真菌毒素的危害、限量标准及快速定量检测方法

<正>一种真菌可以产生多种不同的真菌毒素,不同的真菌亦可产生相同的真菌毒素。目前已知能产生真菌毒素的真菌有150余种,产生的真菌毒素约有300种,其中包括黄曲霉毒素、赭曲霉毒素、玉米赤霉烯酮以及其衍生物类毒素、A型单端孢霉烯族、B型单端孢霉     

真菌毒素与人类疾病

真菌毒素是真菌在食品或饲料里生长所产生的二次代谢产物,对人和动物都有极大危害。常见的真菌毒素包括玉米赤霉烯酮、赭曲霉毒素、伏马菌素、黄曲霉毒素、单端孢霉烯族毒素等等,以下介绍几种常见真菌毒素的危害。     

粮食中新兴真菌毒素的污染现状及毒理学研究进展

产毒真菌污染粮食等农产品产生有毒有害的次级代谢产物,称真菌毒素,严重威胁食用和饲用产品的质量安全。较为常见的真菌毒素包括黄曲霉毒素、镰刀菌毒素脱氧雪腐镰刀烯醇、玉米赤霉烯酮等,国内外针对这些主要污染毒素制定了相应的限量标准。近年来,随着真菌毒素研究的发展和检测技术的更新,一些新型真菌毒素不断被发现。将目前尚未被列入常规风险筛查和监管、也尚无相关限量标准的真菌毒素种类,称谓新兴毒素（Emerging toxins）。目前检出频次高、污染较为严重的新兴毒素主要由镰刀菌属（Fusarium spp.）和链格孢属（Alternaria spp.）等产毒真菌产生。这些新兴真菌毒素通常与主要毒素复合污染,本文将依据现有的风险调查报告与数据,综述粮食中常见新兴镰刀菌和链格孢毒素的污染现状和毒理学研究进展,为真菌毒素的全面风险评估和管控技术研发提供依据。     

CAC、欧盟、美国与中国粮食中真菌毒素限量标准的差异分析

真菌毒素是真菌产生的毒性次级代谢产物,危害较大的有黄曲霉毒素、赭曲霉毒素A、单端孢霉烯族毒素、玉米赤霉烯酮、伏马毒素和麦角类生物碱等。制定真菌毒素的限量标准是真菌毒素一级预防的主要措施。通过对CAC、欧盟、美国和中国粮食中真菌毒素限量标准的对比分析,找出我国现行食品安全国家标准中有关粮食真菌毒素污染控制指标存在的差异,对修订我国粮食中真菌毒素含量的限量标准提供参考和借鉴。     

玉米的真菌毒素及生物脱毒研究进展

阐述了赤者曲霉素A、黄曲霉毒素B1、玉米赤霉烯酮和单端孢霉烯族毒素的毒理机制、生物脱毒研究进展,介绍了研究者针对危害玉米的真菌毒素等所做的一些解决措施。     

超高效液相色谱-串联质谱法测定牛奶中24 种真菌毒素

运用基质分散固相萃取净化,建立牛奶中24 种真菌毒素（黄曲霉毒素B1、黄曲霉毒素B2、黄曲霉毒素G1、黄曲霉毒素G2、黄曲霉毒素M1、赭曲霉毒素A、玉米赤霉烯酮、玉米赤霉酮、α-玉米赤霉烯醇、β-玉米赤霉烯醇、α-玉米赤霉醇、β-玉米赤霉醇、T-2毒素、HT-2霉素、伏马毒素B1、伏马毒素B2、伏马毒素B3、脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇、3-乙酰脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇、15-乙酰脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇、交链孢霉单甲基醚、交链孢酚、腾毒素、细交链孢菌酮酸）多残留检测的超高效液相色谱-串联质谱检测方法。样品经80%乙腈溶液（体积分数）提取,通过基质分散固相萃取净化,氮吹至近干,1 mL 50%乙腈溶液（体积分数）复溶,采用超高效液相色谱-串联质谱进行测定。经ACQUITY UPLC HSS T3反相柱（2.1 mm×100 mm,1.8 μm）分离,梯度洗脱,采用电喷雾离子源-多反应监测模式采集。24 种目标物的相关系数（R2）均大于0.985,加标回收率为71.0%～123.0%,相对标准偏差均小于10%。该方法具有操作简单、重复性好、灵敏度高、杂质干扰小等特点,可以用于牛奶中24 种真菌毒素的检测。     

