聚类算法综述

大数据时代，聚类这种无监督学习算法的地位尤为突出。近年来，对聚类算法的研究取得了长足的进步。首先，总结了聚类分析的全过程、相似性度量、聚类算法的新分类及其结果的评价等内容，将聚类算法重新划分为大数据聚类与小数据聚类两个大类，并特别对大数据聚类作了较为系统的分析与总结。此外，概述并分析了各类聚类算法的研究进展及其应用概况，并结合研究课题讨论了算法的发展趋势。     

聚类算法研究

聚类分析在数据挖掘领域中是一个非常重要的研究课题,该文阐述了聚类算法的基本原理和性能要求,并依据算法思想的不同把聚类算法分为五类,详细介绍了每一类的算法思想、优缺点及典型算法,有利于用户对聚类算法的选择和研究者对聚类算法的改进研究,最后探讨了聚类算法今后的发展趋势。     

一种基于数据流的软子空间聚类算法

针对高维数据的聚类研究表明,样本在不同数据簇往往与某些特定的数据特征子集相对应.因此,子空间聚类技术越来越受到关注.然而,现有的软子空间聚类算法都是基于批处理技术的聚类算法,不能很好地应用于高维数据流或大规模数据的聚类研究中.为此,利用模糊可扩展聚类框架,与熵加权软子空间聚类算法相结合,提出了一种有效的熵加权流数据软子空间聚类算法——EWSSC(entropy-weighting streaming subspace clustering).该算法不仅保留了传统软子空间聚类算法的特性,而且利用了模糊可扩展聚类策略,将软子空间聚类算法应用于流数据的聚类分析中.实验结果表明,EWSSC 算法对于高维数据流可以得到与批处理软子空间聚类方法近似一致的实验结果.     

改进的自适应谱聚类NJW算法

聚类算法是近年来国际上机器学习领域的一个新的研究热点。为了能在任意形状的样本空间上聚类,学者们提出了谱聚类和图论聚类等优秀的算法。首先介绍了图论聚类算法中的谱聚类经典NJW算法和NeiMu图论聚类算法的基本思路,提出了改进的自适应谱聚类NJW算法。提出的自适应NJW算法的优点在于无需调试参数,即可自动求出聚类个数,克服了经典NJW算法需要事先设置聚类个数且需反复调试参数δ才能得出数据分类结果的缺点。在UCI标准数据集及实测数据集上对自适应NJW算法与经典NJW算法、自适应NJW算法与NeiMu图论聚类算法进行了比较。实验结果表明,自适应NJW算法方便快捷,且具有较好的实用性。     

覆盖聚类算法的应用研究

聚类算法是数据挖掘的核心技术。介绍了几类主要的传统聚类算法，给出了每类算法的基本概念、基本原理、各类表示聚类的算法以及这些算法的特征。然后再提出了一种新的聚类算法——覆盖聚类算法，给出了该算法的具体步骤，并对模糊聚类算法和该算法用实验的方式进行比较，证明了覆盖聚类算法的可行性和有效性。最后分析了当前聚类算法存在的问题和发展方向。     

覆盖聚类算法的应用研究

聚类算法是数据挖掘的核心技术。介绍了几类主要的传统聚类算法,给出了每类算法的基本概念、基本原理、各类表示聚类的算法以及这些算法的特征。然后再提出了一种新的聚类算法———覆盖聚类算法,给出了该算法的具体步骤,并对模糊聚类算法和该算法用实验的方式进行比较,证明了覆盖聚类算法的可行性和有效性。最后分析了当前聚类算法存在的问题和发展方向。     

聚类算法研究综述

聚类是数据挖掘研究领域的一种重要数据预处理方法,其目的是从无标签数据集中获得有价值数据集的内在分布结构,进而简化数据集的描述.历经几十年的研究,针对不同应用和数据特性己出现了千余种不同的聚类算法,但不同的聚类算法都有其特定的适用范围和不足.传统的聚类算法大致可分为划分聚类方法、层次聚类方法、密度聚类方法、网格聚类方法、模型聚类方法等.通过对传统聚类方法的回顾和总结,文章重点介绍了近年来出现的同步聚类算法、信念传播聚类算法和密度峰值聚类算法,并针对以上聚类算法的应用及发展方向进行了论述.     

