城市河涌受污染底泥的固化/稳定化处理

为了给河涌疏浚底泥的资源化提供技术支持,以广州市车陂涌表层受污染底泥为研究对象,用水泥、石灰、粉煤灰、膨润土等材料对底泥进行固化/稳定化处理实验。通过无侧限抗压强度、污染物在模拟自然条件下(中性)的释放特征、毒性浸出实验(酸性条件)对固化/稳定化处理效果进行综合分析。结果表明:经合适的处理后,固化体抗压强度能高于300 kPa;固化体自然条件下重金属的释放量明显减少,固化/稳定化处理能够有效减缓和减少固化体的二次污染;毒性浸出实验结果表明,河涌底泥经固化/稳定化处理后其重金属浸出能力显著降低。     

垃圾焚烧飞灰中Cd、Pb、Zn的螯合稳定与水泥固化处理

采用有机硫稳定剂(DTCR)与水泥对城市垃圾焚烧飞灰进行稳定/固化处理,研究了飞灰中Cd、Pb、Zn的浸出毒性和固化体的抗压强度,比较了螯合稳定与水泥固化对Cd、Pb、Zn的处理效果、养护时间对固化体抗压强度的影响,并对飞灰的结构形貌进行了分析。结果表明,在稳定固化过程中飞灰中发生了复杂的螯合、水化反应,重金属形态由不稳定态向稳定态转变,螯合稳定对Cd的处理效果最好,水泥固化更适用于Pb、Zn。固化时间大于7 d后,飞灰中的重金属以及固化体的抗压强度已较为稳定。螯合稳定协同水泥固化的处理效果优于单一的稳定或固化方法,飞灰在固化7 d后可同时达到重金属浸出毒性和抗压强度标准,满足安全填埋要求。     

造纸污泥固化/稳定化处理技术研究

为了能更好地无害化处理造纸污泥,对造纸污泥的固化/稳定化处理技术进行了研究。以水泥、粉煤灰和煤渣作为固化剂对造纸污泥进行固化/稳定化处理。通过抗压强度评价污泥固化块的力学性质;并对固化块浸出液的COD浓度与重金属质量浓度进行了检测。当水泥、粉煤灰和煤渣的掺量分别为0.12、0.02和0.10 kg/kg,养护时间为6 d时,固化块抗压强度达到360 kPa。结果表明,水泥和煤渣对提高造纸污泥固化块的抗压强度具有促进作用,而它们与粉煤灰对造纸污泥中的有机质和重金属均具有一定的固化作用。在以上条件下,固化块浸出液中COD浓度约为115.7 mg/L,重金属浓度符合国家标准。经养护后的固化块含水率均保持在35%~40%,符合填埋场的进场标准。     

铬渣的固化/稳定化研究

探讨了用水泥粘结剂对铬渣进行稳定化的方法。结果表明，把高炉矿渣和粉煤灰加入水泥基材中对铬渣进行固化，固化体抗压强度达到30MPa以上，浸出毒性大大降低，浸了同液中六价铬浓度在容许范围内，建议可以综合利用。     

河道底泥重金属浸出毒性分析及其固化/稳定化效果

城市内河由于长期承纳污染物导致其底泥受到污染,特别是其中重金属污染严重。选取某城市纳污河淤泥为试验对象,发现底泥Cr、Cu、Ni和Zn含量和浸出浓度均较高。为使其达到资源再利用要求,研究了一种污泥改性剂对其固化/稳定化的效果。结果显示,当改性剂掺量为10%时,已能够显著提高淤泥各个龄期强度。固化淤泥重金属浸出浓度在7d时已明显降低,且随养护时间增长进一步降低。改性剂掺量为13%时,固化淤泥Cu、Ni和Zn浸出浓度可降低90%以上,而Cr浸出浓度也可降低80%左右。实验表明,污泥改性剂处理后淤泥抗压强度提高,同时有害物质得到有效的稳定。     

