Coastal Management and Economic Development in Developed Nations: The Forth Estuary Forum

This article considers the issue of economic development as a component of coastal management initiatives in developed countries, focusing on the Forth Estuary Forum as a case study. The evolution of coastal management into integrated coastal management is briefly considered, as is the context of the Scottish coastal management system and a brief discussion of the variations between the different legal systems within the UK. The current hurdles to economic development and the views of developers and economic agencies being considered in the coastal management process itself are highlighted, illustrating the process of integration and the current voluntary regime in the UK, particularly in the Forth Estuary Forum. The article concludes that economic development issues must be taken seriously if coastal management is to be integrated and inclusive.     

一线模型在黄河口岸线预报中的应用

建立了一种能够模拟黄河口海洋与河流混合动力作用模式下黄河口岸线淤积、延伸、侵蚀规律的一线数学模型。采用了反映岸线侵蚀重要因素的波浪破碎模型,并引入黄河径流挟带泥沙沿岸输沙率分布计算,不但提高了波浪计算的精度,也真实反映了黄河口门附近岸线演变现象的物理机制。研究结果表明,黄河口径流挟带的大量泥沙受到水流动力轴线影响,泥沙沿岸线的淤积是黄河口门附近岸线演变的重要因素之一。验证试验表明,模型计算结果与实测值吻合很好,可以用于黄河口岸线演变的预报计算。     

长江口深水航道疏浚土“十三五”造地利用研究I——疏浚土资源供需分析*

通过调查分析长江口深水航道疏浚土资源量和上海市滩涂造地需砂量,掌握疏浚土资源的供需关系。结果表明：1）深水航道疏浚土是可用于吹填造地的清洁泥沙资源；2） “十三五”期,深水航道疏浚土总产量约3.15亿m3,不能完全满足上海市吹填造地约4亿m3的疏浚土实际需求量；3）深水航道北槽段的疏浚土可满足横沙东滩圈围工程需要,土质较好的南港圆圆沙段航道疏浚土可供应至长兴岛、浦东机场的建设用地圈围工程,尚有富余的深水航道疏浚土可作为南汇东滩圈围工程的补充砂源。     

Information Management in Beach Planning

Abstract

This article concerns optimizing the use of environmental information for creative planning. It arose from a detailed study of the status and management of the coastal dunes of New South Wales, Australia, and discusses the way in which ideas for optimizing the management process were developed, and applied to three beach environments on the coast of New South Wales, Australia.

The problem of coastal beach/dune management may be thought of as being similar to a production function in which the inputs are the land resource, the skills and knowledge of managers, finance, and materiel. The outcomes are in the form of experiences, or opportunities for experiences, either passive or active, either consumption values or option values, desired by the coastal user population (which includes the resource managers themselves). The resource manager's task is to manipulate the “production function”; in order that the outputs will best mesh with the expectations of the user population and with the capability of the land resource to deliver on a sustained basis. An aim of the project was to develop a method for the specification of different possible outputs from the production function, in different beach/dune environments, and that could be used to assist in the preparation of advice on appropriate recreational development, allowing decisions to be based on both environmental data and information on the expectations, activities, and amenity preferences of beach users.     

British Shipping and World Competition[1] revisited

The object of my book British Shipping and World Competitionwas to answer the question: 'Why has the tonnage of ships registered in the United Kingdom declined from over 45% of the world total in 1900 to about 16% of that total in 1960?'. There was never any normative element to this question, a point which has been much misunderstood. In answering the question, two different methodologies were used. Chapters II through VIII are industrial economic history, whereas Chapters IX through XIV are applied economics. When the two groups are thought of as siblings, not as Siamese twins, it can be seen that the first group has worn rather well, but that the applied economics chapters have a distinctly dated air. Most of this article is concerned with the applied economics chapters, where I try to examine what is said in the book in the light of my subsequent experience and thinking. There is one absolutely gross error in the material. Unfortunately, this is implicitly reflected in the Code of Conduct and in the EC Maritime Regulations. The original answer to the question has been rephrased in the article; I hope this will put to rest the idea that the question was normative in intent. The rephrasing does not alter the answer: the decline which needed to be accounted for can be explained solely in terms of internal constraints. The remainder was a 'natural' result of changing international patterns in resource allocation.     

