UV-B辐射对南方红豆杉生活史型和紫杉烷类含量的影响

运用植物生活史型的理论与方法,研究了UV-B辐射增强对南方红豆杉Taxus chinensis var. mairei表型性状和紫杉烷类次生代谢产物的影响。结果表明,随UV-B辐射强度增加,南方红豆杉无性生殖表型性状(C)明显增强(z值由0.18增加到0.52),营养生长表型性状(V)相应降低(x值由0.82降低至0.48);3.25 μW · cm^-2 · nm^-1UV-B辐射处理较对照组和9.76 μW · cm^-2 · nm^-1 UV-B辐射处理组生物量增量更高;增补UV-B辐射处理显著促进了南方红豆杉叶片中紫杉醇(Taxol)的积累,但对10-去乙酰基巴卡亭Ⅲ(10-deacetylbaccatin Ⅲ,10-DAB)、7-木糖-10-去乙酰基紫杉醇(7-xylosyl-10-deacetyltaxol,7-xyl-10-DAT)有一定的抑制效应,其中3.25 μW · cm^-2 · nm^-1UV-B辐射处理对紫杉醇诱导效果最为明显。结果表明,在南方红豆杉田间栽培中应注意上层树种搭配、修剪,从而形成适当的UV-B辐射胁迫以诱导紫杉醇含量及生物量增量,达到高产、优质的生态培植目标。     

从南方红豆杉中筛选和鉴定25株产紫杉烷的内生真菌

为从南方红豆杉(Taxus chinensis var.mairei)中分离产紫杉烷的内生真菌,从其幼茎、树皮和叶片中分离纯化了491株内生真菌,经筛选获得25株内生真菌具有产紫杉烷的能力,其中,4株可产紫杉醇、巴卡亭Ⅲ和10-去乙酰巴卡亭Ⅲ,8株能产紫杉醇和巴卡亭Ⅲ,1株能产紫杉醇和10-去乙酰巴卡亭Ⅲ,1株能产巴卡亭Ⅲ和10-去乙酰巴卡亭Ⅲ,6株仅产紫杉醇,5株仅产巴卡亭Ⅲ。根据内生真菌的来源,幼茎中有11株产紫杉烷的内生真菌,叶片中有9株,而树皮中仅有5株。这些菌株的紫杉醇、巴卡亭和10-去乙酰巴卡亭Ⅲ产量分别为0.64~9.87、0.48~3.42和0.20~1.00μg L~(–1)。因此,南方红豆杉中具有紫杉烷类代谢途径的内生真菌来源广,数量多,是研究真菌中紫杉烷类化合物代谢途径的良好材料,也为紫杉烷类抗癌药生产提供了潜在的真菌种源。     

水杨酸在紫杉醇生物合成中诱导作用的研究

研究了水杨酸对红豆杉细胞培养中紫杉烷合成的影响。在适宜浓度的水杨酸诱导下,紫杉醇(Taxol)的产量提高了近3倍,同时10去乙酰基巴卡亭Ⅲ(10-DAB)与巴卡亭Ⅲ(Baccatin Ⅲ)相应上升。通过对紫杉醇合成代谢途径的动力学分析,初步推断水杨酸的加入提高了10-DAB合成速率。并通过水杨酸和硝酸银的配伍诱导,实现了诱导子之间的协同作用,获得了39 mg/L的紫杉醇含量,比两个诱导子单独作用时的最高含量之和还高出50%。     

不同地理种源南方红豆杉中紫杉醇和10-DAB含量及影响因子

选择福建省梁野山、龙栖山、闽侯旗山、南靖书洋乡和南平大坪村南方红豆杉(Taxus chinensis var.marei)天然群体分布相对集中区,采集胸径相同的南方红豆杉的当年生针叶和树皮并取树下土壤样品.利用超高效液相色谱分析测定南方红豆杉当年生针叶及树皮中紫杉醇及10-去乙酰基巴卡亭Ⅲ(10-deacetylbaccatin Ⅲ,10-DAB)含量,另测定土壤pH值、速效磷、速效氮、铁、钙、镁、锌含量.结果表明,不论是紫杉醇还是10-DAB含量,不同地理种源南方红豆杉间差异均较大,说明地理位置对于红豆杉中紫杉醇和10-DAB含量具有明显的影响;树皮中紫杉醇含量与土壤中铁含量显著相关(P<0.01);南方红豆杉当年生针叶中及树皮中紫杉醇含量与各种源地气象因子的相关性不显著(P>0.05).     