β-半水磷石膏低温制备及固化铅污染土壤性能研究

惰性材料、化学物质和工业废渣掺入磷石膏,低温制备改性β-半水磷石膏(MHG),并对其煅烧温度、抗压强度、凝结时间及固化铅污染土壤的效果进行研究。结果表明,磷石膏、矿渣、粉煤灰和生石灰按91∶4∶3∶2(质量比)制备的MHG性能最好,抗压强度达到6.47MPa,相对于β-半水磷石膏抗压强度提高了24.18%,凝结时间延长7～23min。MHG固化铅污染土壤,养护3d的铅浸出质量浓度为0.015～0.028mg/L,相对于水泥铅浸出质量浓度降低了43.90%～57.14%。     

地质聚合物固化稳定化重金属复合污染土壤

以污染土壤部分替代偏高岭土,在碱激发剂的作用下制备地质聚合物稳定化处理Pb、As、Cd复合污染土壤,研究了其稳定化效果及处理后固化体中重金属的赋存形态。结果表明:污染土壤部分替代高岭土降低了固化体抗压强度,从力学性能上看,土壤掺量低于50%时,能满足建筑材料的强度要求(10 MPa),掺量为60%仅能满足固废填埋要求(5 MPa),土壤掺量≥70%均不能满足要求。随着土壤掺量增加,对土壤中重金属的稳定化效果也逐渐降低,当土壤Pb、As和Cd浓度分别为600、80和22 mg·L~(-1)(HJ 350-2007B)时,土壤掺量在20%~50%,固化体中3种元素浸出浓度均低于浸出标准;当土壤掺量达到60%时,Pb的浸出浓度不能满足标准要求,当土壤掺量增加至70%,固化体中Pb、Cd浸出浓度均超标。固定土壤掺量为30%,随着污染土壤中重金属含量的增加,浸出浓度也增加:土壤中3种重金属浓度为HJ 350-2007B时经过30 d的稳定化处理,浸出浓度满足标准要求;而当浓度达到HJ 350-2007B的2倍时,Pb浸出浓度超标;达到HJ 350-2007B的3倍时,3种Pb、As和Cd均超出浸出标准。固化体中Pb、As、Cd的形态研究表明,外源重金属进入土壤后多以活性较高的形态存在,经过固化稳定后活性态占比降低、残渣态占比增加。     

城市生活垃圾焚烧飞灰水泥固化技术研究

用硫铝酸盐水泥对城市垃圾焚烧飞灰(简称飞灰)进行固化实验,研究了飞灰重金属浸出特性,分析了飞灰掺量、浸提剂p H值对重金属浸出特性以及飞灰掺量对不同龄期(3、7、28 d)飞灰固化体抗压强度的影响,并对飞灰及其固化体进行XRD分析。结果表明,在HJ/T 299-2007和HJ/T 300-2007两种不同浸出体系下,飞灰中Cu、Zn、Cd、Pb、Cr和Mn等重金属浸出浓度差别较大,建议应根据评价目标合理选择重金属浸出测量方法。其中,飞灰中Pb的浸出浓度超过《危险废物鉴别标准浸出毒性鉴别》(GB 5085.3-2007)限值的3.35倍,因此被列为危险废物,应妥善处理。除飞灰掺量小于40%时的固化体Cd符合标准,其余飞灰固化体Pb和Cd的浸出浓度仍超过《生活垃圾填埋场污染控制标准》(GB 16889-2008)限值,故达不到卫生填埋的要求。固化体抗压强度随飞灰掺量增大而降低,重金属浸出浓度与之相反。飞灰掺量为40%时,固化体中重金属浸出浓度随浸提剂p H值降低而增大,但p H值大于5时,未测出重金属浸出。XRD结果表明:飞灰中可溶性盐参与水泥水化反应,重金属Cr以CrO_2-4的形式固化于钙矾石中。     