Sasi and Marine Conservation in Raja Ampat,Indonesia

Raja Ampat, Indonesia, possesses the greatest diversity of corals and reef fishes on the planet. The area is a priority for marine conservation for the provincial government, local communities, and major international nongovernmental organizations such as The Nature Conservancy and Conservation International. Traditional marine resource management practices in the region, referred to as sasi, have the potential to support conservation objectives. This article contends that while traditional marine resource management systems may support conservation, they must be reinforced by a supportive social structure and governance system to remain relevant in a rapidly changing world. Two villages in Raja Ampat were studied to gain a better understanding of sasi and how this practice has been affected by cultural, political, and economic change. These villages illustrate how the role of religious authorities, access to alternative livelihoods, proximity to urban centers, and capacity for monitoring and enforcement may influence the effectiveness of marine resource management systems. Our research suggests that the continued relevance of sasi in marine resource management relies on the support of influential local leaders and businesses and government regulations that reinforce traditional resource use practices.     

温州石化基地围垦工程潮流泥沙数值模拟研究

使用TK-2D软件建立了瓯江口海区潮流泥沙数学模型,通过数值计算分析了温州石化基地围垦工程对瓯江北口、中水道、黄大岙、重山、沙头、小门、黄大峡等水道,以及对瓯江泄洪排涝和附近港区、海域的影响。研究结果表明:围垦工程对附近各港区、水道影响很小,温州石化基地围垦工程建设是可行的。     

长江口北支崇启大桥处潮位和盐度过程研究

位于长江口北支的崇启大桥处于盐淡水交替区,其混凝土桥墩易受海水腐蚀。为给桥墩抗腐试验提供必要的潮位变动区范围和盐度试验参数,建立了基于无结构网格的长江口盐水数值模型,计算分析了在不同径流量和外海潮汐边界条件下,崇启大桥断面潮位变幅及盐度变动过程。研究表明崇启大桥处潮位变幅大,潮汐是控制崇启大桥处水位变动范围的关键因素;桥墩处盐度整体取决于入海径流量,流量增加促使盐度降低,反之亦然;潮汐作用促使桥墩处呈现短周期性振荡盐度,盐度范围为10‰～26‰,其中枯季盐度平稳,洪季变幅大。     

Land Changes and Conflicts Coordination in Coastal Urbanization: A Case Study of the Shandong Peninsula in China

The coastal zone is an interaction region between land and ocean and an interface of geosphere, hydrosphere, atmosphere, and biosphere, as well as greatly affected by human activities. Driven by economic activities and increased population, urbanization is rapidly developing in coastal zones, and a series of land resource and environmental conflicts have occurred, especially in developing countries at times of economic transition. This article reports a case study of the Shandong Peninsula of East China. We analyze the land-use practices and land cover changes of six cities over a timeframe of nearly a decade. We then review the management conflict issues. The most commonly encountered conflicts fall into three categories: those between expanding constructed land and decreased cultivated land; those between land resource utilization and conservation; and those between increasing demand for land and degrading land quality. All in all, they reflect the fundamental conflicts between short-term economic development gains and long-term food security and ecosystem sustainability. This article puts forward an institutional approach to coordinate these conflicts so as to realize integrated and coordinated coastal management.     

