Development of Beach Analysis Tools for Caribbean Small Islands

Beach erosion presents a hazard to coastal tourism facilities, which provide the main economic thrust for most Caribbean small islands (CSIs). Ad hoc approaches to addressing this problem have given way to the integrated coastal zone management (ICZM) approach, which recommends data collection, analysis of coastal processes, and assessment of impacts. UNESCO's Coast and Beach Stability in the Caribbean (COSALC) project has provided most CSIs with an opportunity to monitor their beaches and collect over 10 years of data. Research has been directed at integrating these data with geographic information systems (GIS) and other information technologies to develop a prototype beach analysis and management system (BAMS) for CSIs. This article presents the results of phase I development of this effort, which includes the development of tools for integrating spatial and non-spatial coastal data, estimating long-term beach erosion/accretion and sand volume change trends at individual beaches, identifying erosion-sensitive beaches, and mapping beach erosion hazards. The Southeast Peninsula, St. Kitts, is used as a case study to develop these tools and demonstrate system functionality.     

Turning Off the Heat: Impacts of Power Plant Decommissioning on Green Turtle Research in San Diego Bay

Green turtles (Chelonia mydas) are among the most high profile species in San Diego Bay, California, and understanding impacts of coastal development and industry is essential to the management and conservation of this local population. Here we describe power plant changing energy production and its impact on turtle habitat use and our ability to research and manage this population. For over 20 years, green sea turtles have been captured, assessed, and tagged near the South Bay Power Plant (SBPP) in the San Diego Bay; from 2002–2011, 104 turtles were captured on 212 occasions. As the 50-year-old SBPP generates less energy, effluent patterns change and water temperatures decrease, presumably to more natural conditions. There has been a concurrent decrease in turtle-capture success, perhaps due to lesser visitation to the effluent site where nets are tended. Seasonal catch-per-unit-effort declined from a high of 4.14 turtles per monitoring day, to a nine-year low of 1.33 during the 2010–2011 season. It is already apparent that management decisions related to energy policy are affecting the habitat and behavior of this stock of endangered turtles. Green turtles are expected to remain in the San Diego Bay after the SBPP becomes inoperative and continuing research will monitor future impacts and distribution shifts resulting from the expected changes in thermal pattern within south San Diego Bay. Research efforts to study this population (i.e., capture methods and locations) will require modification in response to these changes. Lessons learned here are applicable to the immediate coastal development of San Diego, as well as at similar interactions between marine turtles and industrial thermal effluent discharge throughout Southern California, the United States, and beyond.     

The role of geomatics engineering in establishing the marine information system for maritime management

Maritime management encompasses the employment and manipulation of human resources, financial resources, technological resources and natural resources that relate to the sea, maritime navigation, shipping, port development and coastal protection. It contributes to the economic growth, price stability, transportation of cargoes and passengers, and business activities of shipping organizations. The efficient management of resources, operations and activities relies on a modern marine information system (MIS) whose information is provided by geomatics engineers and IT professionals, among others. This paper first introduces the role of the geomatics engineer as geodesist, engineering surveyor, land boundary surveyor, cartographer, hydrographer, photogrammetrist and geographic information system (GIS) engineer since all these fields are related to maritime trade, supply chains and development of ports and airports. It then describes the principal components of a web-based MIS and the important role of geomatics engineers in surveying data. This includes collecting data from electronic nautical charts (ENC) and raster nautical charts (RNC), by applying high resolution light detection and ranging (LIDAR), satellite platform sensors and GIS.     

海事地理信息系统的设计与初步实现

海事地理信息系统是在计算机硬件和软件支持下,对空间信息进行存储、查询、分析和输出,并为用户提供决策支持的综合性技术。它能直观地显示重要的统计分析、专题信息,具有强大的辅助分析、决策能力。在介绍了GIS、B/S和C/S结构的技术特点的基础上,探讨了海事地理信息管理系统的结构设计、功能设计和数据库设计,并对系统进行了初步实现。通过对海事地理信息系统的建设,制定海事地理信息标准规范,当前的许多应用系统以及将来要建设的系统都可以而且应该在海事地理信息系统的基础上进行结合、扩展,充分发挥空间地理信息为信息化建设带来的巨大优势。     

渤海波浪地理信息系统的建立

随着地理信息系统(GIS)的广泛应用,建立一个具有波浪预报或后报功能的信息系统为工程建设服务,不仅十分必要,而且随着波浪模拟技术的发展变得可能。文中论述了采用第三代波浪模型中的SWAN(SimulatingWAves Nearshore)来模拟渤海波浪场,在获得较长时间波浪模拟结果的基础上,对渤海波浪地理信息系统的建立进行了一些尝试和探索。这些波浪资料对于港口及海洋工程是十分必要的。     

Integrated coastal water monitoring

Geographical Information Systems (GIS) are important took for environmental monitoring and management. However, their limitations in dealing with complex, dynamic, and mission‐critical situations call for alternative approaches. Integrating GIS with dynamic simulation models offers one such solution. Numerical models that simulate physical, chemical, and biological processes greatly increase our understanding of the environment. Many of these models use refined forecast information to accurately predict processes that help in monitoring and managing the environment. Integrating these models with GIS offers new functionalities. The present research couples the MIKE21 comprehensive modeling system for two‐dimensional free surface flows with the spatial analysis strengths of the ArcView GIS. The southern coastal water system of Singapore serves as the study area. The aim is to develop a comprehensive software system that provides support for both environmental managers and land‐use planners in making their decisions.     