垃圾焚烧飞灰水泥固化体的抗压强度和浸出性研究

利用垃圾焚烧飞灰掺入普通硅酸盐水泥制备水泥固化体,通过浸出性实验,研究了飞灰掺量(0%、20%、40%与60%)、浸出液pH及水洗预处理对水泥固化体抗压强度及重金属(Zn、Pb、Cu、Cd、Cr、Ni)浸出的影响。结果表明:对于非水洗飞灰水泥固化体,pH为4.2和10.0下浸出84 d时,相同组成固化体抗压强度较为接近,飞灰掺量20%,40%和60%的固化体抗压强度分别为41、15和10 MPa左右;除掺量为40%和60%的固化体浸出液中重金属(pH为4.2时Ni和Pb,pH为10.0时Ni)超出生活饮用水卫生标准(GB 5749-2006)外,掺量为40%和60%的固化体的其余浸出液及掺量20%的固化体浸出液中测定的重金属浓度均符合生活饮用水卫生标准。对于水洗飞灰水泥固化体,pH为4.2和10.0下浸出84 d时,相同组成固化体抗压强度较为接近,飞灰掺量20%、40%和60%的固化体抗压强度分别为37、32和10 MPa左右;除掺量为60%的固化体浸出液(pH为4.2和10.0)中Ni和Pb均超出生活饮用水卫生标准外,掺量为60%的固化体的其余浸出液及飞灰掺量20%和40%的固化体浸出液中测定的重金属浓度均符合生活饮用水卫生标准。飞灰水洗预处理提高了飞灰掺量40%水泥固化体抗压强度,同时降低了重金属浸出性。     

Pb污染土壤的钝化处理及Pb形态转化研究

将矿粉∶水泥熟料∶硅粉以51∶9∶40的质量比混合配制钝化剂处理人工配置Pb污染土(Pb分别为500、10 000mg/kg),通过对固化体试件力学性能、Pb浸出特性及形态分布的分析,探究土壤钝化剂对Pb的钝化效果与钝化机制。结果表明,两种Pb污染土经钝化处理后,养护28d的固化体试件无侧限抗压强度均能达到2.0 MPa以上,满足填埋的强度需求。其中,低浓度固化体试件养护28d的Pb浸出质量浓度均在0.6mg/L以下,Pb的钝化率高达97%以上。高浓度固化体试件养护28d的Pb浸出质量浓度降至50mg/L以下,Pb的钝化率达87%以上。钝化处理后,土壤中的Pb从不稳定的酸可提取态、可还原态向稳定的可氧化态、残渣态转化,磷化物及氯化物的添加可以增强钝化剂对Pb的钝化效果。钝化剂水化生成钙矾石和水化硅酸钙,并与Pb发生化学吸附及同晶替代反应生成固溶体是Pb钝化的主要机制。     

Evaluation of trichloroethene recovery processes in heterogeneous aquifer cells flushed with biodegradable surfactants

The ability of two biodegradable surfactants, polyoxyethylene (20) sorbitan monooleate (Tween 80) and sodium dihexyl sulfosuccinate (Aerosol MA), to recover a representative dense non-aqueous-phase liquid (DNAPL), trichloroethene (TCE), from heterogeneous porous media was evaluated through a combination of batch and aquifer cell experiments. An aqueous solution containing 3.3% Aerosol MA, 8% 2-propanol and 6 g/l CaCl(2) yielded a weight solubilization ratio (WSR) of 1.21 g TCE/g surfactant, with a corresponding liquid-liquid interfacial tension (IFT) of 0.19 dyn/cm. Flushing of aquifer cells containing a TCE-DNAPL source zone with approximately two pore volumes of the AMA formulation resulted in substantial (>30%) mobilization of TCE-DNAPL. However, a TCE mass recovery of 81% was achieved when the aqueous-phase flow rate was sufficient to displace the mobile TCE-DNAPL toward the effluent well. Aqueous solutions of Tween 80 exhibited a greater capacity to solubilize TCE (WSR=1.74 g TCE/g surfactant) and exerted markedly less reduction in IFT (10.4 dyn/cm). These data contradict an accepted empirical correlation used to estimate IFT values from solubilization capacity, and indicate a unique capacity of T80 to form concentrated TCE emulsions. Flushing of aquifer cells with less than 2.5 pore volumes of a 4% T80 solution achieved TCE mass recoveries ranging from 66 to 85%, with only slight TCE-DNAPL mobilization (<5%) occurring when the total trapping number exceeded 2 x 10(-5). These findings demonstrate the ability of Tween 80 and Aerosol MA solutions to efficiently recover TCE from a heterogeneous DNAPL source zone, and the utility of the total trapping number as a design parameter for a priori prediction of DNAPL mobilization and bank angle formation when flushing with low-IFT solutions. Given their potential to stimulate microbial reductive dechlorination at low concentrations, these surfactants are well-suited for remedial action plans that couple aggressive mass removal followed by enhanced bioremediation to treat chlorinated solvent source zones.     