长江口不同河段近期河床演变特点及碍航特性分析

根据现场调研和多年实测资料,分析和总结了近10 a长江口不同河段河床演变特点及其变化趋势,并结合航道发展规划目标,从航道水深、宽度、走向及稳定性等指标,分析了长江口不同河段的碍航特性。结果表明,长江口多数河段尚未得到有效的人工控制,局部河段航槽稳定性较差,部分航段水深较浅,制约了航道资源的开发利用。为合理开发利用和有效保护长江口航道资源,迫切需要根据近期河势变化特点和碍航特性,进一步明确航道治理基本原则与思路,提出科学合理的工程布置方案。     

长江口北槽12.5 m深水航道回淤的物理过程

长江口12.5 m深水航道于2010年3月贯通,发挥了巨大的经济社会效益,但航道回淤问题十分突出。针对航道回淤总量大、时空集中分布于洪季北槽中段最大浑浊带区段的特点,利用北槽洪季沿程大小潮水文测验资料,分析了水沙盐场的时空分布特征和输移规律,揭示了洪季航道回淤集中在北槽中段的主要原因,并提出了涨落潮周期内航道回淤水沙运动的物理过程。     

新时期长江口航道建设深化研究方向的探讨

长江口航道的建设与管理面临着河势背景深刻变化的新情况和生态优先等新要求.为了进一步提高航道的综合通过能力,分析近几十年来长江口河势的主要变化,归纳长江口深水航道的治理(设计)思路.基于对长江口在盐、淡水交汇和潮汐环境中的黏性细颗粒泥沙运动物理过程和航道回淤机理的认识,包括盐度和含沙量的层化、紊动抑制、悬沙斜压效应以及纵...     

Business-process management in high-turbulence environments: the case of the offshore service vessel industry

This article focuses on business-process management in turbulent business environments, more specifically, the management of offshore service vessel (OSV) companies in environments of high volatility and complexity. Such logistics service providers must deal with various heterogeneous elements, and may face extreme situations with uncertain outcomes. This can have implications for the business processes and the business model implemented within the firm. The study reported here employed an explorative qualitative approach with in-depth case studies of firms in the OSV industry in the North Sea and the High Arctic. The results indicate that, in order to tackle the logistics challenges of turbulent environments, a firm may have to introduce entrepreneurial business models with strong links to external actors. To meet the needs of various stakeholders, three business processes are crucial for handling increased turbulence: (1) resource re-configuration adding basic resources as well as dynamic capabilities; (2) knowledge base and capacity, increasing cooperative relations with other firms and (3) added stakeholder- and knowledge-providing business processes. Results from in-depth studies in two different environmental contexts within offshore petroleum operations underscore the importance of adapting business-process management to task-environment complexity and uncertainty.     

Residence time,exposure time and connectivity in the Scheldt Estuary

Residence times and exposure times are computed for 13 boxes in the Scheldt Estuary, using the high-resolution tracer-transport model SLIM. The concepts are clearly defined and related to how they should be computed. First, the timescale values are compared with results published previously that were obtained with a simple box model, and an unexpected difference is revealed. This may suggest that a high-resolution model is necessary, even for the computation of such integrated quantities as residence or exposure times. Secondly, the newly computed residence times are compared to the exposures times to illustrate their intrinsic differences. From this difference, it is possible to propose a return coefficient, expressing the fraction of the exposure time that is due to “returning water”, i.e. water which has already left the estuary at least once. Finally, the estuarine exposure times are decomposed into the different box exposure times, resulting in a connectivity matrix. This matrix expresses how much time is spent in each of the estuarine subdomains during the water parcels' journey through the estuary.     

造船企业能源供应存在的问题及对策研究

随着我国船舶行业的发展,船舶行业资源消耗大、污染物排放量大的问题日益明显,节能减排已经成为造船企业适应当前经济发展形势和提高未来竞争力必须要面对的重要课题。本文通过数据分析某造船企业动力车间各种能源供应分布中存在的不合理问题,认为动力车间供应的能源中电能的消耗在造船公司占用比重较大。对此,从起重设备的使用管理、电焊焊接设备的使用管理、车间空压站的管理、电力供应设备的管理等方面提出了管理建议。     