Resilience of Touristic Island Beaches Under Sea Level Rise: A Methodological Framework

This contribution addresses the need for a simple model for managers to employ when planning strategies for the management of touristic beaches under sea level rise. A methodological framework was developed and tested in two Aegean archipelago islands (Lesvos and Rhodes, Greece). The scheme can represent the status of touristic island beaches, based on easily obtained variables/indicators and projections of beach erosion/retreat under different scenarios of mean sea level rise (MSLR) and extreme events. Information on beach geomorphological characteristics, environmental setting, water quality, management, and services (such as those used in the “Blue Flag” classification) was collated/collected and beach erosion/retreat due to CV & C was estimated through suitable ensembles of cross-shore (1-D) morphodynamic models. A Strength-Weaknesses-Opportunities-Threats (SWOT) framework was employed to assist in the selection of indicators and multicriteria analysis used to optimize indicator weights and rank beaches according to their sustainability under sea level rise. Implementation of the framework at the two islands has shown that: the majority of Lesvos and Rhodes beaches (82% of a total of 217 beaches and 58% of a total of 97 beaches, respectively) can be classified as beaches with no, or minimal, human interference, suggesting that under environmentally sound coastal management further touristic development might be afforded; there could be very significant effects of the sea level rise on the carrying and buffering capacities of the most developed (“Blue Flag”) beaches, with some expected even under conservative projections to be completely eroded by 2100, unless technical adaptation measures are taken; and using the proposed framework, touristic beaches can be rapidly ranked in terms of their resilience to sea level rise and their development potential, allowing prioritization of effective management responses.     

The role of geomatics engineering in establishing the marine information system for maritime management

Maritime management encompasses the employment and manipulation of human resources, financial resources, technological resources and natural resources that relate to the sea, maritime navigation, shipping, port development and coastal protection. It contributes to the economic growth, price stability, transportation of cargoes and passengers, and business activities of shipping organizations. The efficient management of resources, operations and activities relies on a modern marine information system (MIS) whose information is provided by geomatics engineers and IT professionals, among others. This paper first introduces the role of the geomatics engineer as geodesist, engineering surveyor, land boundary surveyor, cartographer, hydrographer, photogrammetrist and geographic information system (GIS) engineer since all these fields are related to maritime trade, supply chains and development of ports and airports. It then describes the principal components of a web-based MIS and the important role of geomatics engineers in surveying data. This includes collecting data from electronic nautical charts (ENC) and raster nautical charts (RNC), by applying high resolution light detection and ranging (LIDAR), satellite platform sensors and GIS.     

Vulnerability of Port and Harbor Communities to Earthquake and Tsunami Hazards: The Use of GIS in Community Hazard Planning

Earthquakes and tsunamis pose significant threats to Pacific Northwest coastal port and harbor communities. Developing holistic mitigation and preparedness strategies to reduce the potential for loss of life and property damage requires community-wide vulnerability assessments that transcend traditional site-specific analyses. The ability of a geographic information system (GIS) to integrate natural, socioeconomic, and hazards information makes it an ideal assessment tool to support community hazard planning efforts. This article summarizes how GIS was used to assess the vulnerability of an Oregon port and harbor community to earthquake and tsunami hazards, as part of a larger risk-reduction planning initiative. The primary purposes of the GIS were to highlight community vulnerability issues and to identify areas that both are susceptible to hazards and contain valued port and harbor community resources. Results of the GIS analyses can help decision makers with limited mitigation resources set priorities for increasing community resiliency to natural hazards.     

基于ECDIS的航线评估技术研究

通过对ECDIS航线设计功能的分析,结合舰船海上航行的相关要求和GIS的现有技术,研究了基于ECDIS的航线评估技术,建立了航线评估适用模型,为扩充电子海图系统的空间分析功能,挖掘海洋空间数据中的隐含信息,实现GIS在航海领域中的应用提供了技术支持。     

基于GIS空间分析的抛石护岸工程水下抛石效果评价

抛石护岸工程水下抛石效果评价是工程水下质量控制的重点和难点。准确掌握和分析工程水下质量状况,对确保抛石护岸的施工质量起到了重要作用。GIS(地理信息系统)技术拥有强大的空间数据处理与分析能力,可用于对水下抛石效果进行多维度的定性与定量分析。分析结果可以准确评价施工质量、精准指导下一阶段施工、降低施工成本。通过对3个试验区的分析,总结出一般施工规律:1)由于工程区上游起始处以及下游深水侧容易产生冲刷,抛石效果较差。2)工程区中部及近岸区抛石效果较好,但容易过抛。     

