表面机械研磨处理对H13钢离子渗氮行为的影响

采用SEM、TEM和显微硬度计等研究了H13钢表面经机械研磨处理后520℃离子渗氮行为.结果表明,经过机械研磨(SMA)处理后H13钢表层形成了一定厚度的变形层,该变形层的晶粒尺寸10～20 nm,表面硬度约800 HV0.2.在直流脉冲渗氮炉中经520℃离子渗氮5 h后,未SMA处理和经SMA处理后的渗氮层厚度分别为65 μm和115 μm,表明机械研磨处理对H13钢离子渗氮具有明显的催渗作用.     

表面机械研磨对304不锈钢渗氮组织性能的影响

对304不锈钢表面进行表面机械研磨处理(SMAT),再进行不同温度下的低温等离子渗氮。利用光学显微镜、XRD、SEM和EDS,分析渗氮层的物相、显微组织和元素;采用显微硬度计检测渗氮后硬度的变化;采用电化学工作站测试渗氮后试样的腐蚀性能。结果表明,经过1800 s的表面机械研磨处理,材料的渗氮组织性能达到最好,样品表面生成一层晶粒细化层,可以明显促进304不锈钢的低温渗氮。1800 s的表面机械研磨处理后,在350℃下进行渗氮,可以获得一层厚度约3μm的渗氮层,其硬度高达925 HV0.05。和未处理的试样对比,自腐蚀电位升高了0.2 V,自腐蚀电流降低了4.22×10-4A·cm-2。     

有表面机械磨损处理辅助的合金钢强化渗硼动力学

用表面机械磨损处理(SMAT)在AISI H13钢上制备一层纳米结构的表面层。研究了这种SMAT试样的渗硼性能和粗晶粒对应物的比较。SMAT试样的硼扩散深度在600℃,2 h渗硼后的峰值是8μm,比粗晶粒试样深得多。在SMAT试样上用600℃接着更高温度的双重渗硼处理能合成厚得多的渗硼层。而且SMAT试样的活化能是1403 kJ/mol,比粗晶粒的209.4 kJ/mol低得多。结果表明,用双重渗硼处理的SMAT试样能明显增强渗硼动力学。而且热疲劳试验表明,具有优良抗氧化性和高温机械强度的渗硼层能有效延迟热疲劳裂纹的萌生,阻碍它们的传播。所以经双重渗硼处理的H13钢的热疲劳性能可以大大提升。     

热处理对表面纳米化工业纯锆疲劳性能影响研究

采用表面机械研磨处理(SMAT)对工业纯锆进行表面强化,使材料表面组织细化并引入残余压应力,通过热处理(HT)使表层残余压应力释放而纳米晶尺寸保持不变。利用光学显微镜(OM)和透射电子显微镜(TEM)对试样表层显微组织进行表征,利用X射线应力仪测试距试样表面不同深度处残余应力,通过四点弯曲疲劳实验对热处理前后试样疲劳性能进行测试,利用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)对疲劳断口形貌进行观察,探讨晶粒细化及残余压应力对疲劳性能的影响。结果表明：SMAT使工业纯锆表层形成150μm左右变形层且最表面晶粒细化至35 nm左右,并得到深度为334 μm最大应力为-695.5MPa的残余压应力层;热处理后SMAT处理工业纯锆表层残余压应力场深度减至115μm、最大压应力降为-148.8MPa,残余压应力场的变化对裂纹源位置及材料的疲劳极限影响明显。SMAT处理使工业纯锆疲劳极限较未处理试样提升23%;通过热处理使其表层残余压应力释放后,其疲劳极限较未SMAT处理试样疲劳极限提高13%。     

喷丸对H13钢等离子渗氮处理的影响

对经1020℃淬火560℃、610℃和560℃三次回火后的H13钢进行喷丸处理,将喷丸处理后的试样在550℃下等离子渗氮1h.采用光学显微镜、透射电子显微镜、显微硬度仪和X射线衍射仪观察和分析,对比了喷丸和未喷丸试样亚表层的显微结构,等离子渗氮后的渗层深度、截面硬度及表面物相组成.结果表明,在550℃渗氮1h的情况下,喷丸的催渗效果十分明显,喷丸后渗氮层深度从30.4μm增至51.4μm,喷丸形成的高密度胞状位错对催渗起了决定性的作用.喷丸试样的渗氮层与未喷丸试样相比,表面物相的含量不同,表面硬度较高,渗层的硬度梯度稍平缓一些.     