自动在线样品制备结合LC-MS/MS分析玉米粉提取物中真菌毒素

引言自1960年发现黄曲霉毒素以来,真菌毒素的研究就得到了很高的重视。真菌毒素是一种由某些霉菌产生的天然的毒性物质,这些霉菌可能污染食品和饲料。真菌毒素被身体吸入可能导致伤害,包括肝肾损害、癌症甚至导致人畜死亡。从食品安全的角度来看,黄曲霉毒素、赭曲霉毒素A、棒曲霉素、伏马毒素、单端孢和玉米赤霉烯酮是人们主要关注的真菌毒素。     

玉米深加工中真菌毒素污染、检测及降解研究进展

概述了玉米深加工中真菌毒素——黄曲霉毒素B1、脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇和玉米赤霉烯酮的污染情况、限量标准、检测方法,并深入探讨了毒素降解方法。以期为玉米深加工企业、饲料生产及养殖企业解决真菌毒素污染提供参考。     

北京市地区小包装食用油中真菌毒素污染状况调查

在北京市地区随机抽取120份小包装食用油,采用高效液相色谱法或液相色谱-质谱联用法检测AF、AFB1、ZEN、DON、OTA和FB 6种真菌毒素的含量,并进行危害性评估。结果表明:120份样品中,黄曲霉毒素和玉米赤霉烯酮的检出率分别为6. 67%和17. 50%,且检出黄曲霉毒素的食用油都为花生油,检出玉米赤霉烯酮的食用油都为玉米油,未检出其他真菌毒素;黄曲霉毒素虽然没有超出我国食用油真菌毒素的限量标准,但超出了欧盟的真菌毒素限量标准;玉米赤霉烯酮检出率虽然很高,但没有超出人体的每日最大耐受摄入量。     

利用液相色谱对原粮的真菌毒素检测——HPLC法测定玉米赤霉烯酮

<正>真菌毒素是一种真菌产生的有毒代谢产物。常见的污染粮食的真菌毒素包括:玉米赤霉烯酮(zearalenone,ZEN)、赭曲霉毒素A(ochratoxin A,OTA)、黄曲霉毒素B1(aflatoxins,AFB1)、黄曲霉毒素B2(AFB2)、黄曲霉毒素G1(AFG1)、黄曲霉毒素G2(AFG2)、呕吐毒素(deoxynivalenol,DON)以及T-2毒素等。根据大量研究文献及实验室的长期监测数据,出现很多粮食中同时遭到多种真菌毒素污染的情况。在基层实验室检测仪器配置情况的基础上,我国     

不同品牌霉菌毒素检测试剂盒的质量评价

目的评价当前国内外应用较广的9个不同品牌黄曲霉毒素B1、玉米赤霉烯酮、呕吐毒素检测试剂盒的准确性。方法选取3种不同浓度的质控样品、4种饲料原料样品(玉米干全酒精糟、玉米胚芽粕、麦麸、豆粕)、2种饲料产品样品(蛋鸡配合饲料、牛浓缩饲料)。采用3种不同浓度的质控样(用萃取液点板6个孔)的检测结果变异系数(variable coefficient, CV)作为精密度评价指标。采用质控样的6个单独检测结果变异系数作为系统的精密度评价指标,采用实际样品的检测结果评价试剂盒的适用性。结果呕吐毒素试剂盒CV值平均值2号品牌2.7%, 3号品牌3.4%。玉米赤霉烯酮试剂盒CV值平均值3号品牌4.6%, 2号品牌5.5%, 4号品牌5.4%。黄曲霉毒素B1试剂盒CV值平均值5号品牌3.3%, 8号品牌3.7%, 2号品牌4.1%。结论依据试剂盒精密度、准确度、灵敏度和适应性综合评估2号品牌呕吐毒素试剂盒综合结果优秀, 9号品牌玉米赤霉烯酮试剂盒综合结果较好, 5号品牌黄曲霉毒素B1综合结果较好。同时,就检测上述3种常见毒素而言,没有发现一个品牌的试剂盒可以同时在多个毒素检测上表现优秀。     

粮食加工品中玉米赤霉烯酮和呕吐毒素污染 情况调查

目的初步了解粮食加工品中玉米赤霉烯酮和呕吐毒素的污染情况。方法对北京地区和网购的200批次样品进行随机抽检,分别采用液相色谱法、免疫亲和层析净化高效液相色谱法对粮食加工品中的玉米赤霉烯酮和呕吐毒素进行了检测。结果初步调查发现玉米碾磨加工品中的玉米赤霉烯酮和小麦粉中的呕吐毒素检出率较高,分别达34%和74%;散装样品中玉米赤霉烯酮含量不合格率和检出率明显高于预包装样品。结论建议监管部门加强对散装玉米碾磨加工品和小麦粉等粮食加工品中毒素指标的监控力度和监测频次,同时针对我国特殊敏感人群加快设定合理限值。     