胸径、构件和季节对南方红豆杉中紫杉醇和10-DAB含量的影响

系统采集了12个不同胸径的南方红豆杉当年生针叶和树皮样品,用超高效液相色谱(UPLC)测定其紫杉醇(taxol)和10-去乙酰基巴卡亭Ⅲ(10-deacetylbaccatin Ⅲ,10-DAB)含量,结果显示针叶的两种被测试物质含量的平均值分别为0.0127mg·g-1和0.0805mg·g-1,树皮的这两种物质含量平均值分别为0.1164mg·g-1和0.4842mg·g-1。当年生针叶、树皮中紫杉醇含量与胸径相关性不显著。对植株不同构件(枝条、针叶、树皮和根)中紫杉醇和10-DAB含量的测定表明,根中紫杉醇和10-DAB含量最高,当年生针叶紫杉醇含量最低。天然和人工栽培南方红豆杉当年生针叶中紫杉醇和10-DAB含量呈明显的季节变化,各月份间含量差异显著,人工栽培和天然植株针叶在生长速度明显减缓的10月份,紫杉醇和10-DAB含量均出现一个明显的峰值。     

红豆杉低温半致死温度和低温胁迫下紫杉烷含量

通过测定低温胁迫下红豆杉电阻抗参数和紫杉烷含量变化,确定适合红豆杉低温半致死温度测定的电阻抗参数,探讨低温对红豆杉紫杉烷生物合成的影响,为扩大红豆杉引种范围及利用低温条件提高红豆杉中紫杉醇含量奠定了理论基础。以云南红豆杉、南方红豆杉(山西长治)、中国红豆杉、曼地亚红豆杉和东北红豆杉为材料,分别采用电导率法和电阻抗法测定上述树种低温半致死温度,并利用LC-MS法测定低温胁迫下红豆杉叶片中紫杉烷含量和脱落酸(abscisic acid, ABA)含量。结果表明,5种红豆杉中,中国红豆杉、南方红豆杉(山西长治)、东北红豆杉和曼地亚红豆杉均能耐受-14.668--9.106℃低温;云南红豆杉能耐受-8.802--3.521℃低温,高于其他4种红豆杉。电阻抗τ_m参数与电导法测定的5种红豆杉一年生枝低温半致死温度显著相关,相关系数为0.912。低温胁迫下,红豆杉一年生叶片中紫杉醇含量高于当年生叶片。随着处理温度的下降,云南红豆杉和东北红豆杉一年生叶片中紫杉醇含量显著增加,中国红豆杉当年生叶片中巴卡亭Ⅲ含量和10-去乙酰基紫杉醇含量显著增加。此外,红豆杉叶片中ABA含量随温度的...     

南方红豆杉枝叶中药用抗癌活性物质含量

通过高效液相色谱（HPLC）,测定了人工栽培南方红豆杉枝叶中药用抗癌活性物质紫杉醇（taxol）、三尖杉宁碱（cephalomannine）和人工半合成紫杉醇的主要原料巴卡亭Ⅲ（baccatin Ⅲ）、10 去乙酰基巴卡亭Ⅲ（10-deacetylbaccatin Ⅲ,10-DAB）在一个生长季的含量变化.研究表明：从4月新枝叶萌发至11月枝叶基本停止生长,南方红豆杉枝叶中紫杉醇等药用活性物质含量季节性变化明显.其中紫杉醇和三尖杉宁碱含量的最高值都出现在5月;巴卡亭Ⅲ和10-去乙酰基巴卡亭Ⅲ含量的最高峰值分别出现在9月和4月.相关分析发现,南方红豆杉枝叶中4种药用活性物质之间有很好的相关性,其中紫杉醇与三尖杉宁碱含量呈显著正相关(P<0.05),三尖杉宁碱含量与10-去乙酰巴卡亭Ⅲ含量呈显著负相关(P<0.05).     

