北太平洋副热带逆流区海流的准90天振荡

根据 POCM模式输出的流场资料 (1993年 1月 1日～ 1998年 12月 31日 ) ,运用小波分析方法分析北太平洋副热带逆流区海流的季节内振荡特征 ,并用功率谱方法作了验证。结果表明 :在以 19.81°N为中心 ,18～ 2 2°N,16 0°E以西的西太平洋海域 ,海流具有显著的准 90 d振荡特征 ;该振荡对应的波长约为 86 5 km,沿 19.81°N该振荡信号自东向西传播的相速度约为 0 .0 9m/ s。从能量角度看 ,该振荡信号主要存在于 15 0 m以内的海洋次表层 ,2 2 2 .5 m深度能量是 6 2 .5 m能量的13%。     

热带太平洋障碍层厚度的时空特征分析

利用中国Argo实时数据中心提供的9 a(2000—2008年)网格化Argo剖面浮标温、盐数据(G Argo),分析热带太平洋障碍层厚度的气候态分布和低频变化特征。气候平均结果表明,较厚的障碍层主要出现于西太平洋暖池区,并有3条纬向障碍层带状分布,从暖池出发向东延伸至120°W,分别位于以15°N,5°N和12°S为中心的纬度带上。经验正交函数(EOF)基本模态分析表明,热带太平洋障碍层低频振荡以季节和年际变化为主,在季节尺度上主要表现为15°N和12°S障碍层纬度带呈反相变化,都在当地冬季最大,夏季最小;在年际尺度上则主要表现为暖池东边界附近障碍层与厄尔尼诺南方涛动(ENSO)相关的变化,以及暖池中部障碍层与热带准2 a周期振荡(TBO)相关的变化。     

基于再分析数据的黄岩岛及邻近海域气象条件分析

采用美国NCEP-CFSR数据库资料,提取了1979—2010年的海平面大气要素场,在中国南海区域(0°～25°N、105°～125°E)和黄岩岛附近点(15°N、118°E),按日、月、年统计了32 a间海平面气压、海面2 m气温、海面2 m相对湿度、海面10 m风场基本气象要素特征。分析发现:黄岩岛及邻近中国南海区域属于赤道带、热带海洋性季风气候,其气候特征是:(1)海平面气压呈北高南低、冬季高夏季低的分布形势;黄岩岛日平均海平面气压冬季约为1 012 hPa,其他季节约为1 008 hPa,年平均海平面气压变化具有准5 a的周期;(2)全年平均气温较高,分布呈现北低南高,大陆低海面高,冬季低夏季高的特点;黄岩岛海面2 m气温日变化较小,年平均值约为27～28℃,年际变化上具有整体增加的趋势;(3)全年相对湿度较大,基本在60%以上,随季节变化明显,冬季较小,夏季较大;黄岩岛日平均相对湿度为80%,总体也具有略微增大的年际变化趋势;(4)受季风影响明显,冬季盛行东北季风,平均风速约为10～12 m/s,夏季盛行西南季风,平均风速约为4～8 m/s;黄岩岛海面风速的变化具有2.5～5 a的变化周期,年平均风速在5.3 m/s上下波动。     

赤道太平洋海域上层海洋热含量及其变化机制的诊断分析

基于1992—2015年国际共享的ECCO v4 (Estimating the Circulation and Climate of the Ocean Version 4)同化产品,利用热含量控制方程定量地诊断赤道太平洋(118°E—75°W, 5°S—5°N, 0～300m)和Ni?o 3.4区(170°W—120°W, 5°S—5°N,0～80m)这两块区域热含量变化机制。对于去掉季节平均后的年际变化,在赤道太平洋地区,时间趋势项主要由经向输送和海表热通量项共同驱动。通过5°N断面的输送决定了时间趋势项的幅值和正负符号。在Ni?o3.4区,时间趋势项主要由海表热通量项和热量输送项共同驱动,其中垂向输送对总输送贡献最大。赤道太平洋地区经向热量输送异常领先于Ni?o3.4区垂向热量输送异常,这解释了在年际尺度上赤道太平洋热含量异常领先Ni?o3.4指数变化的原因。尽管EP(Eastern Pattern)型El Ni?o和CP(Central Pattern)型El Ni?o有许多不同之处,合成分析表明,两类El Ni?o的共同点为:在赤道太平洋地区,两类El Ni?o事件的热量输送异常在发展期和衰退期由经向输送主导;在Ni?o 3.4区, EP型El Ni?o和CP型El Ni?o的热量输送在发展期和衰退期由垂向输送主导。     