H13热冲压模具无化合物层抗冲击抗热疲劳离子渗氮技术研究与应用

目的 以H13热冲压模具钢为研究材料,探索不形成化合物层的低温创新离子渗氮工艺,旨在提高H13钢热冲压模具的抗冲击性和抗疲劳性,延长服役寿命。方法 将H13钢试样放在LD-8CL型直流离子渗氮炉内进行离子渗氮处理,渗氮温度分别为470、490、510 ℃,保温时间为8 h。利用光学显微镜、X射线衍射仪、压痕检测法及自行设计的热疲劳实验,对渗氮后的H13钢显微组织、物相组成、渗层脆性和热疲劳性进行了测试与分析。结果 与普通离子渗氮相比,H13钢经470 ℃低温离子渗氮处理后,表层无化合物层生成;渗层脆性显著降低,在较大检测载荷下压痕周围无裂纹产生;同时,抗热疲劳性提高3倍以上。将470 ℃低温无化合物层创新离子渗氮技术应用到汽车板件热冲压模具中,使模具冲压能力由之前18 000~20 000件提升到80 000~100 000件,即服役寿命提高到5倍左右。结论 H13钢经470 ℃低温离子渗氮处理后,表面无化合物层产生,具有良好的韧性,与常规离子渗氮相比,该技术能够显著提高表面抗热疲劳性以及模具的服役寿命。     

AZ91D镁合金表面机械研磨处理后显微结构研究

采用表面机械研磨(SMAT)技术在AZ91D镁合金上制备出纳米晶结构表层,利用X射线衍射(XRD)仪、透射电子显微镜(TEM)及高分辨透射电子显微镜(HRTEM)研究由表层沿厚度方向的组织结构变化特征.结果表明:经过表面机械研磨处理, 样品表层形成了厚度约为40 μm的变形层, 平均晶粒尺寸由约40 nm逐渐增加到约200 nm.     

H13钢表面镀铬和气体渗氮复合处理的组织及性能

对调质后的H13钢进行镀铬+540 ℃气体渗氮处理,获得氮化铬表层,然后将其进行耐磨试验,并与同温度经常规气体渗氮及离子渗氮后的H13钢试样进行组织及耐磨性对比。结果表明:3种工艺处理后试样的主要磨损机制为粘着磨损和磨粒磨损,镀铬/渗氮试样表面摩擦因数最低,为0.44,耐磨性最好,但镀铬+渗氮层与基体的结合力最差。     

40Cr钢空心阴极辅助离子渗氮

利用空心阴极辅助离子渗氮技术,在低压(100～150 Pa)、中低温t(400～550℃)条件下对40Cr钢进行离子渗氮处理.试验结果表明在500℃x6h的条件下离子渗氮,可在40Cr钢表面形成高硬度、化合物层约为2μm、厚度约为200μm的渗层,表层硬度比基体硬度提高两倍.     

强力喷丸对4Cr5MoSiVl钢离子渗氮的影响

对调质后的4Cr5MoSiVl钢进行强力喷丸处理,将喷丸处理后的试样在520℃下离子渗氮1 h。采用光学显微镜、透射电子显微镜、显微硬度仪和X射线衍射仪对比分析了喷丸和未喷丸试样亚表层的显微组织、渗层深度、硬度分布及表面物相组成。结果表明,在520℃离子渗氮l h的情况下,喷丸的催渗效果十分明显,喷丸后渗氮层深度从31.6μm增至52.5μm,表面层显微硬度从986 HV增加到1084 HV。喷丸试样的渗氮层与未喷丸试样相比,表面物相及含量都有不同。     