Aflatoxins,ochratoxin A and zearalenone in Brazilian corn cultivars

Past surveys indicated that the occurrence of aflatoxins, zearalenone and ochratoxin A was not a problem in corn and corn products in the state of São Paulo, Brazil. However, according to recent studies, a change in pattern has been detected. To obtain a better overview, these toxins were searched for in 110 samples of freshly harvested corn, corresponding to 48 commercial cultivars planted at three different locations in the state. Aflatoxin contamination was found in 60 (54.5%) of the samples, in levels ranging from 6 to 1600 µg kg^?1 aflatoxin B₁. Insect control was exercised, so this was not the main route of corn infection. Endosperm type, germplasm type, number of days to flowering, and length of time the mature corn remained in the field had no effect on aflatoxin contamination. Ochratoxin A was found in two samples (206 and 128 µg kg^?1) and zearalenone in one sample (4640 µg kg^?1). Possible causes of the increase in aflatoxin levels may lie in the changing nature of the commercial cultivars employed, associated with the forsaking of the original landraces, and in a change in the toxigenicity pattern of the corn mycoflora Aspergillus flavus/Aspergillus parasiticus prevailing strains. © 2001 Society of Chemical Industry     

Mycotoxin contamination of sorghum and its contribution to human dietary exposure in four sub-Saharan countries

This research aimed at evaluating the safety, and the type, level and prevalence of mycotoxins in grain sorghum of four sub-Saharan African (SSA) countries (Burkina Faso, Ethiopia, Mali and Sudan). A multi-analyte LC-MS/MS method for quantification of 23 mycotoxins (nivalenol, deoxynivalenol, fusarenon X, neosolaniol, 3-acetyl deoxynivalenol, 15-acetyl deoxynivalenol, diacetoxyscirpenol, roquefortine C, HT-2 toxin, alternariol, T-2 toxin, FB1, FB2, FB3, zearalenone, aflatoxin G₁, aflatoxin G₂, aflatoxin B₁, aflatoxin B₂, sterigmatocystin, OTA, altenuene, alternariol monomethylether) was applied to different sorghum matrices. Of the 1533 analysed samples, 33% were contaminated with at least one of the following mycotoxins: aflatoxins, fumonisins, sterigmatocystin, Alternaria toxins, OTA and zearalenone. Country of origin, colour, source and collection period of sorghum samples significantly influenced the type, level and prevalence of mycotoxins. Sterigmatocystin (15%), fumonisins (17%) and aflatoxins (13%) were the most prevalent. FB1 (274 ± 585 µg/kg) had the highest mean concentration followed by FB2 (214 ± 308 µg/kg) while diacetoxyscirpenol (8.12 ± 19.2 µg/kg) and HT-2 (11.9 ± 0.00 µg/kg) had the lowest concentrations. Neosolaniol, fusarenon-X, 3-acetyl deoxynivalenol, 15-acetyl deoxynivalenol, T-2 toxin, nivalenol and roquefortine C were not detected in any of the samples. Sudan had the lowest prevalence and mean concentration of all mycotoxins. Pink sorghum had the highest concentrations of fumonisins and aflatoxins. Mycotoxins from Aspergillus spp. and Alternaria spp. are the mycotoxins of concern in SSA grain sorghum with regard to prevalence, concentration and possible health risk from exposure. Based on the performed risk characterisation, daily consumption of sorghum containing aflatoxins, alternariol, alternariol monomethyl ether, sterigmatocystin and OTA could result in exceeding the established health-based guidance values for these toxins.     

Mycotoxins and the cereals industry—a review

Mycotoxicoses in humans and animals associated with the consumption of mouldy cereals have long been recognized and many are now linked with the occurrence of specific mould metabolites (mycotoxins). Mycotoxins which have been detected in cereals are aflatoxins, zearalenone, ochratoxin A, nivalenol, deoxynivalenol, T-2 toxin and diacetoxyscirpenol and of these only aflatoxin B₁ has so far been shown to exhibit serious toxicity to humans. Surveys have shown that the occurrence of mycotoxins in cereals in the UK and USA is rare except for localized problems with corn in the Southern United States. Also it is clear that aflatoxins are more likely to occur in warm humid climates while the other mycotoxins listed above are more characteristic of temperate climates if there is a wet harvest.     