并矢相关谱分析方法在非线性资料分析中的应用

本文利用到率并矢相关谱估计方法,对青岛月平均气温（1896年1月—1992年12月）足赤道局部地区日表层水温（0°±0．5°S,165°±0．5°E;1986年12月6日—1991年11月16日）进行了谱分析,结果表明：青岛气温除具有1年周期的主频振荡和二倍峰频处0．5年周期二阶非线性耦合效应外,还隐含有2年周期的低频耦合振荡及0．4年周期的高频耦合振荡;赤道局部地区日表层水温含有90天,63天,50天,40天和29天等几个主要的低频周期振荡。     

基于Argo浮标资料的西北太平洋模态水的空间结构及年际变化

基于国际Argo资料中心提供的从2004年1月至2007年10月的浮标剖面资料,对西北太平洋模态水的时空变化特征进行分析.结合WOA01(the World Ocean Atlas 2001)资料,选定模态水主要形成区(30°～35°N,140°～155°E)作为研究区域,利用3月份的平均资料,给出西北太平洋模态水的空间结构为:北边界位于34.5°N附近,南边界可达30°N以南,东边界位于151.5°E,西边界可达140°E以西,深度为350 m以浅.通过对模态水核心区的逐月资料分析,揭示了其温度、盐度等的季节变化,并提出一种判别模态水范围的盐度判别法.结合海平面高度异常变化,初步分析了涡旋对模态水的影响,发现涡旋只能暂时改变核心区模态水的温盐结构,之后该区域模态水将基本恢复到正常状态.根据模态水2004-2007年的水文数据特点,发现在过去4 a中模态水性质基本稳定,变化很小.     

赤道中、东太平洋表层流速20d振荡特征分析

通过对1985年1月1日—1986年12月31日沿赤道5个锚定浮标站表层流速资料的分析,发现在140°W与108°W之间表层流速v存在一周期约为20d的显著振荡。该振荡是由波长约2000km、以1.15-1.23m／s的波速向西传播的波动引起的。该波动被推断为第二斜压模态混合Rossby惯性重力波。带通滤波和低通滤波结果表明,以110°W测站为例,20d振荡流速构方根为21.8cm／s（纬向）和22.1cm／s（经向）;单一流速振幅的特征值为30-50cm／s,最大振幅可达70cm／s;u季节变化的均方根小于17cm／s,v无明显季节变化。年平均流速通常小于5cm／s。以上各统计量表明,20d周期波动引起的v振荡在赤道东太平洋表层流速变化中非常显著。     

ElNio夏季太平洋上空垂直环流特征及我国汛期降水

本文利用NCAR(美国国家大气研究中心)1976年太平洋各层风场资料,计算了0°—50°N,105°E—110°W范围内,7月850hPa,700hPa,500hPa,300hPa,250hPa和200hPa各层上的垂直运动,并与叶笃正等所作的太平洋上空夏季平均环流特征作比较得出:(1)常年Walker环流明显,而E1 Ni(?)o发生年热带西太平洋上升运动减弱,东太平洋空气下沉区变成了强上升区,Walker环流下沉区东移至110°W以东;(2)常年热带西太平洋Hadley环流不明显,沿160°E以东Hadley环流越来越清楚,呈向东递增的趋势,而E1 Ni(?)o年Hadley环流东西变化甚为复杂,Hadley环流的上升支并不在赤道附近,而移至10°N左右,明显较常年偏北,Hadley环流也变成自热带向副热带倾斜的环流圈;(3)E1 Ni(?)o发生年,夏季以淮河为中心的空气上升区变成下沉区,而37°N以北的华北地区仍是上升区,华北多雨,所以出现Ⅰ型降水。     