数据挖掘中聚类算法研究进展

聚类分析是数据挖掘中重要的研究内容之一,对聚类准则进行了总结,对五类传统的聚类算法的研究现状和进展进行了较为全面的总结,就一些新的聚类算法进行了梳理,根据样本归属关系、样本数据预处理、样本的相似性度量、样本的更新策略、样本的高维性和与其他学科的融合等六个方面对聚类中近20多个新算法,如粒度聚类、不确定聚类、量子聚类、核聚类、谱聚类、聚类集成、概念聚类、球壳聚类、仿射聚类、数据流聚类等,分别进行了详细的概括。这对聚类是一个很好的总结,对聚类的发展具有积极意义。     

类不平衡数据的卡方聚类算法研究

K-means型算法在处理类不平衡数据时趋向于形成大小相同的簇,是"均匀效应"。针对这一问题诸多研究者提出了不同的聚类算法,这些方法针对簇样本数量不平衡特性,存在精度和效率问题。本文以卡方距离为基础提出了一种类平衡数据的聚类算法,利用均值消除受簇均值水平影响的特性度量样本相似性,解决类不平衡数据中"均匀效应"问题,给出了聚类目标函数,形成一种EM型聚类优化算法。在UCI实际数据集上进行了实验,结果表明本文所提出的算法提高了类不平衡数据的聚类精度,降低了"均匀效应"对聚类结果的影响。     

基于自编码器的深度聚类算法综述

聚类分析作为一种常见的分析方法,广泛应用于各种场景。随着机器学习技术的发展,深度聚类算法也成了当下研究的热点,基于自编码器的深度聚类算法是其中的代表算法。为了及时了解掌握基于自编码器的深度聚类算法的发展,介绍了四种自编码器的模型,对近些年代表性的算法依照自编码器的结构进行了分类。在MNIST、USPS、Fashion-MNIST数据集上,针对传统聚类算法和基于自编码器的深度聚类算法进行了实验对比、分析,最后对基于自编码器的深度聚类算法目前存在的问题进行了总结,展望了深度聚类算法的研究方向。     

Only connect: teaching, technology and telesis

Abstract This paper describes an approach to the design of interactive multimedia materials being developed in a European Community project. The developmental process is seen as a dialogue between technologists and teachers. This dialogue is often problematic because of the differences in training, experience and culture between them. Conditions needed for fruitful dialogue are described and the generic model for learning design used in the project is explained.     

European Community policy and the market

Abstract This paper starts with some reflections on the policy considerations and priorities which are shaping European Commission (EC) research programmes. Then it attempts to position the current projects which seek to capitalise on information and communications technologies for learning in relation to these priorities and the apparent realities of the marketplace. It concludes that while there are grounds to be optimistic about the contribution EC programmes can make to the efficiency and standard of education and training, they are still too technology driven.     

一种自适应子融合集成多分类器方法

融合集成方法已经广泛应用在模式识别领域,然而一些基分类器实时性能稳定性较差,导致多分类器融合性能差,针对上述问题本文提出了一种新的基于多分类器的子融合集成分类器系统。该方法考虑在度量层融合层次之上通过对各类基多分类器进行动态选择,票数最多的类别作为融合系统中对特征向量识别的类别,构成一种新的自适应子融合集成分类器方法。实验表明,该方法比传统的分类器以及分类融合方法识别准确率明显更高,具有更好的鲁棒性。     

煤矿井下安全监控分站的设计及其仿真实现

为了设计一种具有低成本、低功耗、易操作、功能强且可靠性高的煤矿井下安全分站,针对煤矿安全生产实际,文章提出了采用MCS-51系列单片机为核心、具有CAN总线通信接口的煤矿井下安全监控分站的设计方案;首先给出煤矿井下安全监控分站的整体构架设计,然后着重阐述模拟量输入信号处理系统的设计过程,最后说明单片机最小系统及其键盘、显示、报警、通信等各个组成部分的设计;为验证设计方案的可行性与有效性,使用Proteus软件对设计内容进行仿真验证,设计的煤矿井下安全监控分站具有瓦斯、温度等模拟量参数超标报警功能和电机开停、风门开闭等开关量指示功能;仿真结果表明:设计的煤矿井下安全监控分站具有一定的实际应用价值.     