Technical changes and impacts on economic performance of dry bulk vessels

Spurred by the expanding bulk shipping and technological innovations, dry bulk vessels have gained considerable development in ship types, ship design, and operation since the invention of the first specialized dry bulk carrier in the early 1950s. However, questions like: what changes in technical specifications have occurred for dry bulk vessels during the past four decades; what triggered these changes and what impacts have these specific changes had on shipping costs or earnings potential, have never been examined systematically in previous work. Subsequently, this article attempts to investigate changes in main technical specifications and relationships between the main technical variables and their economic performance measured by costs and revenues of dry bulk carriers. Technical changes in speed, deadweight, lightweight, and engines are checked for the main types of dry bulk vessels, and trends revealed in these developments are demonstrated to be the consequences of both technical improvement and economical considerations. Additionally, it has been found that the earnings potential differs much from dry bulk vessels with different technical specifications. This can be manifested in the sensitivity analysis. The analysis of this article may contain useful information to practitioners of dry bulk shipping in guiding their market decisions about ship building and operations.     

Small-Scale Sicilian Fisheries: Opinions of Artisanal Fishers and Sociocultural Effects in Two MPA Case Studies

Marine resource management and related stakeholder conflicts have been clearly defined in recent decades as pressing issues worldwide. This article provides a comparative study of the management regimes of the Gulf of Castellammare Fishery Reserve and the Egadi Islands Marine Reserve in Sicily, Italy. What managers in these two reserves have neglected to include in management is a social science evaluation scheme to ensure the development of more effective overall management. This is a significant problem in both Italy and the rest of the Mediterranean, where few sociocultural and economic studies have been conducted. Using data collected with standard anthropological field methods, analysis was conducted on how artisanal fishers are impacted by reserves, the extent of their knowledge regarding regulations, their opinions on management, and demographics. The results indicate that while fishers in the two case studies are all aware of the marine reserves where they fish, most fishers are not well informed of the associated regulations. Fishers feel alienated from the management process, and would feel more comfortable with reserve managers and regulations if they were involved in management. The article concludes by showing how such data could help to develop more useful and practical management practices in both these and other MPAs with similar problems.     

厦门湾悬沙分布的多时相遥感分析

利用厦门湾地区多时相遥感图像反演出表层悬沙浓度分布图,进而定性分析不同径流和潮流下悬沙分布规律。研究表明,九龙江河口湾为该地区悬沙浓度最高的区域,分布上具有"西高东低"的特征。全湾悬沙来源主要为两部分:径流来沙以及波浪和潮流掀沙。潮流运动是泥沙输送的主要动力,由于弗劳德数分布不同而引起的潮流挟沙力空间差异,是影响厦门湾悬沙分布的主导因素。利用实测泥沙资料将不同时相下瞬时悬沙浓度转换为全潮平均悬沙浓度以进行定量分析,结果表明悬沙浓度具有大潮大于小潮,枯季大于洪季的特征。     

耙吸船艕带泥驳疏浚工艺在长江口维护施工中的应用研究

为有利于长江口深水航道的可持续性维护和发展,在借鉴已有工程实例的基础上,开展耙吸挖泥船艕带泥驳疏浚工艺在长江口应用的研究工作。综合现场模拟试验情况、长江口专用耙吸挖泥船及配套泥驳的设计性能等,对耙吸装驳工艺在长江口应用的施工工艺、施工时间和效率、施工作业条件和工况、经济效益等进行研究。结果表明该工艺技术上可行、安全有保障、经济效益明显,可在长江口航道维护疏浚中应用,并提出相关建议。     

Gender structures in car availability in car deficient households

This paper studies the intra-household allocation of cars in car deficient households from a gender perspective. An individual’s car access is measured in terms of duration of car use over a week. Car deficient households are defined as households with fewer cars than drivers. We develop a set of hypotheses that serve to explain gender differences in car availability, and empirically test some of these hypotheses by using multiple regression analysis. The data we use is the German Mobility Panel 1994–2008. Our findings provide evidence for the importance of social roles and economic power in intra-household negotiations about the limited resource of the household car. We cannot clearly decipher whether patriarchal structures and/or gender preferences are relevant as well, but our data suggest that both may play a role.