

海水盐度遥感反演精度的理论分析

利用海面微波辐射的理论模型和海水介电常数计算公式,对影响海水盐度遥感反演精度的有关因素进行了分析计算,包括波段的优选、极化方式和入射角的设计、温度和盐度对反演精度的影响。结果表明,降低亮温对温度的敏感性应该作为选择盐度遥感波段时考虑的一个重要条件,双极化、较大入射角的天线工作方式有助于提高盐度遥感的精度,但是在低温或低盐条件下仍难以达到较高的盐度反演精度。     

新能源功率预测算法优化研究

以风能和太阳能为代表的新能源具有随机性、间歇性和波动性,对新能源发电功率进行预测是有效解决以上问题的途径。在确定性预测中充分考虑风电出力和预测模型特性,提出分段支持向量机（piecewise support vector machine,PSVM）和神经网络（neural network,NN）预测算法;充分考虑天气特征对光伏出力的影响,提出基于气象特性分析的光伏出力预测算法。通过若干风电场的算例分析,证明了上述几种预测模型的实用性,为功率预测的可靠性分析提供支持。