Avoiding semantic and temporal gaps in developing software intensive systems

Development of software intensive systems (systems) in practice involves a series of self-contained phases for the lifecycle of a system. Semantic and temporal gaps, which occur among phases and among developer disciplines within and across phases, hinder the ongoing development of a system because of the interdependencies among phases and among disciplines. Such gaps are magnified among systems that are developed at different times by different development teams, which may limit reuse of artifacts of systems development and interoperability among the systems. This article discusses such gaps and a systems development process for avoiding them.     

Designing economic np control charts: A programmed simulation approach

This paper presents control charts models and the necessary simulation software for the location of economic values of the control parameters. The simulation program is written in FORTRAN, requires only 10K of main storage, and can run on most mini and micro computers. Two models are presented - one describes the process when it is operating at full capacity and the other when the process is operating under capacity. The models allow the product quality to deteriorate to a further level before an existing out-of-control state is detected, and they can also be used in situations where no prior knowledge exists of the out-of-control causes and the resulting proportion defectives.     

The development of robot art

Going through a few examples of robot artists who are recognized worldwide, we try to analyze the deepest meaning of what is called “robot art” and the related art field definition. We also try to highlight its well-marked borders, such as kinetic sculptures, kinetic art, cyber art, and cyberpunk. A brief excursion into the importance of the context, the message, and its semiotics is also provided, case by case, together with a few hints on the history of this discipline in the light of an artistic perspective. Therefore, the aim of this article is to try to summarize the main characteristics that might classify robot art as a unique and innovative discipline, and to track down some of the principles by which a robotic artifact can or cannot be considered an art piece in terms of social, cultural, and strictly artistic interest. This work was presented in part at the 13th International Symposium on Artificial Life and Robotics, Oita, Japan, January 31–February 2, 2008     

Explanation and prediction: an architecture for default and abductive reasoning

Although there are many arguments that logic is an appropriate tool for artificial intelligence, there has been a perceived problem with the monotonicity of classical logic. This paper elaborates on the idea that reasoning should be viewed as theory formation where logic tells us the consequences of our assumptions. The two activities of predicting what is expected to be true and explaining observations are considered in a simple theory formation framework. Properties of each activity are discussed, along with a number of proposals as to what should be predicted or accepted as reasonable explanations. An architecture is proposed to combine explanation and prediction into one coherent framework. Algorithms used to implement the system as well as examples from a running implementation are given.     

View-based model-driven architecture for enhancing maintainability of data access services

In modern service-oriented architectures, database access is done by a special type of services, the so-called data access services (DAS). Though, particularly in data-intensive applications, using and developing DAS are very common today, the link between the DAS and their implementation, e.g. a layer of data access objects (DAOs) encapsulating the database queries, still is not sufficiently elaborated, yet. As a result, as the number of DAS grows, finding the desired DAS for reuse and/or associated documentation can become an impossible task. In this paper we focus on bridging this gap between the DAS and their implementation by presenting a view-based, model-driven data access architecture (VMDA) managing models of the DAS, DAOs and database queries in a queryable manner. Our models support tailored views of different stakeholders and are scalable with all types of DAS implementations. In this paper we show that our view-based and model driven architecture approach can enhance software development productivity and maintainability by improving DAS documentation. Moreover, our VMDA opens a wide range of applications such as evaluating DAS usage for DAS performance optimization. Furthermore, we provide tool support and illustrate the applicability of our VMDA in a large-scale case study. Finally, we quantitatively prove that our approach performs with acceptable response times.     

A pragmatic multi-method investigation of discrepant technological events: Coping,attributions, and ‘accidental’ learning

Discrepant technological events or situations that entail a problem, a misunderstanding or a difficulty with the Information Technology (IT) being employed, are common in the workplace, and can lead to frustration and avoidance behaviors. Little is known, however, about how individuals cope with these events. This paper examines these events by using a multi-method pragmatic approach informed by coping theory. The results of two studies – a critical incident study and an experiment – serve to build and test, respectively, a theoretical model that posits that individuals use a variety of strategies when dealing with these events: they experience negative emotions, make external attributions, and adopt engagement coping strategies directed at solving the event, eventually switching to a disengagement coping strategy when they feel they have no control over the situation. Furthermore, users’ efforts may result in ‘accidental’ learning as they try to overcome the discrepant IT events through engagement coping. The paper ends with a discussion of the results in light of existing literature, future opportunities for research, and implications for practice.