近30年西北太平洋热带气旋的时空变化及与海洋上层热状态的关系

使用1982—2014年美国国家海洋和大气管理局(National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration,NOAA)最优插值(1/4)°逐日海温分析资料、美国国家海洋数据中心(National Oceanographic Data Center,NODC)提供的海洋上层700 m热含量数据和美国联合台风警报中心(Joint Typhoon Warning Center,JTWC)的热带气旋(tropical cyclone,TC)最佳路径资料,分析西北太平洋地区(0°~30°N,105°~155°E)TC活动的时空分布特征,探讨TC与海洋上层热状态之间的关系。结果表明:TC频数具有显著的年代际变化特征:1982—1992年和2003—2014年皆为低频期,而1993—2002年则为高频期,33年来TC发生频数表现为缓慢增加—快速增加—减少的特征。最近15年(2000—2014年),TC数量呈现明显下降的趋势。在西北太平洋,TC有3个明显的源地,分别为源地1(10°~22°N、110°~120°E);源地2(8°~20°N、125°~145°E);和源地3(5°~20°N、145°~155°E)。源地1、源地2的频数呈上升趋势,而源地3呈下降趋势。海洋上层热状态的变化给TC带来的影响是多方面的,TC频数对上层热含量(heat content)的响应较明显,而海表面温度(sea surface temperature,SST)不是影响TC数量变化的主要因素。伴随着海洋上层的增暖,TC的年持续时间有减少趋势,TC强度正在增强。在全球变暖背景下,TC活动给西北太平洋沿岸国家带来的潜在威胁极有可能加剧。     

热带西北太平洋0~300 m热含量的年代际变化

太平洋是海表温度年际变化和年代际变化发生的主要区域,但对太平洋海洋热含量变化的研究相对较少。为此, 本文分析了1980—2020年太平洋上层(0~300 m)热含量的时空变化特征。基于IAP数据,本文首先利用集合经验模态分解法(EEMD)提取不同时间尺度的海洋热含量信号,并利用正交经验分解法(EOF)对不同时间尺度的海洋热含量进行时空特征分析,得到了太平洋0~300 m海洋热含量的年际变化、年代际变化以及长期变暖的时空特征。结果表明,除了年际变化之外,热带西北太平洋上层热含量还存在明显的年代际变化和长期变暖趋势。在东太平洋和高纬度西太平洋,热含量的年代际变化特征并不突出。热带西北太平洋热含量的年代际变化在1980—1988年和1999—2013年较高,而在1989—1998年和2014—2020年期间较低。此外,针对热带西北太平洋热含量的经向、纬向和垂向特征分析,发现这种年代际变化主要发生在5°N—20°N,120°E—180°E,次表层50~200 m范围内。热带西北太平洋热含量的年代际变化对全球海表温度的年代际变化有着重要作用。     

A Review of Some Environmental Issues Affecting Marine Mining

This article reviews information recently available from existing marine and coastal mining for responses to environmental issues affecting marine mining at different depths. It is particularly but not exclusively concerned with those issues affecting seabed biodiversity impact and recovery. Much information has been gathered in the past 10 years from shallow mining operations for construction aggregate, diamonds, and gold, from coastal mines discharging tailings to shallow and deep water, and from experimental deep mining tests. The responses to issues identified are summarized in a series of eight tables intended to facilitate site-specific consideration. Since impacts can spread widely in the surface mixing layer SML, and can affect the biologically productive euphotic zone, the main issues considered arise from the depth of mining relative to the SML of the sea. Where mining is below the SML, the issue is whether it is environmentally better to bring the extraction products to the surface vessel for processing (and waste discharge), or to process the extraction products as much as possible on the seabed. Responses to the issues need to be sitespecific, and dependent on adequate preoperational environmental impact and recovery prediction. For deep tailings disposal from a surface vessel, there are four important environmental unknowns: (1) the possible growth of "marine snow" (bacterial flocs) utilizing the enormous quantities of fine tailings particles (hundreds or thousands of metric tons per day) as nuclei for growth, (2) the possibility that local keystone plankton and nekton species may migrate diurnally down to and beyond the depth of deep discharge and hence be subjected to tailings impact at depth, (3) the burrow-up capability of deep benthos and their ability to survive high rates of tailings deposition, and (4) the pattern and rate of dispersion of a tailings density current through the deep water column from discharge point to seabed. Actions to obtain relevant information in general and site-specifically are suggested.     

Increased Particle Fluxes at the INDEX Site Attributable to Simulated Benthic Disturbance

Particle fluxes were measured 7 m above the sea bottom during the predisturbance, disturbance, and postdisturbance periods by using time series sediment traps attached to seven deep-sea moorings deployed in the INDEX experiment site in the Central Indian Basin. The predisturbance particle fluxes varied between 22.3 to 55.1 mg m -2 day -1 . Increased and variable particle fluxes were recorded by the sediment traps during the disturbance period. The increase observed was 0.5 to 4 times more than the background predisturbance fluxes. The increases in particle fluxes (~4 times) recorded by the sediment trap located in the southwestern direction (DMS-1) were the greatest, which could be the result of preferential movement of resuspended particles generated during the deep-sea benthic disturbance along the general current direction prevailing in this area during the experimental period. Also, the traps located closer to the disturbance area recorded greater fluxes than did the traps far away, across the Deep Sea Sediment Resuspension System path. This variability in recorded particle fluxes by the traps around the disturbance area clearly indicates that physical characteristics such as grain size and density of the resuspended particles produced during the disturbance had an important effect on particle movement. The postdisturbance measurements during ~5 days showed a reduction in particle fluxes of ~50%, indicating rapid particle settlement.     