The variation of street air levels of PAH and other mutagenic PAC in relation to regulations of traffic emissions and the impact of atmospheric processes

The occurrence of particle associated PAH and other mutagenic PAC was determined in 1996 in the street air of Copenhagen. In addition, particle extracts were tested for mutagenicity. The measurements were compared with previous measurements in 1992/1993. The levels had decreased in this period. The decrease was caused by an implementation of light diesel fuels for buses and the exchange of older petrol-driven passenger cars with catalystequipped new ones. About 65% of the reduction was caused by the application of the light diesel fuels. Under special conditions, chemical processes in the atmosphere produced many more mutagens than the direct emissions. The concentrations of S-PAC and N-PAC were 10 times lower than those of PAH, while the levels of oxy-PAH were in the same order of magnitude as those of PAH. Benzanthrone, an oxy-PAH, is proposed to be formed in the atmosphere in addition to direct emissions. Benzo(a)pyrene, often applied as an air quality criteria indicator, was photochemically degraded in the atmosphere. A strong increase in the mutagenic activities was observed to coincide with a depletion of benzo(a)pyrene.     

Chloroaromatic pollutants in mussels incubated in two finnish watercourses polluted by industry

Concentrations of different chlorinated compounds were measured in mussels incubated in two polluted watercourses, a river (the River Kymijoki) and a lake (Lake Vanaja) for four weeks in summer 1995. The sum concentrations of polychlorinated phenols (PCP) and biphenyls (PCB) were both about 1 μg/g lipid weight (lw) in Lake Vanaja mussels, while in the River Kymijoki mussels PCPs were non-detectable and PCBs were measured 120 ng/g lIw. The concentrations of toxic polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxin (PCDD) and dibenzofuran (PCDF) congeners ranged between <17 and 370 pg/g Iw in Lake Vanaja mussels and between <38 and 11,000 pg/g lw in the River Kymijoki mussels. Polychlorinated diphenyl ethers (PCDE) were detected in the mussels incubated in the River Kymijoki (0.4–1.1 ng/g Iw), but not in those incubated in Lake Vanaja. Polychlorinated phenoxyanisoles (PCPA) were measured 33 ng/g lw and polychlorinated phenoxyphenols (PCPP) 300 ng/g lw in the mussels incubated in the River Kymijoki. PCPAs were also detected in reference samples, which were sediment and pike from the River Kymijoki and Baltic salmon, seal and white-tailed sea eagle.     

Teratological effects of pesticides in vertebrates: a review

Abstract

In the last decades, the use and misuse of pesticides in the agriculture have increased, having a severe impact on ecosystems and their fauna. Although the various effects of pesticides on biodiversity have been already documented in several studies, to our knowledge no consistent overview of the impact of pesticides in vertebrates, both terrestrial and aquatic, is available. In this review, we try to present a concise compilation of the teratogenic effects of pesticides on the different classes of vertebrates – mammals, birds, reptiles, amphibians and fish.     

Book review

The Pesticide Manual ‐ A World Compendium, 8th Edition, C.R. Worthing, Editor and S.B. Walker, Assistant Editor, British Crop Protection Council, BCPC Publications Sales, Bear Farm, Binfield, Bracknell, Berkshire RG12 5QE, England. 1987, 1100 pp., UK £50; Overseas £56. ISBN 0–948404–01–9.     

Patterns of volatile metabolites and nonvolatile trichothecenes produced by isolates of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Stachybotrys,Fusarium, Trichoderma,Trichothecium</Emphasis> and <Emphasis Type="Italic">Memnoniella</Emphasis>

We reported previously that trichodiene, a volatile trichothecene derivative, was produced by a Stachybotrys isolate, also known to produce highly cytotoxic, non-volatile, macrocyclic trichothecenes (satrotoxins). We investigated the relationship between the production of trichodiene and various non-volatile trichothecenes for several molds. Volatile metabolites were concentrated by adsorption on Tenax TA and analyzed by GC/MS, while non-volatile metabolites were separated by HPLC, derivatized and analyzed by GC/MS. Stachybotrys chartarum isolates producing macrocyclic trichothecenes secreted significantly larger amounts of trichodiene and other sesquiterpenes than isolates which only produced simple trichothecenes. The amounts of secreted trichodiene were relatively small in all cases. With the exception of Memnoniella, which excreted small amounts of sesquiterpenes, the other isolates produced varying amounts of sesquiterpenes, including trichodiene, as well as simple tricothecenes, no detectable trichodiene, but large amounts of griseofulvin derivatives. In Stachybotrys there is apparently a correlation between trichodiene and macrocyclic trichothecene production. In the remaining isolates, there was no simple relationship between trichodiene and non-volatile trichothecene synthesis. Trichodiene is produced in larger amounts by Stachybotrys isolates, which also produce satratoxins, but it will be difficult to utilize this metabolite to detect toxic isolates in buildings due to the relatively small amounts excreted.     