叶面施肥对南方红豆杉针叶中紫杉醇和10-DAB含量的影响

人工栽培红豆杉已成为目前解决紫杉醇市场需求的主要途径,如何提高人工栽培的红豆杉中紫杉醇及其化学半合成前体10-脱酰基巴卡丁Ⅲ(10-DAB)的含量是一个十分关键的问题.对人工栽培南方红豆杉叶面喷施不同浓度的N、K、Ca、Mg 肥和自行配置的稀土混合肥(含La、Ce、Sm),连续4次跟踪采样,超高效液相色谱(UPLC)测定样品中紫杉醇和10-DAB的含量.结果表明,叶面喷施不同浓度的N元素均引起红豆杉针叶中紫杉醇和10-DAB含量的降低;喷施K元素,前期引起10-DAB含量的增加但随之降低,紫杉醇的含量则持续降低;喷施不同浓度的Ca、Mg提高了红豆杉中紫杉醇和10-DAB的含量,其作用可持续一段时间;自行配置的稀土混合肥明显地提高了紫杉醇和10-DAB的含量且其持续作用时间较长,紫杉醇和10-DAB的含量分别最高可达0.261mg g-1和0.641mg g-1.     

马特链霉菌7-木糖紫杉烷糖基水解酶初步研究

酶法转化7-木糖紫杉烷(7-XDT)为10-脱乙酰基紫杉醇(10-DAT)是目前合成紫杉醇的最主要途径.本研究分离到一株具有产生7-木糖紫杉烷(7-XDT)糖基水解酶能力的马特链霉菌(Streptomyces matensi YUCM 410051),通过酶的最适反应温度、硫酸铵分级沉淀、最适反应pH和酶的有机试剂耐受等研究,发现最适反应温度为25～30℃,硫酸铵分级沉淀酶活在20％～70％的盐浓度时活性最高;粗酶液最适反应pH在6.0～7.5,酶的甲醇耐受浓度和DMSO耐受浓度均为10％.深入研究该酶对开发具有水解7-木糖紫杉烷(7-XDT)中木糖基的酶资源和提高红豆杉中的紫杉烷类化合物的利用率具有重要价值.     

不同地理种源南方红豆杉中紫杉醇和10-DAB含量及影响因子

选择福建省梁野山、龙栖山、闽侯旗山、南靖书洋乡和南平大坪村南方红豆杉（Taxus chinensis var. marei）天然群体分布相对集中区,采集胸径相同的南方红豆杉的当年生针叶和树皮并取树下土壤样品。利用超高效液相色谱分析测定南方红豆杉当年生针叶及树皮中紫杉醇及10-去乙酰基巴卡亭Ⅲ（10-deacetylbaccatin Ⅲ, 10-DAB）含量,另测定土壤pH值、速效磷、速效氮、铁、钙、镁、锌含量。结果表明,不论是紫杉醇还是10-DAB含量,不同地理种源南方红豆杉间差异均较大,说明地理位置对于红豆杉中紫杉醇和10-DAB含量具有明显的影响;树皮中紫杉醇含量与土壤中铁含量显著相关（P＜0.01）;南方红豆杉当年生针叶中及树皮中紫杉醇含量与各种源地气象因子的相关性不显著（P＞0.05）。     

A rational approach to improving the biotechnological production of taxanes in plant cell cultures of Taxus spp.