表面纳米化对304不锈钢渗碳层组织和性能的影响

利用表面机械研磨(SMAT)对304不锈钢进行表面自纳米化处理,并对其纳米化表面进行渗碳处理。利用光学显微镜、X-射线衍射仪、磨料磨损试验机和显微硬度仪对处理后的不锈钢表面组织和性能进行研究。结果表明:经SMAT处理并渗碳后,渗碳层晶粒细化,组织发生奥氏体向马氏体转变,显著提高了材料的力学性能;表面机械研磨处理后的材料的渗碳层厚度明显高于直接渗碳的粗晶材料的渗碳层厚度,渗碳层组织中主要碳化物为Cr7C3和Cr23C6,显微硬度也有明显提高;经过表面自纳米化和渗碳复合处理,材料的耐磨性得到较大提升。     

Surface nanocrystallization by surface mechanical attrition treatment and its effect on structure and properties of plasma nitrided AISI 321 stainless steel

A plastic deformation surface layer with nanocrystalline grains was produced on AISI 321 austenitic stainless steel by means of surface mechanical attrition treatment (SMAT). Low-temperature nitriding of SMAT and un-SMAT AISI 321 stainless steel was carried out in pulsed-DC glow discharge. The effect of SMAT pretreatment on the microstructure and properties of the stainless steel were investigated using X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, Vickers hardness tester and UMT-2MT tribometer. The results show that the plasma nitriding of AISI 321 steel can be enhanced considerably by means of SMAT process before nitriding, and a much thicker nitrogen diffusion layer with higher hardness was obtained for the SMAT samples when compared with un-SMAT samples. In addition, the wear resistance and load capacity of the nitrided layers on the SMAT samples was much higher than that of the un-SMAT samples due to the thicker S phase case and the gradient nitrogen diffusion layer.     

Improvement of Mechanical Properties of Martensitic Stainless Steel by Plasma Nitriding at Low Temperature

A series of experiments were carried out to study the influence of low temperature plasma nitriding on the mechanical properties of AISI 420 martensitic stainless steel. Plasma nitriding experiments were carried out for 15 h at 350℃ by means of DC- pulsed plasma in 25%N2＋ 75%H2 atmosphere. The microstructure, phase composition, and residual stresses profiles of the nitrided layers were determined by optical microscopy and X-ray diffraction. The microhardness profiles of the nitridied surfaces were also studied. The fatigue life, sliding wear, and erosion wear loss of the untreated specimens and plasma nitriding specimens were determined on the basis of a rotating bending fatigue tester, a ball-on-disc wear tester, and a solid particle erosion tester. The results show that the 350℃ nitrided surface is dominated by c-Fe3N and ON, which is supersaturated nitrogen solid solution. They have high hardness and chemical stabilities. So the low temperature plasma nitriding not only increases the surface hardness values but also improves the wear and erosion resistance. In addition, the fatigue limit of AISI 420 steel can also be improved by plasma nitriding at 350℃ because plasma nitriding produces residual compressive stress inside the modified layer.     

Low-Temperature Nitriding by Means of SMAT

The microstructure in the surface layer of iron and steel samples can be refined at the nanometer scale by means of a surface mechanical attrition treatment (SMAT) that generates repetitive severe plastic deformation to the surface layer.The subsequent nitriding kinetics of the as-treated samples with the nanostructured surface layer is greatly enhanced so that the nitriding temperatures can be reduce to 300 ～ 400℃ regions. This enhanced processing method demonstrates both the technological significance of nanomaterials in advancing the traditional processing techniques, and provides a new approach for selective surface reactions in solids. This article reviews the present state of the art in this field. The microstructure and properties of SMAT samples nitrided will be summarized. Further considerations of the development and applications of this new technique will also be presented.     

Low-temperature nitriding of 38CrMoAl steel with a nanostructured surface layer induced by surface mechanical attrition treatment

A nanocrystalline surface layer was fabricated on a 38CrMoAl steel plate by means of a surface mechanical attrition treatment (SMAT). The average grain size in the top surface layer (10 μm thick) is about 10 nm, and the grain size stability can be maintained up to 450 °C. The effect of the surface nanocrystalline layer on the gas nitriding process at a lower temperature was investigated by using structural analysis and wear property measurements. The surface nanocrystallization evidently enhances nitriding kinetics and promotes the formation of an ultrafine polycrystalline compound layer. The results of the investigation showed that this new gas nitriding technique can effectively increase the hardness and wear resistance of the resulting surface layer in comparison with conventional nitriding, demonstrating a significant advancement for materials processing.     