沈糯9号在黑龙江省东南部生育特性及开发潜力分析--测试文章

以当地糯玉米主栽品种垦粘1号和京科糯2000为对照，在5个种植密度下对沈糯9号及两个当地对照品种的鲜穗产量、鲜籽粒产量、穗部性状、植株性状及熟期进行了研究。结果表明：密度对三个品种产量的影响达极显著水平；各密度下鲜穗产量、穗长、穗粗、穗行数均显著高于垦粘1号和京科糯2000；籽粒深度、行粒数、百粒重及株高与京科糯2000相当，显著高于垦粘1号，但穗位显著低于京科糯2000；沈糯9号熟期较垦粘1号和京科糯2000分别晚6 d和早9 d。综上所述，沈糯9号在产量、穗部性状及田间长势均优于垦粘1号和京科糯2000，且填补了垦粘1号和京科糯2000之间的熟期空白，因此，沈糯9号在黑龙江省东南部乃至全省的开发前景十分可观。     

QuEChERS-高效液相色谱-质谱法检测食品中14 种真菌毒素

建立QuEChERS-高效液相色谱-质谱检测食品中14 种真菌毒素的方法。均质样品用1%乙酸-乙腈提取,经分散固相萃取净化后,采用ACQUITU UPLC BEH C18色谱柱（2.1 mm×50 mm,1.7 μm）分离。采用电喷雾电离、多反应监测方式,可同时对食品中脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇、青霉酸、黄曲霉毒素M1、黄曲霉毒素G2、桔青霉毒素、黄曲霉毒素B1、黄曲霉毒素B2、黄曲霉毒素G1、玉米赤霉烯酮、赭曲霉毒素A、杂色曲霉毒素、HT-2毒素、T-2毒素、鬼臼毒素14 种真菌毒素进行定性和定量分析。最低检出限为0.5～1 μg/kg。该方法简便快速、选择性佳、灵敏度高,适用于食品安全事件分析中真菌毒素的分析。     

Screening of fermentative bacteria for their ability to bind and biotransform deoxynivalenol, zearalenone and fumonisins in an in vitro simulated corn silage model.

Fermentative bacteria can potentially be utilized to detoxify corn silage contaminated by Fusarium toxins. The objective of the present study was to test a large number of these bacteria for their ability to bind and/or biotransform deoxynivalenol (DON), zearalenone (ZEN) and fumonisins B(1) and B(2) (FB(1), FB(2)) in conditions simulating corn silage. A total of 202 strains were screened in contaminated, pH 4, corn infusion inoculated with 5 x 10(8) CFU ml(-1). Eight Lactobacilli and three Leuconostoc biotransformed ZEN into alpha-zearalenol, but no biotransformation was detected for DON and fumonisins. In contrast, most strains were capable of binding Fusarium toxins. The most effective genera were Streptococcus and Enterococcus, capable of binding up to 33, 49, 24 and 62% of DON, ZEN, FB(1) and FB(2), respectively. The ability to bind Fusarium toxins seems to be a common property of fermentative bacteria and could help to decrease their toxicity in animals.     

玉米赤霉烯酮间接竞争ELISA方法的建立

本研究以玉米面为例,建立了玉米赤霉烯酮间接竞争ELISA (ic-ELISA)方法.采用棋盘滴定法确定抗原和单抗的最佳工作浓度,并确定了抗原37℃包被1h、不封闭、酶催化底物作用时间15 min的反应条件进行检测.该方法的检测范围(IC20～IC80)为11 ～292 pg/mL,检测限(IC10)为6 pg/mL.玉...     

河南省粮食及其制品中真菌毒素污染情况调查

目的了解河南省市售粮食及其制品中真菌毒素污染的种类和程度。方法 2018—2019年采集河南省市售粮食及其制品,采用同位素稀释超高效液相色谱-串联质谱(UPLC-MS/MS)法测定16种真菌毒素含量,检测结果按照GB 2761—2017《食品安全国家标准食品中真菌毒素限量》进行评价分析。结果 100份玉米面、玉米渣及玉米粒中伏马菌素、玉米赤霉烯酮、黄曲霉毒素、脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇是主要污染真菌毒素,检出率范围为0.0%～95.7%;220份小麦粉、面条和馒头中脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇检出率分别为78.0%(124/159)、64.3%(18/28)和87.9%(29/33);其他真菌毒素含量较低或未检出。结论河南省粮食及其制品中存在不同程度的真菌毒素污染问题,尤其是玉米及其制品中伏马菌素有较高的检出率,应及时开展溯源调查,尽快采取相应控制措施。