Observations on the influence of water and soil pH on the persistence of insecticides

Abstract

The pH‐disappearance rate profiles were determined at ca. 25°C for 24 insecticides at 4 or 5 pH values over the range 4.5 to 8.0 in sterile phosphate buffers prepared in water‐ethanol (99: 1 v/v). Half‐lives measured at pH 8 were generally smaller than at lower pH values. Changes in half lives between pH 8.0 and 4.5 were largest (>1000x) for the aryl carbamates, carbofuran and carbaryl, the oxime carbamate, oxamyl, and the organophosphorus insecticide, trichlorfon. In contrast, half lives of phorate, terbufos, heptachlor, fensulfothion and aldicarb were affected only slightly by pH changes. Under the experimental conditions described half lives at pH8 varied from 1–2 days for trichlorfon and oxamyl to >1 year for fensulfothion and cyper‐methrin. Insecticide persistence on alumina (acid, neutral and basic), mineral soils amended with aluminum sulfate or calcium hydroxide to different pH values and four natural soils of different pH was examined. No correlation was observed between the measured pH of these solids and the rate of disappearance of selected insecticides applied to them. These observations demonstrate the difficulty of extrapolating the pH dependent disappearance behaviour observed in homogeneous solution to partially solid heterogeneous systems such as soil.     

Knowledge transfer initiative between molecular biologists and environmental researchers and regulators

A Natural Environment Research Council (NERC) funded Knowledge Transfer (KT) workshop was held in the United Kingdom (UK) to identify the needs and opportunities in the application of molecular biology and ‘omics’ techniques to environmental monitoring and risk assessment. Attendees highlighted a lack of effective communication between end-users and researchers as well as difficulties with data interpretation as reasons behind the slow uptake of molecular biology and omics techniques. A number of promising areas in which new techniques could be implemented at a practical level in the very near future were identified, thereby raising the profile of these recent technologies and providing vital proof of concept work. Molecular taxonomy, bacterial source tracking and pre-screening of chemicals for potential toxicities were all viewed as areas in which omics and molecular techniques could have immediate value, with the aim of reducing cost, increasing efficiency and providing more comprehensive data of improved quality.     

The chemical stability of formulations of some hydrolyzable insecticides in aqueous mixtures with hydrolysis catalysts

Abstract

The active ingredients in commercial formulations of malathion, oxamyl, carbaryl, diazinon, and chlorpyrifos diluted to “spray tank”; concentrations with buffered distilled or natural water of pH 4–9 were stable for at least 24 hr. Formulations of trichlorfon were not stable at pH 7 or above but disappearance rates were slower than for the pure chemical in homogeneous solution. Cupric ion was observed to be an effective catalyst for the hydrolysis of a variety of pure organophosphorus insecticides but did not catalyze hydrolysis of the active ingredients of the formulations examined. Increasing the dilution of the formulation increased the susceptibility of malathion, oxamyl, and carbaryl to hydrolysis.     

Organochlorine compounds in a three-step terrestrial food chain

The concentrations of 15 organochlorine chemicals (PCBs and pesticides) were studied in a Central European oak wood food chain system: Great tit (Parus major), caterpillars (Tortrix viridana, Operophtera brumata, Erannis defoliaria), and oak-leaves (Quercus robur). Juvenile tits receive organochlorines from the mother via egg transfer and, eventually to a greater extent, from the caterpillar food source during nestling period. The concentrations of PCB 153 (2,2′,4,4′,5,5′-hexachlorobiphenyl, the most abundant in this study) was found in leaf material at ca. 1 ng/g, in caterpillars 10 ng/g, and in bird eggs 170 ng/g on an average and on a dry mass basis.