Taxol is a complex diterpene alkaloid scarcely produced in nature and with a high anticancer activity. Biotechnological systems for taxol production based on cell cultures of Taxus spp. have been developed, but the growing commercial demand for taxol and its precursors requires the optimization of these procedures. In order to increase the biotechnological production of taxol and related taxanes in Taxus spp. cell cultures, it is necessary not only to take an empirical approach that strives to optimize in-put factors (cell line selection, culture conditions, elicitation, up-scaling, etc.) and out-put factors (growth, production, yields, etc.), but also to carry out molecular biological studies. The latter can provide valuable insight into how the enhancement of taxane biosynthesis and accumulation affects metabolic profiles and gene expression in Taxus spp. cell cultures.     

不同遮荫强度下南方红豆杉枝叶紫杉醇产量的季节变化

研究了在一个生长季节内遮荫网不同遮荫强度下对人工种植的南方红豆杉(Taxus chinensis var. mairei)枝叶生物量、紫杉醇含量和产量季节变化。结果表明,在遮荫网89％和46.4％遮光条件下,南方红豆杉枝叶生物量、紫杉醇含量及其产量随发育节律呈现明显的规律性季节变化。在遮荫网89％和46.4％遮光条件下,89％遮荫条件下南方红豆杉枝叶生物量在整个生长季节内都明显高于46.4％遮荫条件下南方红豆杉枝叶生物量;在遮荫网89％和46.4％遮光条件下南方红豆杉枝叶中紫杉醇含量在5月中旬、7月末和11月末都出现较高峰值,后者紫杉醇含量峰值都明显比前者紫杉醇的含量高;89％和46.4％遮荫网遮光条件下南方红豆杉枝叶中紫杉醇的产量都在11月末期时达到最高,后者明显高于前者。因此,生产实践中可采用46.4％遮荫网遮光,采收的最佳季节为11月末期。     

Sex influences the taxanes content in Taxus baccata

Like other species of the genus Taxus, European yew trees contain taxanes, including paclitaxel (T) and its precursor 10-deacetylbaccatin III (10-DAB). Taxanes are one of the most effective anticancer drugs. This study was undertaken to describe the levels and patterns of taxane variation in the Sudetian region (SW Poland). Paclitaxel (T) and 10-deacetylbaccatin III (10-DAB) concentrations were analysed in five populations. Needles and twigs were analysed from 60 individuals (30 males and 30 females) in each population. In addition, morphometric measurements were taken in the populations to obtain light intensity coefficients (specific leaf area, SLA). High variability in the taxane contents at both intra and interpopulational levels was found. Nevertheless, females had a significantly higher taxane content compared to males. Because taxanes are carbon-based secondary metabolites, females have higher rate of gas exchange of females compared to males. This was probably an adaptation to greater reproductive effort incurred by females. In this regard, female individuals seem to be better for selecting elite cultivars with a higher taxane production. The relationship between light intensity and taxane content was not significant. Shading, important for optimizing crop production, should not reduce the concentration of taxanes.     

Acting paths of elicitors on Taxol biosynthesis pathway and their synergistic effect

Many elicitors have been reported to be favorable to Taxol production in suspension cultures of Taxus cells. However, their acting paths were proved to be different, which were identified based on a quasi-steady-state transfer model. It was found that silver nitrate, ammonium citrate and methyl jasmonic acid acted on the path between Baccatin III and Taxol, while arachidonic acid and salicylic acid acted on the path before 10-deactyl Baccatin III (10-DAB). The mixtures of elicitors with different acting paths could give a synergistic effect in Taxol production while those with the same acting paths could not. A synergistic coefficient was introduced to describe the synergistic effect of elicitors quantitatively, which was defined as the ratio of the maximum Taxol concentration in the coexistence of two elicitors to the summation of the maximum Taxol concentrations in the cases with only one of the elicitors. The larger the synergistic coefficient, the more significant the synergistic effect. The synergistic coefficients of silver nitrate and arachidonic acid, ammonium citrate and arachidonic acid, ammonium citrate and salicylic acid were calculated as 1.1, 1.44 and 1.25, respectively, while those of arachidonic acid and salicylic acid, ammonium citrate and methyl jasmonic acid were only around 0.5.     