Assessing the Validity of Seismo-Acoustic Predictor Equations for Obtaining Seabed and Sub-Surface Sediment Physical Properties

The interdependence between the seismo-acoustic properties of a marine sediment and its geotechnical/physical parameters has been known for many years, and it has been postulated that this should allow the extraction of geotechnical information from seismic data. Though in the literature many correlations have been published for the surficial layer, there is a lack of information for greater sediment depths. In this article, a desktop study on a synthetic seafloor model illustrates how the application of published near-surface prediction equations to subsurface sediments (up to several tens of meters burial depth) can lead to spurious predictions. To test this further, acoustic and geotechnical properties were measured on a number of sediment core samples, some of which were subjected to loading in acoustically-equipped consolidation cells (oedometers) to simulate greater burial depth conditions. For low effective pressures (representing small burial depths extending to around 10 meters subsurface), the general applicability of established relationships was confirmed: the prediction of porosity, bulk density, and mean grain size from acoustic velocity and impedance appears generally possible for the investigated sedimentary environments. As effective pressure increases through, the observed relationships deviate more and more from the established ones for the near-surface area. For the samples tested in this study, in some instances increasing pressure even resulted in decreasing velocities. There are several possible explanations for this abnormal behavior, including the presence of gas, overconsolidation, or bimodal grain size distribution. The results indicate that an appropriate depth correction must be introduced into the published prediction equations in order to obtain reliable estimates of physical sediment properties for greater subsurface depths.     

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中桩周土强度弱化研究

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中,桩周土体受到强烈扰动而发生强度弱化,掌握桩周土体强度弱化规律对于准确预测打桩过程、保证工程安全具有重要意义。为研究土体强度弱化规律,开展了环剪试验模拟打桩对桩周土体的扰动,测试土体强度随剪切速率的变化规律,建立了描述土体强度弱化规律的拟合公式,引入到打桩分析软件中。研究结果表明：土体的强度折减程度不仅与土体本身的性质有关还受到土体的埋深和剪切速率的影响,埋深越深土体强度折减程度越低,剪切速率越高土体强度折减越高,在打桩分析中可采用这里推荐的线性折减方法来模拟不同深度处土体强度的折减规律。     

Determination of In Situ Sediment Shear Strength from Advanced Piston Corer Pullout Forces

The advanced piston corer (APC) has been used by the Ocean Drilling Program since 1985 for recovering soft sediments from the ocean floor. The pullout force measured on extracting the core barrel from the sediment is shown to correlate with the average shear strength of the sediment core measured in the ship's laboratory. A simple rule of thumb is derived relating the shear strength of the sediment to the pullout force. Multiple APC holes at individual sites allow the consistency of the pullout measurements to be assessed. The effects of different operational procedures during APC coring are also explored. Although generally applicable, the correlation between pullout force and laboratory measurements of shear strength breaks down for some APC holes, possibly because of the disturbance of some sediment types during the APC coring process. A better understanding of the physical process of APC coring, and its effect on the properties of the sediment both inside and immediately outside the core barrel, would indicate what confidence can be put on the measurement of pullout force as a way of evaluating the in situ shear strength of deep sea sediments.     

Interannual Sea Level Variations and Annual Tides in the Northwestern Pacific

Specific properties of the interannual sea level variations and annual tides in the Northwestern Pacific were studied. Several tide stations were monitored. The monthly mean sea level for the year of 1995 was analyzed at each tide station. A seismic event in 1995, some tectonic activity around the subject area, and the Kuroshio (the oceanic western boundary current) may possibly contaminate results which would have occurred from the astronomical annual tide alone.     

《Acta Oceanologica Sinica》Vol. 33(2014) contents

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INFORMATION FOR AUTHORS

<正>Acta Oceanologica Sinica(AOS)is a comprehensive academic journal edited by the Editorial Committee of Acta Oceanologica Sinica and is designed to provide a forum for important research papers of the marine scientific community which reflect the information on a worldwide basis.The journal publishes scholarly papers on marine science and technology,including physics,chemistry,biology,