高速公路养护管理信息系统特点及主要功能分析

高速公路养护管理机构一般由管理处、养护管理站、验收小组及监理组成,在长距离的跨度上进行分工协作完成公路病害调查与养护施工等系列事务,必须要通过网络把各机构连接起来。高速公路养护管理信息系统主要特点是适时、高效,其主要功能是病害数据采集、养护施工与验收、评价与智能化决策。它涵盖GIS系统、专家系统、办公系统、档案与设备系统,是一个功能强大的专业网络。     

基于3DGIS技术的信息系统的研究与实现

地理信息系统（Geographic Information System，GIS）是一门综合性的技术，是一种对空间数据进行采集、存储、更新、分析、输出等处理的工具。三维地理信息系统（3DGIS）是将地理信息系统（GIS）技术和虚拟现实（VR）技术相结合的新技术，它将GIS的空间查询、分析和决策功能与VR逼真的三维可视化功能有机地结合在一起，增强了GIS系统的可视化效果和三维空间分析能力。采用先进的3DGIS技术实现，对提高信息系统效率有着重要意义。     

A Spatial Analysis of Fish Farming in the Context of ICZM in the Bay of Izmir-Turkey

Cage fish farming is one of the fastest growing food industries, both worldwide and in Turkey. There are growing concerns about the manner of resolving the competing claims for the use of limited coastline and water body space. Matters connected with the siting of fish farming increase the need for the integrated coastal zone planning of aquaculture. This should be undertaken in collusion with other coastal stakeholders and with the cooperation of the government ministries that promote and regulate aquaculture development. In this study the integration and coexistence of fish farms is evaluated in the context of other activities in Izmir Bay. This study shows how different terrestrial and marine activities interact with each other, and that certain areas are subject to layers of multiple usages. One of the major sea users of the Bay, for example, is the fishery sector, which utilizes 850.4 km² of a total surface area of Izmir's Bay of 960.4 km². This overlaps with the 113.4 km² that are used by marine transportation. Military zones encompass 63.1 km² and fish farming utilizes only 1.23 km². This study uses Geographic Information Systems (GIS) to build a spatial database that analyzes conflicting claims for integrating fish farming with other claimants. Clearly planned and properly managed fish farming development should be undertaken within a broader framework of integrated coastal zone management.     

浅谈GIS技术在公路管理中的应用

GIS技术目前在许多领域获得广泛应用,尤其在公路管理中,它与传统的交通分析和处理技术紧密结合延伸出公路地理信息系统,该系统对公路规划、设计和养护管理等具有较强的应用价值。     

基于Xdraw算法的SAR航线规划

利用机载SAR进行对地观察的飞行实验所需时间和处理周期偏长,成本也偏高,并且没有定量的地形遮挡分析。文章利用三维数字地球平台的地理信息,提出一种基于Xdraw算法的机载雷达可视域分析。只要给出地形的数字高程模型（DEM）数据,就可以得出可视域的分析结果,同时在不同SAR航线高度参数下对算法进行了验证和分析评价,得出该算法可以较好近似真实的可视信息,为SAR实验给出了定量的地形遮挡分析,为确定SAR航线规划提供了可靠的参考。     

岱山西北海域海床冲淤演变分析*

根据不同年份的水深地形资料及遥感影像,采用GIS技术对近30 a来岱山西北岸线变化及海床冲淤进行数字化分析。同时,结合该海域的水文泥沙特征及人类活动因素,研究海底冲淤变化的主要影响因素。综合分析表明：2011年以前岱山西北海岸岸线稳定,岸滩经历了由滩淤槽冲转为滩冲槽冲的动态演变过程,除岱山西部与大鱼山之间的槽沟局部地形变化较大外,其它海区冲淤速率不到10 cm/a,整个海域的侵蚀速率有加速趋势。2011年之后,岱山北部开始实施大规模围涂工程,岱山西北近岸5 m等深线以浅的岸滩发生1.75 m/a的淤积,而计算范围内的其它海区仍以微侵蚀为主。岱山西北海域泥沙主要以过境输移为主,长江来沙量的减少和近年围垦活动的增加是该海域海床冲淤演变的两个主要影响因素。     

深水AUV电子海图监测系统设计与实现

针对深水AUV在对未知海域进行勘测时高风险性的问题,设计了一套深水AUV电子海图监测系统。该系统基于LabVIEW软件平台,采用与GIS(地理信息系统)、数据库技术相结合的开发方法,可实现AUV在测量过程中的声学通讯、定位追踪、航迹显示及通讯日志记录等功能。经测试,该系统能实时记录航行参数,并实现对异常情况报警处理,一定程度降低运行风险,提高整机系统可靠性。     

海上智能交通系统体系的构建与实现

海上智能交通系统构建的关键是实现船舶航行自动化和对海上交通能够实行有效的管理，从宏观角度可归结为船舶的避碰。但以往的避碰研究都对信息的交流考虑不够。基于系统的思想，我们认为把协商决策引入船舶避碰才能发挥系统整体的最佳效能，提出了建立海上智能交通系统的框架与结构体系，并探讨了其具体实现及关键技术和问题。最后对其未来发展进行展望，给出了相关建议。