南方红豆杉生长发育及其紫杉醇含量与环境因子的关系

研究了人工种植的3年生南方红豆杉的生长发育特征及其枝叶中紫杉醇的含量,并观测了其生长环境因子的动态特征。通过对南方红豆杉的生长发育特征以及其枝叶中紫杉醇含量与生长环境因子进行相关分析发现,南方红豆杉生长发育与空气和土壤湿度呈极显著的正相关,与空气和土壤温度、土壤N和K含量、土壤有机质和土壤紧实度呈正相关,与净辐射和土壤P含量呈负相关,但相关关系不显著,说明高温、高湿以及遮荫有利于南方红豆杉的生长,且对土壤P含量有较高需求;南方红豆杉枝叶中紫杉醇含量与空气和土壤湿度、土壤N、P和K含量呈负相关,与净辐射、空气和土壤温度、土壤有机质和土壤紧实度呈正相关,但相关关系均不显著,说明高温、高光强和干旱促进南方红豆杉枝叶中紫杉醇含量的增加,且紫杉醇含量的增加对土壤中N、P和K含量有一定的需求,尤其是N和K,对P需求不大;南方红豆杉生长发育与其枝叶中紫杉醇含量呈负相关,相关关系也不显著,推测紫杉醇可能是南方红豆杉的防御物质,以促使南方红豆杉抵御高温、干旱和高光强等不良环境。     

Baseline Survey of Root-Associated Microbes of Taxus chinensis (Pilger) Rehd

Taxol (paclitaxel) a diterpenoid is one of the most effective anticancer drugs identified. Biosynthesis of taxol was considered restricted to the Taxus genera until Stierle et al. discovered that an endophytic fungus isolated from Taxus brevifolia could independently synthesize taxol. Little is known about the mechanism of taxol biosynthesis in microbes, but it has been speculated that its biosynthesis may differ from plants. The microbiome from the roots of Taxus chinensis have been extensively investigated with culture-dependent methods to identify taxol synthesizing microbes, but not using culture independent methods.,Using bar-coded high-throughput sequencing in combination with a metagenomics approach, we surveyed the microbial diversity and gene composition of the root-associated microbiomefrom Taxus chinensis (Pilger) Rehd. High-throughput amplicon sequencing revealed 187 fungal OTUs which is higher than any previously reported fungal number identified with the culture-dependent method, suggesting that T. chinensis roots harbor novel and diverse fungi. Some operational taxonomic units (OTU) identified were identical to reported microbe strains possessing the ability to synthesis taxol and several genes previously associated with taxol biosynthesis were identified through metagenomics analysis.     

Molecular cloning and characterization of a cytochrome P450 taxoid 9á-hydroxylase in Ginkgo biloba cells

Taxol is a well-known effective anticancer compound. Due to the inability to synthesize sufficient quantities of taxol to satisfy commercial demand, a biotechnological approach for a large-scale cell or cell-free system for its production is highly desirable. Several important genes in taxol biosynthesis are currently still unknown and have been shown to be difficult to isolate directly from Taxus, including the gene encoding taxoid 9α-hydroxylase. Ginkgo biloba suspension cells exhibit taxoid hydroxylation activity and provides an alternate means of identifying genes encoding enzymes with taxoid 9α-hydroxylation activity. Through analysis of high throughput RNA sequencing data from G. biloba, we identified two candidate genes with high similarity to Taxus CYP450s. Using in vitro cell-free protein synthesis assays and LC–MS analysis, we show that one candidate that belongs to the CYP716B, a subfamily whose biochemical functions have not been previously studied, possessed 9α-hydroxylation activity. This work will aid future identification of the taxoid 9α-hydroxylase gene from Taxus sp.