Low-Temperature Nitriding of Nanocrystalline Stainless Steel and Its Effect on Improving Wear and Corrosion Resistance

In this study, an ultrafine-grained surface layer with the average grain size of about 10 nm was fabricated on a stainless steel plate by surface mechanical attrition treatment (SMAT). Plasma nitriding of the samples was carried out by a low-frequency pulse-excited plasma unit. Optical microscopy, x-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, micro-indentation, and pin-on-disk wear and corrosion experiments were performed for characterization before and after plasma nitriding. It is found that the pre-SMATed sample developed a nitrided layer twice as thick as that on the as-received sample under the same nitriding conditions (300 °C for 4 h), which can be mainly attributed to the fast diffusion of nitrogen along grain boundaries in the nanostructured layer induced by means of SMAT. Results showed that nitriding layers of the as-received and pre-SMATed samples up to 300 °C are dominated by S-phase (γ_N), but its peak intensity for the pre-SMATed sample is sharper than that of the as-received one. During 500 °C nitriding treatment, the nitrogen would react with Cr in the steel to form CrN precipitates, which would lead to the depletion of chromium in the solid solution phase of the nitrided layer. Furthermore, the nitrided layer of the pre-SMATed sample exhibited a high hardness, and an excellent wear and corrosion resistance.     

表面机械研磨对5052铝合金表面纳米化与性能的影响

研究了表面机械研磨处理(SMAT)对传统轧制和连铸连轧5052铝合金显微组织、物相组成、硬度和拉伸性能的影响.结果表明:进行SMAT前,连铸连轧5052铝合金的晶粒尺寸(7μm)要小于传统轧制5052铝合金的晶粒尺寸(13μm);进行SMAT后,传统轧制和连铸连轧5052铝合金在表层均会形成细小的晶粒尺寸梯度分布,而且...     

Chromizing behaviors of a low carbon steel processed by means of surface mechanical attrition treatment

A nanostructured surface layer of about 20 μm thick was produced in a low carbon steel plate by means of the surface mechanical attrition treatment (SMAT). Chromizing behaviors of the SMAT sample were investigated by using X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy. Experimental results showed that a much thicker Cr-diffusion layer was obtained in the SMAT sample than in the coarse-grained one after the same chromizing treatment, especially at low temperatures. In the SMAT sample, the formation temperature of chromium compounds was found to be much lower and the amount of chromium carbides was higher than those in the coarse-grained counterpart. The enhanced chromizing kinetics originates from numerous grain boundaries with a high excess stored energy in the nanostructured surface layer due to severe plastic deformation during the SMAT.     

表面机械研磨处理对Cu-4Ti合金组织及力学性能的影响

对Cu-4Ti合金分别进行45 min和60 min的表面机械研磨处理(SMAT),采用X射线衍射仪,光学显微镜,扫描电镜,显微硬度计等对处理不同时间的样品组织及力学性能进行了分析。结果表明,Cu-4Ti合金经表面机械研磨处理45 min和60 min后,表层晶粒尺寸分别达到了40.72 nm和17.12 nm,并且都出现了分界层,这与前人研究结果出现的过渡层截然不同。表面机械研磨方法可以强化金属表面,Cu-4Ti合金经SMAT 45 min和60 min后,表面硬度比基体分别提高了51%和56%。     

2Cr13钢的表面气体渗氮处理

用光学金相显微镜、扫描电子显微镜、X射线衍射(XRD)仪及显微硬度计对经气体渗氮处理的2Cr13钢试样进行了组织结构分析,并利用销-盘摩擦磨损试验机对渗氮的盘与未渗氮销摩擦副进行摩擦磨损试验.结果表明,520℃×20 h渗氮可使2Cr13马氏体不锈钢的渗氮层深度达到165 μm,处理后试样的显微硬度约为处理前的2.5倍.处理后试样的耐磨性能得到了较大的提高,渗氮盘试样的磨损表面未出现裂纹,而未渗氮销的磨损表面存在严重的裂纹.